Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Lipoprotein Subfractions Omega-3 Fatty Acids pp 119–124Cite as

Omega-3- and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Nutritional Needs and Dietary Recommendations

  • Conference paper

Part of the book series: Recent Developments in Lipid and Lipoprotein Research ((LIPID))

Abstract

Essential fatty aids (EFA) are required for the structure of cell membranes, reproduction, growth, and the regulation of cell function via a group of hormone-like derivatives, the eicosanoids. These properties of EFA are more important than other nonessential functions [19]. EFA can be allocated to two fatty acid families according to the position of the first double bound from the methyl end at carbon 3 or carbon 6, the most important representatives being linoleic acid (C18:2ω-6) and a-linolenic acid (C18:3ω-3). In contrast, oleic acid (C18:1ω-9) and its derivatives with the first double bound at carbon 9 can be synthesized in the body and are not essential.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adam O, Wolfram G, Zöllner N (1986) Vergleich der Wirkung von Linolsäure und Eicosapentaensäure auf die Prostaglandinbiosynthese und Thrombozytenfunktion beim Menschen. Klin Wochenschr 64: 274–280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bivins BA, Bell RM, Rapp RP, Griffen WO (1983) Linoleic acid versus linolenic acid: What is essential? J Par Enteral Nutr 5: 473–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bjerve KS, Mostadt IL, Thoresen L (1987) Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in patients on longterm gastric-tube feeding: estimation of linolenic acid and long-chain unsaturated n-3 fatty acid requirement in man. Am J Clin Nutr 77: 45–66

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bjerve KS, Fischer S, Alme K (1987) Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in man: effect of ethyl linolenate on plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid composition and biosynthesis of prostanoids. Am J Clin Nutr 46: 570–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Budowski P, Crawford MA (1985) Linolenic acid as a regulator of the metabolism of arachidonic acid: dietary implications of the ratio, n-6:n-3 fatty acids. Proc Nutr Soc 44: 221–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Burr GO, Burr MM (1929) A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J Biol Chem 82: 345–367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Collins FD, Sinclair AJ, Royle JP, Coats DA, Maynard AT, Leonard RF (1971) Plasma lipids in human linoleic acid deficiency. Nutr Metabol 13: 150–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Crawford MA, Hassam AG, Rivers JPW (1978) Essential fatty acid requirement in infancy. A J Clin Nutr 31: 2181–2185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Galli C, Agradi E, Paoletti R (1974) The (n-6) pentaene: (n-3) hexaene fatty acid ratio as an index of linolenic acid deficiency. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 369: 142–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Goldman DW, Picket WC, Goetzl EJ (1983) Human neutrophil chemotactic and degranulating activities of leukotriene B5 (LTB5) derived from eicosapentaenoic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 117: 282–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Goodnight SH, Harris WS, Connor WE, Illingworth DR (1982) Polyunsaturated fatty acids, hyperlipidemia, and thrombosis. Arteriosclerosis 2: 87–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hansen AE, Haggard ME, Boelsche AN, Adam DJD, Wiese HF (1958) Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition. III. Clinical manifestations of linoleic acid deficiency. J Nutrition 4: 565–576

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hepburn F, Exler J, Weihrauch J (1986) Provisional tables on the content of omega-3 fatty acids and other fat components of selected foods. J Amer Dietet Ass 86: 788–793

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Holman RT, Caster WO, Wiese HF (1964) The essential fatty acid requirement of infants and the assessment of their dietary intake of linoleate by serum fatty acid analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 14: 70–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Holman RT, Johnson SB, Hatch TF (1982) A case of human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 617–623

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hoover RL, Karnovsky MJ, Austen KF, Corey EJ, Lewis RA (1984) Leukotriene B4 action on endothelium mediates angmented neutrophil/endothelial adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2191–2193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Martinez M, Ballabriga A (1987) Effects of parenteral nutrition with high doses of linoleate on the developing human liver and brain. Lipids 22: 133–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lamptey MS and Walker BL (1976) A possible essential role for dietary linolenic acid in the development of the young rat. J Nitrition 106: 86–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mead JF (1984) The non-eicosanoid functions of the essential fatty acids. J Lipid Res 25: 1517–1521

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Movita I, Takahashi R, Saito Y, Murota S (1983) Thrombosis Res 31: 211–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Neuringer M, Connor WE, Van Petten C, Barstad L (1984) Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and visual loss in infant Rhesus monkeys. J Clin Invest 73: 272–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Stein TP, Marino PL, Harner RN (1986) Combined EFA deficiency in a patient on long-term TPN. Nutrition Reviews 44: 301–305

    Google Scholar 

  23. Svennerholm L (1968) Distribution and fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides in normal human brain. J Lipid Res 9: 570–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Taylor G, Gibney MJ and Morgan JB (1979) Haemostatic function and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lancet II, 1378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Tinoco J, Babcock R, Hincenbergs I, Medwadowski B, Miljanich P and Williams MA (1979) Linolenic acid deficiency. Lipids 14:166–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wheeler TG, Benolken RM, Anderson RE (1975) Visual membranes: specificity of fatty acid precursors for the electrical response to illumination. Science 188:1312–1314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wolfram G, Zöllner N (1971) Der Linolsäurebedarf des Menschen. Wiss Veröff Dt Ges für Ernährung 22: 51–60, Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wolfram G, Eckart J, Walther B, Zöllner N (1978) Factors influencing essential fatty acid requirement in total parenteral nutrition. J Parent Ent Nutr 2: 634–639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wolfram G, Eckart J (1983) Die essentiellen Fettsauren im Plasma von Schwerverletzten. Klin Wochenschr 61: 1181–1189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wolfram G, Adam O, Zöllner N (1984) Wirkung der Linol- und Linolensäure auf die Prostaglandinbildung und die Nierenfunktion beim Menschen. fette-seifen-anstrichmittel 5: 180–183

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wolfram G, Adam O, Zöllner N (1986) Pain, prostaglandins, and food lipids. Bibl Nutr Dieta 38: 112–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wolfram G (1987) Essentielle Fettsäuren in der parenteralen Ernährung. Infusionstherapie 14: 20–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yamamoto N, Saitoh M, Moriuchi A, Nomura M (1987) Effect of dietary α-linolenate/linoleate balance on brain lipid compositions and learning ability of rats. J Lipid Res 28: 144–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. Wolfram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Med. Zentrum für Innere Medizin Med. Klinik III und Poliklinik, Universität Gießen, Rodthohl 6, 6300, Gießen, Germany

    H. U. Klör

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Wolfram, G. (1989). Omega-3- and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Nutritional Needs and Dietary Recommendations. In: Klör, H.U. (eds) Lipoprotein Subfractions Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Recent Developments in Lipid and Lipoprotein Research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83447-9_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83447-9_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-19146-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83447-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation