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Nuclear Aerosol Measurement Techniques

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Advances in Fluid Mechanics Measurements

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Engineering ((LNENG,volume 45))

Abstract

In this chapter the considerations and techniques used for aerosol measurement in nuclear reactor test facilities are presented. High pressure, temperature, levels of radioactivity and changing chemical composition during this type of experiment impose a number of constraints on the aerosol sampling system. The mechanisms of aerosol formation, transport and deposition within the system are described. The general equations of aerosol transport and deposition are given in detail and are applied for typical reactor aerosol sampling system conditions. The various techniques that could be employed for such systems also are reviewed. Finally, examples of three systems that have been used successfully in large-scale reactor accident experiments are discussed in detail.

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Abbreviations

B:

Boltzman’s constant (1.38E-16 erg/K)

C:

Cunningham slip correction factor = 1 + (λ/Dp) 2.514 + 0.80exp(−0.55DD\λ)

Cp :

Gas specific heat at constant pressure

dw :

Wire diameter

D:

Diffusion coefficient = BT τ/m

Dp :

Particle diameter

Dm :

Diameter of average mass

DT :

Tube diameter

F:

Fraction of aerosol lost or collection efficiency

g:

Gravitational acceleration (9.8m/s2)

h:

STEP channel height

h’:

STEP distance between wires

I:

Light intensity

k:

Coagulation coefficient

Ka :

Gas thermal conductivity

Kp :

Particle thermal conductivity

Kn :

Knudsen number = 2λ/Dp

L:

Tube length, path length

m:

Particle mass

N:

Particle concentration

Pe:

Peclet number = Pr · Re

Pr:

Prandtl number = Cpη/Ka

Q:

Volumetric flow rate

Qext :

Extinction coefficient

R:

Interception parameter = Dp/dw

RT :

Tube radius

Rb :

Radius of bend

Re:

Reynolds number =ρVDT/η

Stk:

Stokes number (for STEP wire) = ρDp 2CV/18ηdw

STK:

Stokes number (for pipe flow) = 4QCρDp 2/9πηDT 3

T:

Temperature

V:

Velocity

Va :

Bulk gas velocity in a tube

V’:

Gas streamline velocity

Vf :

Terminal settling velocity

Vth :

Thermophoretic velocity

W:

Nozzle diameter

δ:

Skin depth of laminar sublayer

∆R:

Radial displacement

∇T:

Temperature gradient

λ:

Mean free path of gas molecules

⌽:

Angle of bend in radians

η:

Gas absolute viscosity

ρ:

Particle density

ρg :

Fluid or gas density

τ:

Relaxation time = mC/3πDpη

θ:

Tube inclination angle in degrees

References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA

    Patrick F. Dunn

  2. Engineering Division, USA

    Vincent J. Novick

  3. Reactor Analysis & Safety Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA

    Barbara J. Schlenger

Authors
  1. Patrick F. Dunn
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  2. Vincent J. Novick
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  3. Barbara J. Schlenger
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA

    Mohamed Gad-el-Hak

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© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg

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Dunn, P.F., Novick, V.J., Schlenger, B.J. (1989). Nuclear Aerosol Measurement Techniques. In: Gad-el-Hak, M. (eds) Advances in Fluid Mechanics Measurements. Lecture Notes in Engineering, vol 45. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83787-6_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83787-6_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51136-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83787-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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