Abstract
Patients with acute brain failure due to traumatic injury, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrage, stroke and ischemic-anoxic brain damage are frequently encountered in the Intensive Care Unit. It is a well known and puzzling fact that within the groups of patients with the same etiology of brain failure, there can be a great variability in the recovery from cerebral damage that appears initially to be clinically similar. Therefore, the identification of prognostic factors, in the early stage of brain failure is very important. Early prediction of ultimate disability after brain damage orientates the clinical decision in individual patient, facilitates family counselling and allows the definition of subpopulation of patients with a similar potential for recovery, in whom the efficacy of various prophylactic and therapeutic regimens may be assessed in prospective studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jennett B, Bond M (1975) Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. A practical scale. Lancet 1:480–484
Teasdale G, Knill Jones R, Van der Sande J (1978) Observer variability in assessing impaired consciousness and coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 41:603–610
Maas AIR, Braakmann R, Schouten HJA, Minderhoud JM, van Zomeren AH (1983) Agreement between physicians on assessment of outcome following severe head injury. J Neurosurg 58:321–325
Langfitt TW (1978) Measuring the outcome from head injuries. J Neurosurg 48:673–678
Braakman R, Gelpke GJ, Habbema JDF, et al (1980) Systematic selection of prognostic features in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 6:362–370
Teasdale G, Jennett B (1974) Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet 2:81–84
Plum F, Posner JB (1966) Diagnosis of stupor and coma. Davis, Philadelphia, pp 329–344
Genarelli TA, Spielmann GM, Langfitt TW, et al (1982) Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury. J Neurosurg 56:26–32
Lobato RD, Cordobes F, Rivas JJ, et al (1983) Outcome from severe head injury related to the type of intracranial lesion. J Neurosurg 59:762–774
Greenberg RP, Newlon PG, Hyatt MS, et al (1981) Prognostic implications of early multi-modality evoked potentials in severely head injured patients. J Neurosurg 55:227–236
Bakay RAE, Ward AA (1983) Enzymatic changes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in neurological injury. J Neurosurg 58:27–37
Hans P, Born JD, Chapelle JP, Milbouw G (1983) Creatine kinaze isoenzymes in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 58:689–692
Woolf PP, Hamill RW, Lee LA, et al (1987) The predictive value of catecholamines in assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 66:875–882
de Salles AAF, Kontos HA, Becker PD, et al (1986) Prognostic significance of ventricular CSF lactic acidosis in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 65:615–624
Bruce DA, Schut L, Bruno LA, et al (1978) Outcome following severe head injuries in children. J Neurosurg 48:679–688
Berger MS, Pitts LH, Lovely M, et al (1985) Outcome from severe head injury in children and adolescents. J Neurosurg 62:194–199
Alberico AM, Ward JD, Choi SC, Marmarou A, Young HF (1987) Outcome after severe head injury. J Neurosurg 67:648–656
Luerssen TG, Klauber MR, Marshall LF (1988) Outcome from head injury related to patient’s age. J Neurosurg 68:409–416
Wagstyl J, Sutcliffe A, Alpar EK (1987) Early prediction of outcome following head injury in children. J Ped Surg 2, 22:127–129
Bricolo A, Turazzi S, Feriotti G (1980) Prolonged posttraumatic uncounsciousness. J Neurosurg 52:625–634
Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Cordobes F, et al (1988) Acute epidural hematoma: an analysis of factors influencing the outcome of patients undergoing surgery in coma. J Neurosurg 68:48–57
Miller JD, Butterworth JK, Gudeman SK, et al (1981) Further experience in the management of severe head injury. J Neurosurg 54:289–299
Eisenberg HM, Jane JA, Marmarow A, et al (1988) CT findings in 595 patients with severe (GCS ⩽ 8) closed head injury: a report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. The Seventh International Symposium on Intracranial Pressure and Brain Injury, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 19-23 Proceedings, Abstract, p 74
Langfitt TW, Genarelli TA (1982) Can the outcome from head injury be improved? J Neurosurg 56:19–25
Lobato RD, Sarabia R, Cordobes F, et al (1988) Posttraumatic cerebral hemispheric swelling. J Neurosurg 68:417–423
Starmark JE, Holmgren E, Stalhammar D (1988) Current reporting of responsiveness in acute cerebral disorders. J Neurosurg 69:692–698
Teasdale G, Jennett B, Murray L, et al (1983) Glasgow coma scale: to sum or not to sum. Lancet 2:678
Lindsay KW, Teasdale GM, Knill Jones RD (1983) Observer variability in assessing the clinical features of subarachnoid hemorrage. J Neurosurg 58:57–62
Mullie A, Verstringe P, Buylaert W, et al (1988) Predictive value of GCS for awakening after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 1:137–140
Barolat-Romana G, Larson SJ (1984) Influence of stimulus location and limb position on motor response in comatose patient. J Neurosurg 61:725–728
Born JD, Hans P, Albert A, et al (1987) Interobserver agreement in assessment of motor response and brain stem reflexes. Neurosurgery 20:513–517
Jagger J, Jane JA, Rimel R (1983) The Glasgow coma scale, to sum or not to sum. Lancet 2:97
Starmark JE, Stalhammar D, Holgren E, et al (1988) A comparison of the Glasgow coma scale and the reaction level scale (RLS 85). J Neurosurg 69:699–706
Changaris DG, McGraw PC, Richardson JD, et al (1987) Correlation of CPP and GCS to outcome. J Trauma 27:1007–1013
Born JD, Hans P, Dexters G, Kalangu K, Lenelle J, et al (1982) Evaluation pratique du dysfonctionnement encéphalique chez le traumatisé crânien. Neuro chirurgie 28:1–7
Choi SC, Narayan RK, Anderson RL, Ward JD (1988) Enhanced prognosis in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 69:381–385
Snow RB, Zimmerman RD, Gandy SE, Deck MDF (1986) Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in evaluation of head injury. Neurosurgery 18:45–52
Wilson JTL, Wiedmann KD, Hadley DM, et al (1988) Early and late MRI and neuropsy-chological outcome after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:391–396
Rosner MD, Becker DP (1984) Experimental brain injury: successful therapy with the weak base, thromethamine. J Neurosurg 60:961–971
Inao S, Marmarou A, Clarke GP, Andersen BJ, et al (1988) Production and clearance of lactate from brain tissue, CSF and serum following experimental brain injury. J Neurosurg 89:736–744
Marmarou A, Anderson R, Ward J, et al (1988) The traumatic coma data bank: monitoring of ICP. The Seventh International Symposium on Intracranial Pressure and Brain Injury. Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 19–23, Proceedings, Abstract, p 75
Obrist WD, Genarelli TA, Segawa H, et al (1979) Relation of cerebral blood flow to neurological status and outcome in head injured patients. J Neurosurg 51:292–300
Uzell BP, Obrist W, Dolinskas CA, Langfitt TW (1986) Relation of acute CBF and ICP findings to neuropsychological outcome in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 65:630–635
Klauber MR, Marshall LF, Toole BM, et al (1985) Cause of decline in head injury mortality rate in San Diego County, California. J Neurosurg 62:528–531
Frost EAM (1977) Respiratory problems associated with head trauma. Neurosurgery 1:300–305
Kraus J, Conroy C, Cox P, et al (1985) Survival times and case-fatality rates of brain-injured persons. J Neurosurg 63:537–543
Seelig JM, Becker DP, Miller JD, et al (1981) Traumatic acute subdural hematoma. Major mortality reduction in comatose patients treated within 4 hours. N Engl J Med 304:1511–1518
Marshall LF, Smith EW, Shapiro NM (1979) The outcome with aggressive treatment in severe head injuries part I and II. J Neurosurg 50:20–25 and 26-30
Dearden NM, Gibson JS, McDowall GD, et al (1986) Effect of high dose dexamethasone on outcome from severe head injury. J Neurosurg 64:81–88
Ward JD, Becker DP, Miller DJ, et al (1985) Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. J Neurosurg 62:383–388
Ward JD, Choi S, Marmarou A, et al (1988) Effect of prophylactic hyperventilation on outcome in patients with severe head injury. The Seventh International Symposium on Intracranial Pressure and Brain Injury. Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 19-23, Proceedings, p98
Young B, Ott L, Twyman D, et al (1987) The effect of nutritional support in outcome from severe head injury. J Neurosurg 67:668–670
Williams JM, Gomes F, Drudge OW, Kessler M (1984) Predicting outcome from closed head injury by early assessment of trauma severity. J Neurosurg 61:581–585
Uzell BP, Langfitt TW, Dolinskas CA (1987) Influence of injury severity on quality of survival after head injury. Surg Neurol 27:419–429
Gelmers HJ, Goiter K, de Weerdt CJ, Wiezer HJA (1988) Assessment of interobserver variability in a dutch multicenter study on acute ischemie stroke. Stroke 19, 6:709–711
Weisberg LA (1988) Diagnostic classification of stroke, especially lacunes. Stroke 19, 9:1071–1073
Howard G, Walker MD, Becker C, Coull B, et al (1986) Community—hospital based stroke programs. Stroke 17:294–299
Bonita R, Ford MA, Stewart AW (1988) Predicting survival after stroke—a three year follow up. Stroke 19, 6:699–673
Portenoy RK, Lipton RB, Berger AR, et al (1987) Intracerebral hemorrhage: a model for the prediction of outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:976–979
Andrews BT, Chiles BW, Olsen WL, Pitts LH (1988) The effect of intracerebral hematoma location on the risk of brain-stem compression and on the clinical outcome. J Neurosurg 69:518–522
Kanno T, Sano H, Shinomiya Y, et al (1984) Role of surgery in hypertensive intracerebral hematoma. J Neurosurg 61:1091–1099
Sacco RL, Wolf P, Bharucha NE, et al (1984) Subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Natural history, prognosis and precursive factors in the Framingham study. Neurology 34:847–853
Ljunggren B, Säveland H, Brandt L, Zygmunt S (1985) Early operation and overall outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 62:547–551
Chyatte D, Fode NC, Sundt TM (1988) Early versus late intracranial aneurysm surgery in SAH. J Neurosurg 69:326–331
Ropper AH, Zervas NT (1984) Outcome 1 year after SAH from cerebral aneurysm. J Neurosurg 60:909–915
Ljunggren B, Sonnesson B, Säveland H, Brand L (1985) Cognitive impairment and adjustment in patients without neurological deficits after aneurysmal SAH and early operation. J Neurosurg 62:673–679
Hunt WE, Hess RM (1968) Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 28:14–20
Neurosurgical Forum (1988) Report of world federation of neurological surgeons committee on a universal subarachnoidal hemorrhage grading scale. J Neurosurg 68:985–986
Kassel NF, Adams HP Jr, Tomer JC, et al (1981) Influence of timing of admission after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage on overall outcome. Stroke 12:620–623
Petruk KC, West M, Mohr G, et al (1988) Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. J Neurosurg 68:505–517
Ohman J, Heiskanen O (1988) Effect on nimodipine on the outcome of patients after aneurysmal SAH and surgery. J Neurosurg 69:683–686
Levy MD, Caronna J, Singer BH, et al (1985) Predicting outcome from hypoxic—ischemic coma. JAMA 253:1420–1426
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hemmer, M. (1989). Prognosis of Brain Failure in the Intensive Care Unit. In: Bihari, D., Holaday, J.W. (eds) Brain Failure. Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83929-0_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83929-0_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51655-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83929-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive