Zusammenfassung
Unter retroviralen Onkogenen versteht man Gensequenzen, die in das replikative Genom von Retroviren integriert sind. Die retroviralen Onkogene (v-onc) sind für die transformierende Wirkung der Viren essentiell. Retrovirale Onkogene sind normalen Genen des Menschen homolog, die daher auch als zelluläre Onkogene (c-onc) oder Protoonkogene bezeichnet werden. Einige der Protoonkogene kodieren für Proteine, die eine zentrale Bedeutung für die Regulation von Wachstum und Differenzierung besitzen. Die transformierende Wirkung retroviraler Onkogene und der Bezug retroviraler und zellulärer Onkogene zur Wachstumsregulation haben dazu geführt, Protoonkogenen einen zentralen Stellenwert für Entstehung und Progression maligner Tumoren des Menschen zuzuweisen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Huebner RJ, Todaro GJ (1969) Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 64: 1087–1094
Bishop JM (1985) Viral oncogenes. Cell 42: 23–38
Bishop JM (1983) Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Ann Rev Biochem 52: 301–354
Nishimura S, Sekiya T (1987) Human cancer and cellular oncogenes. Biochem J 243: 313–327
Duesberg PH (1987) Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations and reality. Cancer Res 47: 1199–1220
Bishop JM (1987) The molecular genetics of cancer. Science 235: 305–311
Weinberg RA (1982) Oncogenes of spontaneous and chemically induced tumors. Adv Cancer Res 36: 149–163
Barbacid M (1987) ras genes. Ann Rev Biochem 56:779–827
Alitalo K, Koskinen P, Mäkelä TP, Saksela K, Sistonen L, Winqvist R (1987) myc oncogenes: activation and amplification. Biochim Biophys Acta 907: 1–32
Saglio G, Guerrasio A, Gavosto F (1986) Proto-oncogene activation in human hematologic malignancies. Haematologica 71: 497–509
Sap J, Munoz A, Damm K, Goldberg Y, Ghysdael J, Leutz A, Beug H, Vennström B (1986) The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature 324: 635–640
Hunter T, Cooper JA (1985) Protein-tyrosine kinases. Ann Rev Biochem 54: 897–930
Müller R, Bravo R, Burckhardt J, Curran T (1984) Induction of c-fos gene and protein by growth factors precedes activation of c-myc. Nature 312: 716–720
Wichelhaus O, Olek K, Wappenschmidt C, Wagener C (1987) Rapid expression of c-fos specific messenger RNA after wounding of a BALB/c-3T3 fibroblast monolayer. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 25: 419–421
Duesberg PH (1983) Retroviral transforming genes in normal cells? Nature 304: 219–226
Duesberg PH (1987) Cancer genes: Rare recombinants instead of activated oncogenes (a review). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2117–2124
Sager R (1986) Genetic suppression of tumor formation: a new frontier in cancer research. Cancer Res 46: 1573–1580
Duesberg PH (1985) Activated proto-onc genes: sufficient or necessary for cancer? Science 228: 669–677
Alitalo K, Schwab M, Lin CC, Varmus HE, Bishop JM (1983) Homogeneously staining chromosomal regions contain amplified copies of an abundantly expressed cellular oncogene (c-myc) in malignant neuroendocrine cells from a human colon carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 1707–1711
Johnson BE, Ihde DC, Makuch RW, Gazdar AF, Carney DN, Oie H, Russell E, Nau MM, Minna JD (1987) myc family oncogene amplification in tumor cell lines established from small cell lung cancer patients and its relationship to clinical status and course. J Clin Invest 79: 1629–1634
Tainsky MA, Cooper CS, Giovanella BC, Vande Woude GF (1984) An activated rasN gene: detected in late but not early passage human PA1 teratocarcinoma cells. Science 225: 643–645
Lee WH, Murphree AL, Benedict WF (1984) Expression and amplification of the N-myc gene in primary retinoblastoma. Nature 309: 458–460
Little CD, Nau MM, Carney DN, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (1983) Amplification and expression of the c-myc oncogene in human lung cancer cell lines. Nature 306: 194–196
Yokota J, Tsunetsuga-Yokota Y, Battifora H, Le Fevre C, Cline MJ (1986) Alterations of myc, myb, and rasH-a proto-oncogenes in cancers are frequent and show clinical correlation. Science 231: 261–265
Venter DJ, Tuzi NL, Kumar S, Gullick WJ (1987) Overexpression of the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in human breast carcinomas: immunohistological assessment correlates with gene amplification. Lancet II: 69–72
Bartram CR, Kleihauer E, de Klein A, Grosveld G, Teyssier JR, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J (1985) c-abl and bcr are rearranged in a Ph1-negative CML patient. EMBO J 4: 683–686
Bartram CR (1985) bcr rearrangement without juxtaposition of c-abl in chronic myelocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 162:2175–2179
Erikson J, Griffin CA, Ar-Rushdi A, Valtieri M, Hoxie J, Finan J, Emanuel BS, Rovera G, Nowell PC, Croce CM (1986) Heterogeneity of chromosome 22 breakpoint in philadelphia positive (Ph+) acute lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1807–1811
Chan LC, Karhi KK, Rayter SI, Heisterkamp N, Eridani S, Powles R, Lawler SD, Groffen J, Foulkes JG, Greaves MF, Wiedemann LM (1987) A novel abl protein expressed in philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 325: 635–637
Bos JL, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Verlaan-de Vries M, van Boom JH, van der Eb AJ, Vogelstein B (1987) Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancers. Nature 327: 293–297
Forrester K, Almoguera C, Han K, Grizzle WE, Perucho M (1987) Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human colon tumorigenesis. Nature 327: 298–303
Carney WP, Petit D, Hamer P, Der CJ, Finkel T, Cooper GM, Levebvre M, Motaker H, Delellis R, Tischler AS, Dayal Y, Wolfe H, Rabin H (1986) Monoclonal antibodies specific for an activated RAS protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7485–7489
Gallick GE, Kurzrock R, Kloetzer WS, Arlinghaus RB, Gutterman JU (1985) Expression of p2lras in fresh primary and metastatic human colorectal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 1795–1799
Kurzrock R, Gallick GE, Gutterman JU (1986) Differential expression of p2lras gene products among histological subtypes of fresh primary human lung tumors. Cancer Res 46: 1530–1534
Tanaka T, Slamon DJ, Cline MJ (1985) Efficient generation of antibodies to oncoproteins by using synthetic peptide antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 3400–3404
Tanaka T, Slamon DJ, Battifora H, Cline MJ (1986) Expression of p21 ras oncoproteins in human cancers. Cancer Res 46: 1465–1470
Wong G, Arnheim N, Clark R, McCabe P, Innis M, Aldwin L, Nitecki D, McCormick F (1986) Detection of activated M r 21,000 protein, the product of ras oncogenes, using antibodies with specificity for amino acid 12. Cancer Res 46: 6029–6033
Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B, Droller MJ, Baylin SB, Nelkin BD (1983) Mutations affecting the 12th amino acid of c-Ha-ras oncogene product occurs infrequently in human cancer. Science 220: 1175–1177
Fujita J, Srivastava SK, Kraus MH, Rhim JS, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA (1985) Frequency of molecular alterations affecting ras protooncogenes in human urinary tract tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 3849–3853
Bos JL, Toksoz D, Marshall CJ, Verlaan-de Vries M, Veeneman GH, van der Eb AJ, van Boom JH, Janssen JWG, Steenvorden ACM (1985) Amino-acid substitutions at codon 13 of the N-ras oncogene in human acute myeloid leukemia. Nature 315: 726–730
Rodenhuis S, van de Wetering ML, Mooi WJ, Evers SG, van Zandwijk N, Bos JL (1987) Mutational activation of the K-ras oncogene. A possible pathogenetic factor in adenocarcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 317: 929–935
Thor A, Hand PH, Wunderlich D, Caruso A, Muraro R, Schlom J (1984) Monoclonal antibodies define differential ras gene expression in malignant and benign colonic disease. Nature 311: 562–565
Slamon DJ, deKernion JB, Verma IM, Cline MJ (1984) Expression of cellular oncogenes in human malignancies. Science 224: 256–262
Spandidos DA, Kerr IB (1984) Elevated expression of the human ras oncogene familiy in premalignant and malignant tumours of the colorectum. Br J Cancer 49: 681–688
Ohuchi N, Hand PH, Merlo G, Fujita J, Mariano-Costantini R, Thor A, Nose M, Callahan R, Schlom J (1987) Enhanced expression of c-Ha-ras p21 in human stomach adenocarcinomas defined by immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies and in situ hybridization. Cancer Res 47: 1413–1420
Hand PH, Thor A, Wunderlich D, Muraro R, Caruso A, Schlom J (1984) Monoclonal antibodies of predefined specificity detect activated ras gene expression in human mammary and colon carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 5227–5231
Ohuchi N, Thor A, Page DL, Hand PH, Halter SA, Schlom J (1986) Expression of the 21,000 molecular weight ras protein in a spectrum of benign and malignant human mammary tissues. Cancer Res 46: 2511–2519
Chesa PG, Rettig WJ, Melamed MR, Old LJ, Niman HL (1987) Expression of p21ras in normal and malignant human tissues: Lack of association with proliferation and malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 3234–3238
Kerr IB, Lee FD, Quintanilla M, Balmain A (1985) Immunocytochemical demonstration of p21 ras family oncogene product in normal mucosa and in premalignant and malignant tumours of the colorectum. Br J Cancer 52: 695–700
Klein G, Klein E (1985) Evolution of tumours and the impact of molecular oncology. Nature 315: 190–195
Land H, Parada LF, Weinberg RA (1983) Cellular oncogenes and multistep carcinogenesis. Science 222: 771–778
Cuttitta F, Carney DN, Mulshine J, Moody TW, Fedorko J, Fischler A, Minna JD (1985) Bombesin-like peptides can function as autocrine growth factors in human small-cell lung cancer. Nature 316: 823–826
Bravo R, Macdonald-Bravo H, Müller R, Hübsch D, Almendral JM (1987) Bombesin induces c-fos and c-myc expression in quiescent swiss 3T3 cells. Comparative study with other mitogens. Exp Cell Res 170: 103–115
Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Schwab M, Varmus HE, Bishop JM (1984) Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage. Science 224: 1121–1124
Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, Levin WJ, Ullrich A, McGuire WL (1987) Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 235: 177–182
Cline MJ, Battifora H, Yokota J (1987) Proto-oncogene abnormalities in human breast cancer: correlation with anatomic features and clinical course of disease. J Clin Oncol 5: 999–1006
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Wagener, C. (1989). Die Bedeutung von Onkogenen für Entstehung und Progression menschlicher Tumoren. In: Lang, H., Guder, W.G., Driesel, A.J. (eds) Molekularbiologische Methoden in der Diagnostik. Zusammenarbeit von Klinik und Klinischer Chemie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83748-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83748-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-50966-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83748-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive