Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Gastrointestinal Cancer pp 217–246Cite as

Anal Cancer

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

Abstract

The anal canal is the terminal portion of the large intestine. The anatomic anal canal is defined as the distance between the dentate line and the anal verge; the surgical anal canal is defined as the dis- tance between the anorectal ring and the anal verge (Goligher 1984 a) (Fig. 1). The anorectal ring is a palpable fibromuscular structure which is com-posed of the upper fibers of the internal sphincter (Goligher 1984 a). The surgical anal canal on aver- age measures 4.2 cm in length (range 3-5.3 cm) and the anatomic canal has an average length of 2.1 cm (range 1.0-3.8 cm) (Nivatvongs et al. 1981). The canal is slightly longer in males as compared to fe-males.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Refences

  • Al-Jurf AS, Turnbull RB, Fazio VW (1979) Local treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 148: 576–578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Austin DF (1982) Etiological clues from descriptive epidemiology: Squamous carcinoma of the rectum or anus. NCI Monogr 62: 89–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beahrs OH (1979) Management of cancer of the anus. AJR 133: 790–795

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beahrs OH, Wilson SM (1976) Carcinoma of the anus. Ann Surg 1984: 422–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Bensaude A, Nora J (1968) Differential diagnosis of carcinoma of the anal margin. Proc R Soc Med 61: 624–626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg JW, Lone F, Steams MW Jr (1960) Mucoepidermoid anal cancer. Cancer 13: 914–916

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohe M, Lindstrom G, Ekelund G, Leandoer L (1982) Carcinoma of the anal canal. J Gasteroenterol 17: 795–800

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boman BM, Moertel CG, O’ ;Connell MJ, Scott M, Weiland LH, Beart RW, Gunderson LL, Spencer RJ (1984) Carcinoma of the anal canal. A clinical and pathologic study of 188 cases. Cancer 54: 114–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan JT, Stewart CF (1972) Epidermoid carcinoma of the anus. Ann Surg 176: 787–790

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckwalter JA, Jurayj MN (1957) Relationship of chronic anorectal disease to carcinoma. Arch Surg 75: 352–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buroker T, Nigro ND, Considine B etal . (1979) Mitomycin C, 5 fluorouracil and radiation therapy in squamous (epidermoid) cell carcinoma of the anal canal. In: Carter SK, Crooke SK (eds) Mitomycin C. Academic, New York, pp 183–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Byfield JE, Barone R, Mendelson 1 etal . (1980) Infusional 5-fluorouracil and X-ray therapy for non-resectable esophageal cancer. Cancer 45: 703–708

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantril ST, Green JP, Schall GL etal . (1983) Primary radiation therapy in the treatment of anal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9: 1271–1278

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu YS, Unni KK, Beart RW (1980) Malignant melanoma of the anorectum. Dis Colon Rectum 23: 122–124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark T, Petrelli N, Herrera L etal . (1986) Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer 57: 400–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper HS, Patchefsky AS, Marks G (1979) Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum in homosexual men. Dis Colon Rectum 22: 557–558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper PH, Mills SE, Allen MS (1982) Malignant melanoma of the anus. Report of 12 patients and analysis of 255 additional cases. Dis Colon Rectum 25: 693–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Courtail J, Fenadez Colmeiro JM (1960) Les indications et les resultats de la roentgentherapie et de la curie therapie dans le cancer du canal anal. Arch Mal Appar Dig [Suppl] 49: 43–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Croxson T, Chabon AB, Rorat E, Barash IM (1984) Intraepithelial carcinoma of the anus in homosexual men. Dis Colon Rectum 27: 325–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings BJ, Thomas GM, Keane TJ etal . (1982a) Primary radiation therapy in the treatment of anal canal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 25: 778–728

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings BJ, Rider WD, Harwood AR etal . (1982b) Combined radical radiation therapy and chemotherapy for primary squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer Treat Rep 66: 489–492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings B, Keane T, Thomas G etal . (1984) Results and toxicity of the treatment of anal canal carcinoma by radiation therapy or radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Cancer 54: 2062–2068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalby JE, Pointon RS (1961) The treatment of anal carcinoma by interstitial irradiation. AJR 85: 515–520

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daling JR, Weiss NS, Klopfenstein LL etal . (1982) Correlation of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer. JAMA 247: 1988–1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeOliveira D (1976) Anal carcinoma in northern Brazil. Dis Colon Rectum 19: 18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Devois A, Decker R (1960) La curie puncture du cancer de l’ ;anus. Arch Fr Mal Appar Dig 49: 54–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillard BM, Spratt IS, Ackerman LV etal . (1963) Epidermoid cancer of anal margin and canal. Arch Surg 86: 772–777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty BG, Evans HL (1985) Carcinoma of the anal canal: A study of 79 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 83: 159–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois ID, Dilly SA, Gazet JC (1985) Leukaemic infiltration of the anus. Eur J Surg Oncol 11: 365–367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ege GN, Cummings BJ (1980) Interstitial radiocolloid iliopelvic lymphoscintigraphy: Technique, anatomy and clinical application. Int J Radiat Oncol Bioi Phys 6: 1483–1490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eschwege F, Fajbisowicz S, Otmezguina Y etal . (1973) Radiotherapie des cancers malpighiens de l’ anus. J Radiol Electol Med Nuc 54: 636

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenger C (1979) The anal transitional zone. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [A] 87: 379–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenger C, Filipe MI (1977) Pathology of the anal glands with special reference to their mucin histochemistry. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [A] 85: 273–285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher ER (1969) The basal cell nature of the so-called transitional cloacogenic carcinoma of anus as revealed by electron microscopy. Cancer 24: 312–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeny PC, Marks WM, Ryan IA etal . (1986) Colorectal carcinoma evaluation with CT: Preoperative staging and detection of postoperative recurrence. Radiology 158: 347–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frost DB, Richards PC, Montague ED etal . (1984) Epidermoid cancer of the anorectum. Cancer 53: 1285–1293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel WB (1960) Discussion on squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and anal canal. Proc R Soc Med 53: 403–409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ger R, Reuben J (1968) Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: A metastatic lesion. Dis Colon Rectum 11 : 213–219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie JJ, MacKay B (1978) Histogenesis of cloacogenic carcinoma. Fine structures of anal transitional epithelium and cloacogenic carcinoma. Hum Pathol 9: 579–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gingrass PJ, Rubrick MP, Hickcock CR etal . (1978) Anorectal verrucose squamous carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 21: 120–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass RE, Ritchie TK, Thompson HR etal . (1985) The results of surgical treatment of the rectum by radical resection and extended abdominoiliac lymphadenectomy. Br J Surg 72: 599–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gofinet DR, Mastinez A, Poller D etal . (1978) Perineal brachytherapy. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 12: 72–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden GT, Horsley JS (1976) Surgical management of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus. Am J Surg 131: 275–280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goligher J (1984a) Surgical anatomy and physiology of the anus, rectum and colon. In: Goligher J (ed) Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon, 5th edn. Bailliere Tindall, London, pp 7–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Goligher J (1984 b) Carcinoma of the anal canal and anus. In: Goligher J (ed) Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon, 5th edn. Bailliere Tindall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray’ s Anatomy (1985) The lymphatic system, 13th edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p 916

    Google Scholar 

  • Green JP, Schaupp WC, Cantril ST etal . (1980) Anal carcinoma: therapeutic concepts. Am J Surg 140: 151–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenall MJ, Quan SHQ, Urmacher C etal . (1985a) Treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Surg Gynecol Obstet 161: 509–517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenall MJ, Quan SHQ, Steams MW etal . (1985b) Epidermoid cancer of the anal margin. Pathologic features, treatment, and clinical results. Am J Surg 149: 95–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grinnell RS (1954) An analysis of forty-nine cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 98: 29–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grinvalsky HT, Helwig EB (1956) Carcinoma of the anorectal junction. 1. Histological considerations. Cancer 9: 480–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodsky L (1960) Extramammary Paget’ ;s disease of the perianal region. Dis Colon Rectum 3: 502–510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodsky L (1965) Rare non keratinizing malignancies of anal region. Arch Surg 90: 216–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodsky L (1967) Unsuspected anal cancer discovered after minor anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 10: 471–478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodsky L (1969) Current concepts on c1oacogenic transitional cell anorectal cancers. JAMA 207: 2057–2061

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison EG, Beahrs OH, Hill JR (1966) Anal and perianal malignant neoplasms. Dis Colon Rectum 9: 255–267

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heidelberger C, Griesbach L, Montag BJ etal . (1958) Studies on fluorinated pyrinidines II. Effects on transplanted tumors. Cancer Res 18: 305–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holm WH, Jackman RJ (1964) Anorectal squamous cell carcinoma. Conservative or radical treatment. JAMA 188: 162–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins RB, Gunderson LL, Dosoretz DE (1985) Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Cancer 55: 61–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutcheson JB, Gordon JB, Fuqua WN Jr (1960) “Extramammary Paget’ ;s disease” of the anorectal junction. Arch Pathol 69: 728–732

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur BML, Dhawan IK, Singhal KK (1977) Epidermoid carcinoma of the anorectum. Dis Colon Rectum 20: 252–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline RJ, Spencer RJ, Harrison EG Jr (1964) Carcinoma associated with fistula-in-ano. Arch Surg 89: 989–994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klotz RG, Pamukcoglu T, Souilliard DH (1967) Transitional c1oacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer 20: 1727–1745

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus EW (1978) Perianal basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 114: 460–461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuehn PG, Eisenberg H, Reed JF (1968) Epidermoid carcinoma of the perianal skin and anal canal. Cancer 22: 932–938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leach RD, Ellis H (1981) Carcinoma ofrectum in male homosexuals. J R Soc Med 74: 490–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li FP, Osborn D, Cornin CM (1982) Anorectal squamous carcinoma in two homosexual men. Lancet 2: 391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Looney WB, Hopkins HA, MacLeod MS etal . (1979) Solid tumor models for the assessment of different treatment modalities. XII Combination chemotherapy-radiotherapy: Variation of time interval between time of administration of 5-fluorouracil and radiation and its effect on the control of tumor growth. Cancer 44: 437–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Loygue J, Laugier A, Parc etal . (1981) Carcinoma epidermoide de l’ anus, a propos de 149 observations. Chirurgie 109: 710

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnell EM (1970) Squamous carcinoma of the anus - a review of 96 cases. Br J Surg 57: 89–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGraw JY, Bonefant JL (1960) Anorectal lymphomas. Can J Surg 3: 225–228

    Google Scholar 

  • McGregor JK, Jewett TC Jr (1965) Perianal rhabdomyosarcoma in an infant. Dis Colon Rectum 8: 52–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merrwaldt JH (1984) Post-irratiation diarhea. Erasmus University of Rotterdam, DecorDavids, Alblasserdam, Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlini M, Eckert P (1985) Malignant tumors of the anus. A Study of 106 cases. Am J Surg 150: 370–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michaelson RA, Magill GB, Quan SHQ etal . (1983) Preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the management of anal epidermoid carcinoma. Cancer 51: 390–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills SE, Allen MS Jr, Cohen AR (1983) Small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the colon. Am J Surg Pathol 7: 643–651

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgenstern L, Host M, Lugo D etal . (1985) Changing aspects of radiation enteropathy. Arch Surg 120: 1225–1228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morson BC (1960) The pathology and results of treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin. Proc R Soc Med 53: 22–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Morson BC (1979) Tumors of anorectal region. In: Morson BC, Dawson (eds) Gastrointestinal pathology, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 735–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Morson BC, Sobin LH (1976) Histological typing of intestinal tumors. International histological classification of tumors no 15. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp 62–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Morson BC, Volkstadt H (1963a) Muco-epidermoid tumors of the anal canal. J Clin Pathol 16: 200–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morson BC, Volkstadt H (1963b) Malignant melanoma of the anal canal. J Clin Pathol 16: 126–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima Y, Miyamoto T, Tanake M etal . (1979) Enhancement of mammalian cell killing by 5-fluorouracil in combination with X-rays. Cancer Res 39: 3763–3767

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen OV, Jensen SL (1981) Basal cell carcinoma of the anus - a clinical study of 34 cases. Br J Surg 68: 856–857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigro ND (1984) Treatment of squamous cell cancer of the anus. In: DeCosse IT, Sherlock P (eds) Clinical management of gastro-intestinal cancer. Nijhoff, Boston, pp 221–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Considine BJ (1974) Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: A preliminary work. Dis Colon Rectum 17: 354–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nivatvongs S, Stem HS, Fryd DS (1981) The length of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum 24: 600–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’ ;Brien PH, Jenrette JM, Wallace KM etal . (1982) Epidermoid carcinoma of the anus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 155: 745–751

    Google Scholar 

  • Papillon J (1974) Radiation therapy in the management of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal region. Dis Colon Rectum 17: 181–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papillon J (1982) Rectal and anal cancers. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 109–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis P, Douglass HO Jr, Holyoke ED (1975) The clinical implications of a staging system for carcinoma of the anus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 141: 411–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters RK, Mack TM (1983) Patterns of anal carcinoma by gender and martial status in Los Angeles County. Br J Cancer 48: 629–636 246

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters RK, Mack TM, Bernstein L (1984) Parallels in the epidemiology of selected anogenital carcinomas. JNCI 72: 609–615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrelli NJ, Shaw N, Bhargava A etal . (1988) Squamous cell carcinoma antigen as a marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. J Clin Onc 6: 782–785

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad ML, Abcarian H (1980) Malignant potential of perianal condyloma acuminatum. Dis Colon Rectum 23: 191–197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quan SHQ (1978) Anal and para-anal tumors. Surg Clin North Am 58: 591–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quan SHQ (1979) Squamous cancer of the anorectum. Int J Radiat Oncol Bioi Phys 5 [Suppl]: 63 (Abstract 55)

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan SHQ (1983) Carcinoma of the anus. Int Adv Surg Oncol 6: 323–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quan SHQ (1986) Cancer of the anus. In: Beahrs OH, Higgins GA, Weinstein JJ (eds) Colorectal tumors. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 215–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards JC, Beahrs PH, Woolner LB (1962) Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus, anal canal and rectum in 109 patients. Surg Gynecol Obstet 114: 475–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockwell S (1982) Cytotoxicities of mitomycin C and X-rays to aerobic and hypoxic cells in vitro. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 8: 1035–1039

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau J, Mathieu G, Fenton J etal . (1973) La telecobaltherapie des cancers du canal anal. J Radiol Electrol 54: 2–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Roux-Berger JL, Ennuyer A (1948) Carcinoma of the anal canal. Statistic Fondation Curie. AJR 60: 807–815

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon RJ, Fenton J, Asselain B (1984) Treatment of epidermoid anal canal cancer. Am J Surg 147: 43–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon RJ, Zafrani B, Labib A etal . (1986) Prognosis of cloacogenic and squamous cell cancers of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum 29: 336–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyers JL (1972) Squamous cell cancer of the perianus and anus. Surg Clin North Am 52: 935–941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyers JL, Herrington JL Jr, Main FB (1963) Surgical considerations in the treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus. Ann Surg 157: 817–823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield PF, Holden D, Carr ND (1983) Bowel disease after radiotherapy. J R Soc Med 76: 463–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schraut WH, Wang CH, Dawson PJ etal . (1983) Depth of invasion, location, and size of cancer of the anus dictate operative treatment. Cancer 51: 1291–1296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scoma JA, Levy EI (1975) Bowen’ s disease of the anus. Dis Colon Rectum 18: 137–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sehdev MK, Dowling MD, Seal HS etal . (1973) Perianal and anorectal complications in leukemia. Cancer 31: 149–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh R, Nime F, Mittleman A (1981) Malignant epithelial tumors of the anal canal. Cancer 48: 411–415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sischy B (1985) The use of radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and marginally resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Int J Radiat Oncol Bioi Phys 11: 1587–1593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sischy B, Remington JH, Sobel SH etal . (1980) Treatment of carcinoma of the rectum and squamous cell carcinoma of the anus by combination chemotherapy, radiotherapy and operation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 151: 369–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slater G, Greenstein A, Aufses AH JR (1984) Anal carcinoma in patients with Crohn’ s disease. Ann Surg 199: 348–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spremulli EN, Leith IT, Bliven SF etal . (1983) Responses of human colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) to X-irradiation and mitomycin C in vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9: 1209–1212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stearns MW (1979) Anus and anal canal cancer. In: Digestive cancer. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 51–57 (Advances in medical oncology, research and education, vol 9)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearns MW, Quan SH (1970) Epidermoid carcinoma of the anorectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 131: 953–957

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stearns MW, Urmacher C, Stenberg SS etal . (1980) Cancer of the anal canal. Curr Probl Cancer 4: 1–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steele RJC, Eremin 0, Krajewski AS etal . (1985) Primary lymphoma of the anal canal presenting as perianal suppuration. Br Med J 291: 311

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern BD, Kaplan L (1969) Multicentric foci of carcinomas arising in the structures of cloacal origin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 104: 255–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss RJ, Faizo VW (1979) Bowen’ s disease of the anal and perianal area. Am J Surg 137: 231–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stryker JA, Hepner GW, Mortel R (1977) The effect of pelvic irradiation on ileal function. Radiology 124: 213–216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugarbaker PH, Gunderson LL, Wittes RE (1985) Cancer of the anal region. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer principles and practice of oncology, 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 885–894

    Google Scholar 

  • Svenson EW, Montague ED (1980) Results of treatment in transitional cloacogenic carcinoma. Cancer 46: 828–830

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet RH (1947) Results of treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 84: 967–972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson HR (1956) Carcinoma of the anorectal region arising from the intramuscular and apocrine glands. Proc R Soc Med 49: 469–472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turell R (1962) Epidermoid squamous cell cancer of the perianus and anal canal. Surg Clin North Am 42: 1235–1241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UICC (1982) TNM atlas Spiessl B, Hermanek P, Scheibe 0, Wagner G (eds). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 132–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Vietti T, Eggerding R, Valeriole F (1971) Combined effect of X-radiation and 5-fluorouracil on survival of transplanted leukemic cells. JNCI 47: 865–870

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walls EW (1958) Observations on the microscopic anatomy of the human anal canal. Br J Surg 45: 504–512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanebo HJ, Woodruff JM, Farr GH etal . (1981) Anorectal melanoma. Cancer 47: 1891–1900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welch JP, Malt RA (1977) Appraisal of the treatment of carcinoma of the anus and anal canal. Surg Gynecol Obstet 145: 837–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellman KF (1962) Adenocarcinoma of anal duct origin. Can J Surg 5: 311–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White WB, Schneiderman H, Sayre IT (1984) Basal cell carcinoma of the anus: clinical and pathological distinction from cloacogenic carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 6: 441–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilking N, Petrelli N, Herrera Letal . (1985) Phase II study of combination bleomycin, vincristine and high dose methotrexate (BOM) with Lencovorin rescue in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 15:300–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams SL, Rogers LW, Quan SHQ (1976) Perianal Paget’ ;s disease: Report of seven cases. Dis Colon Rectum 19: 30–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe HRI, Bussey HJR (1968) Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Br J Surg 55: 295–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaren HA, Delone FX, Lerner HJ (1983) Carcinoma of the anal gland: Case report apd review ofliterature. J Surg Oncol 23: 250–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA

    Mahroo Haghbin M.D. (Clinical Assistan Professor of Radiation Oncology)

  2. Daisy Marquis Jones Radiation Oncology, Highland Hospital, 1000 South Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA

    E. Josephine Hinson (R.T.T., Research Assistant)

  3. School of Medicine and Dentistry, Daisy Marquis Jones Radiation Oncology Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Highland Hospital, 1000 South Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA

    Ben Sischy M.D. (Director, Clinical Professor of Radiation Oncology)

Authors
  1. Mahroo Haghbin M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Josephine Hinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ben Sischy M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Therapy, Medical College of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Avenue C.S. 10008, 43699, Toledo, OH, USA

    Ralph R. Dobelbower Jr. M. D., Ph. D., F.A.C.R. (Professor and Chairman, Professor of Neurological Surgery (Radiation Therapy) (Professor and Chairman, Professor of Neurological Surgery (Radiation Therapy)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haghbin, M., Hinson, E.J., Sischy, B. (1990). Anal Cancer. In: Dobelbower, R.R. (eds) Gastrointestinal Cancer. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83657-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83657-2_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-83659-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83657-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation