Abstract
Radical prostatectomy (RP) and megavolt radiotherapy are assumed to be effective in the treatment of localized carcinoma of the prostate (CaP). Several studies have demonstrated that where there is extracapsular and seminal vesicle infiltration, or lymph node metastases, unfavorable results are associated with local treatments [4,15,19,30,65]. Report by some authors, however, in patients with locally advanced disease or lymph node metastases suggest a beneficial effect with RP even in more advanced tumor stages [46,62,68,69]. Tumor debulking by inductive antiandrogen treatment with subsequent RP represents another approach to curing patients with metastatic disease. The advent of new therapeutic strategies and the introduction of modern imaging modalities has led to the question of whether current staging procedures still satisfy clinical requirements. The aim of this manuscript is to analyze the accuracy of modern clinical staging modalities and to evaluate their possible impact on the treatment of patients with CaP.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andriole GL, Kavoussi LR, Torrence RJ, Lepor H, Catalona WJ (1988) Transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 140:758–760
Benson KH, Watson RA, Spring DB, Agee RE (1981) The value of computerized tomography in evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes. J Urol 126:63–64
Bezzi M, Kressel HY, Allen KS, Schiebler ML, Altman HG, Wein AJ, Pollack HW (1988) iProstatic carcinoma: staging with MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 169:339–346
Boxer RJ, Kaufman JJ, Goodwin WE (1977) Radical prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate 1951-1976. A review of 329 patients. J Urol 117:208–211
Brendler CB, Cleeve LK, Anderson EE, Paulson DF (1980) Staging pelvic lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the prostate: risk versus benefit. J Urol 124:849–850
Bruce AW, O’Cleireachain F, Morales A, Awad SA (1977) Carcinoma of the prostate: a critical look at staging. J Urol 117:319–322
Bryan PJ, Butler HE, Nelson AD, LiPuma JP, Kopiwoda SY, Resnick MI, Cohen AM, Haaga JR (1986) Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate. AJR 146:543–548
Buonocore E, Hesemann C, Pavlicek W, Montie JE (1984) Clinical and in vitro magnetic resonance imaging of prostatic carcinoma. AJR 143:1267–1272
Carrol CL, Sommer FG, McNeal JE, Stamey TA (1987) The abnormal prostate: MR imaging at 1.5 T with histopathologic correlation. Radiology 163:521–525
Catalona WJ, Stein AJ (1982) Accuracy of frozen section detection of lymph node metastases in prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 127:460–461
Catalona WJ, Stein AJ (1982) Staging errors in clinically localized prostatic cancer. J Urol 127:452–456
Caty A, Gosselin P, Cazin JL, Dehaut JM, Adenis L (1988) Significance of PSA and PAP in patients with or without prostatic cancer. Am J Clin Oncol Suppl 2:63–64
Clements R, Griffiths GJ, Peeling WB, Roberts EE, Evans KT (1988) How accurate is the index Finger? A comparison of digital and ultrasound examination of the prostatic nodule. Clin Radiol 39:87–89
Cordes M, Tunn UW, Neidl K, Haasner E (1987) Prostatakarzinom. Stadieneinteilung durch transrektale Prostatasonographie und Computertomographie mit histopathologischer Korrelation. Fortschr Röntgenstr 146:412–414
Correa RJ Jr, Gibbons RP, Cummings KB, Mason JT (1977) Total prostatectomy for stage B carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 117:328–329
Dähnert WF, Hamper UM, Eggleston JC, Walsh PC, Sanders RC (1986) Prostatic evaluation by transrectal sonography with histopathologic correlation: the echopenic appearance of early carcinoma. Radiology 158:97–102
Denis L, Appel L, Broos J, Declerq G (1980) Evaluation of prostatic cancer by transrectal ultrasonotomography and CT scan. Acta Urol Belg 48:71–77
Ebert T, Schmitz-Dräger BJ, Bürrig K-F, Miller S, Pauli N, Kahn T, Ackermann R (1991) Accuracy of imaging modalities in staging the local extent of prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am 18:453–457
Elder JS, Jewett HJ, Walsh PC (1982) Radical perineal prostatectomy for clinical stage B2 carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 127:704–709
Ercole CJ, Lange PH, Mathisen M, Chiou RK, Reddy PK, Vessella RL (1987) Prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in the monitoring and staging of patients with prostatic cancer. J Urol 138:1181–1184
Fowler JE, Togerson L, McLeod DG, Stutzman RE (1981) Radical prostatectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy: Observations on the accuracy of staging with lymph node frozen sections. J Urol 126:618–619
Fowler JE, Whitmore WF (1981) The incidence and extent of pelvic lymph node metastases in apparently localized prostatic cancer. Cancer 47:2941–2945
Freiha FS, Pistenma DA, Bagshaw MA (1979) Pelvic lymphadenectomy for staging prostatic carcinoma: is it always necessary? J Urol 122:176–177
Friedman AC, Seidmon EJ, Radecki PD, Lev-Toaff A, Caroline DF (1988) Relative merits of MRI, transrectal endosonography and CT in diagnosis and staging of carcinoma of prostate. Urology 31:530–537
Fujino A, Scardino PT (1985) Transrectal ultrasonography for prostatic cancer: its value in staging and monitoring the response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J Urol 133:806–810
Gevenois PA, van Regemorter G, Ghysels M, Delepaut A, van Gansbeke D, Struyven J (1988) IRM de la prostate. Imagerie calculée. J Radiol 89:275–279
Golimbu M, Morales P, Al-Askari S, Brown J (1979) Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostatic cancer. J Urol 121:617–620
Golimbu M, Morales P, Al-Askari S, Shulman Y (1981) CAT scanning in staging of prostatic cancer. Urology 18:305–308
Grossman IC, Carpiniello V, Greenberg SH, Malloy TR, Wein AJ (1980) Staging pelvic lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the prostate: review of 91 cases. J Urol 124:632–634
Grups JW (1988) Langzeitergebnisse der radikalen Prostatektomie. Urologe [A] 27:348–351
Hermanek P (1986) Neue TNM/pTNM-Klassifikation und Stadieneinteilung urologischer Tumoren ab 1987. Urologe [B] 26:193–197
Hoekstra WJ, Schröder FH (1981) The role of lymphangiography in the staging of prostatic cancer. Prostate 2:433–436
Houston ST, Jones LW, Waluch V (1988) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in detecting and staging prostatic cancer. Urology 31:171–175
Hricak H, Dooms GC, Jeffrey RB, Avallone A, Jacobs D, Benton WK, Narayan P, Tanagho EA (1987) Prostatic carcinoma: staging by clinical assessment, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology 162:331–336
Hricak H, Williams RD, Spring DB, Moon KL Jr, Hedgcock MW, Watson RA, Crooks LE (1983) Anatomy and pathology of the male pelvis by magnetic resonance imaging. AJR 141:1101–1110
Jewett HJ (1949) Radical perineal prostatectomy for cancer of the prostate: an analysis of 190 cases. J Urol 61:277–280
Kahn T, Bürrig K-F, Schmitz-Dräger B, Fürst G, Stork W, Mödder U (1989) Magnetic resonance tomography of prostatic cancer. Histopathologic correlation. Radiologe 29:144–149
Küper K, Hess CF, Griebel J, Peter K (1986) Die Darstellung des Prostatakarzinoms in der Kernspintomographie bei 1,5 Tesla. Fortschr Röntgenstr 144:428–434
Liebner EJ, Stefani S, Uro-Oncology Group (1980) An evaluation of lymphography with nodal biopsy in localized carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 45:728–734
Lieskovsky G, Skinner DG, Weisenburger T (1980) Pelvic lymphadenectomy in the management of carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 124:635–638
Ling D, Lee JKT, Heiken JP, Balfe DM, Glazer HS, McClennan BL (1986) Prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia: inability of MR imaging to distinguish between the two diseases. Radiology 158:103–107
Loening SA, Schmidt JD, Brown RC, Hawtrey CE, Fallon B, Culp DA (1977) A comparison between lymphangiography and pelvic node dissection in the staging of prostatic cancer. J Urol 117:752–756
McCullough DL (1980) Surgical staging of carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 45:1902–1905
McLaughlin AP, Saltzstein SL, McCullough DL, Gittes RF (1976) Prostatic carcinoma: incidence and location of unsuspected lymphatic metastases. J Urol 115:89–94
Middleton AW (1981) Pelvic lymphadenectomy with modified radical retropubic prostatectomy as a single operation: technique used and results in 50 consecutive cases. J Urol 125:353–356
Morales P, Golimbu M (1980) The therapeutic role of pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostatic cancer. Urol Clin North Am 7:623–628
Mukamel E, Hannah J, Barbaric Z, deKernion JB (1986) The value of computerized tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging in staging prostatic carcinoma: comparison with the clinical and histological staging. J Urol 136:1231–1233
Nicholson TC, Richie JP (1977) Pelvic lymphadenectomy for stage B1 adenocarcinoma of the prostate: justified or not? J Urol 117:199–201
Palken M, Cobb OE, Warren BH, Hoak DC (1990) Prostate cancer: correlation of digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound and prostate specific antigen levels with tumor volumes in radical prostatectomy specimens. J Urol 143:115–1162
Paulson DF, Uro-Oncology Research Group (1979) The impact of current staging procedures in assessing disease extent of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 121:300–302
Phillips ME, Kressel HY, Spritzer CE, Arger PH, Wein AJ, Marinelli D, Axel L, Gefter WB, Pollack HM (1987) Prostatic disorders: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 164:386–392
Pontes JE, Eisenkraft S, Watanabe H, Ohe H, Saitoh M, Murphy GP (1985) Preoperative evaluation of localized prostatic carcinoma by transrectal ultrasonography. J Urol 134:289–291
Poon PY, McCallum RW, Henkelman MM, Bronskill MJ, Sutcliffe SB, Jewett MA, Rider WD, Bruce AW (1985) Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate. Radiology 154:143–149
Reikeras O, Due J, Sundsfjord JA (1988) Bone scintigraphy, radiographic survey and prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with prostatic carcinoma. A comparison of sensitivity. Int Urol Nephrol 20:51–54
Resnick MI, Willard JW, Boyce WH (1980) Transrectal ultrasonography in the evaluation of patients with prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 124:482–484
Sadlowski RW, Donohue DJ, Richman AV, Sharpe JR, Finney RP (1983) Accuracy of frozen section diagnosis in pelvic lymph node staging biopsies for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 129:324–326
Salo JO, Kivisaari L, Rannikko S, Lehtonen T (1987) Computerized tomography and transrectal ultrasound in the assessment of local extension of prostatic cancer before radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 137:435–438
Salo JO, Ranniko S, Makinen J, Lehtonen T (1987) Echogenic structure of prostatic cancer imaged on radical prostatectomy specimens. Prostate 10:1–9
Saltzstein SL, McLaughlin AP (1977) Clinicopathologic features of unsuspected regional lymph node metastases in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer 40:1212–1221
Sawczuk IS, deVere White R, Gold RP, Olsson CA (1983) Sensitivity of computed tomography in evaluation of pelvic lymph node metastases from carcinoma of bladder and prostate. Urology 21:81–84
Schaffer DL, Pendergrass HP (1976) Comparison of enzyme, clinical radiographic, and radionuclide methods of detecting bone metastasis from carcinoma of the prostate. Radiology 121:431–434
Schmidt JD, McLaughlin AP III, Saltzstein SL, Garcia-Reyes R (1982) Risk factors for the development of distant metastases in patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostatic cancer. Am J Surg 144:131–134
Spellman MC, Castellino RA, Ray GR, Pistenma DA, Bagshaw MA (1977) An evaluation of lymphography in localized carcinoma of the prostate. Radiology 125:637–644
Stamey TA, Kabalin JN (1989) Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. I. Untreated patients. J Urol 141:1070–1075
Veenema RJ, Gursel EO, Lattimer JK (1977) Radical retropubic prostatectomy for cancer: a 20-year experience. J Urol 117:330–331
Watanabe H, Igari D, Tanahashi Y, Harada K, Saitoh M (1975) Transrectal ultrasonotomography of the prostate. J Urol 114:734–739
Weinerman PM, Arger PH, Coleman BG, Pollack HM, Banner MP, Wein AJ (1985) Pelvic adenopathy from bladder and prostate carcinoma: detection by rapid sequence computed tomography. AJR 140:95–99
Zincke H, Utz DC (1983) Radical surgery for stage Dl prostate cancer. Semin Urol 1:253–260
Zincke H, Utz DC, Taylor WF (1986) Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy for clinical stage C prostatic cancer: role of adjuvant treatment for residual cancer and in disease progression. J Urol 135:1199–1205
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Schmitz-Dräger, B.J., Ebert, T., Ackermann, R. (1993). Clinical Staging in Carcinoma of the Prostate: Current Aspects. In: Ackermann, R., Diehl, V. (eds) Malignancies of the Genitourinary Tract. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 126. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84583-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84583-3_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-84585-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-84583-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive