Abstract
The forging operation can be seen as a system with a large number of interacting variables. Furthermore, these variables can have a rather large field of values which they can span when the die and workpiece temperatures and resulting contact times for conventional forging, hot-die forging and isothermal forging are rather different. The selection of the optimum conditions during isothermal forging is not simple. In conventional and hot-die forging, the problem is even more complex due to the heat transfer phenomena between billet and die.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Abbreviations
- cp :
-
specific heat
- DD :
-
die diameter
- F:
-
force
- ho :
-
initial billet height
- hf :
-
final billet height
- H:
-
billet height
- HD :
-
die height
- t2 :
-
lubricant or thermal barrier thickness
- Tb :
-
billet temperature
- TD :
-
die temperature
- TDO :
-
initial die temperature
- TBO :
-
initial billet temperature
- v:
-
ram velocity
- ε:
-
strain
- \(\dot\varepsilon\) :
-
strain rate
- θ:
-
time
- λ:
-
thermal conductivity
- ρ:
-
density
- σfb :
-
flow stress of an axisymmetric billet
- σ0.2 :
-
0.2 % yield stress
References Chapter 4
Boër C.R., Jovane F., Computer-Aided Design of Metal Forming Systems, Keynote paper of the Forming Session, Annals CIRP 33 /2 (1984) 433–449.
Boër C.R., Rydstad H., Schröder G., Choosing Optimum Forging Conditions in Isothermal and Hot-Die Forging, J. of Applied Metalworking, Vol.3, No. 4 (1984)421–431.
Boër C.R., Schröder G., Heat Transfer during Hot Upsetting in Heated Dies, Proceedings 21th MTDR Conference (1980) 209–215.
Boër C.R., Schröder G., Temperature in the Die-Billet Zone in Forging, Annals CIRP 30 /1 (1981) 153–157.
Boër C.R., Rydstad H., Schröder G., Process Modelling for Upsetting of Cylindrical Billets: Experimental Verification of the Heat Transfer Calculations, Proceedings 1981. ASM Metal Congress, ed. C.C. Chen, (1983) 375.
Schröder G., Fracture Mechanics Methods for Life Prediction of Forging Tools (in German), wt Zeitschrift für Industrielle Fertigung, 74 (1984) 207–210.
Altan T., et al., Forging Equipment, Materials, and Practices, Air Force Materials Laboratory, MCIC-HB-03 (1973).
Schröder G., Rebelo N., Umformverhalten induktiv erwärmter Rohteile beim Schmieden, wt-Z ind. Fertig. 73, No. 9 (1983) 565–568.
Decker E., Stahl mit elektrischer Energie rationell erwärmen, Ind. Anz. 104, No. 55 (1982) 14–18.
Jürgens H., Anwendung der induktiven Erwärmung in der Schmiede, Elektrowärme Internat. 37, No. 1 (1979) 33–36.
Grulke N., Induktive Erwärmung in der leicht-und schwer-metallverarbeitenden Industrie, Metall 29, No. 1 (1975) 22–27.
Roll K., Tekkaya A.E., Prozesssimulation in der Umformtechnik mit der Methode der Finiten Elemente-Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen, Umformtechnik ‘84, K. Lange, Inst. f. Umformtechnik Univ. Stuttgart (1984).
Kulkarni K.M., Isothermal Forging-from Research to a Promising New Manufacturing Technology, Proc. SME-Conf. Detroit, MF 77–299 (May 1977).
Corti C.W., Gessinger G.H., Shabaik A.H., Superplastic Isothermal Forging: a Model Metal Flow Study, J. Mech. Work. Tech., 1 (1977) 35–51.
Wüthrich C., Schröder G., Use of Fracture Mechanics Methods for Lifetime Improvement of Forging Tools (in German), Z. Werkstofftech., 11 (1980) 417–422.
Unksow E.P., An Engineering Theory of Plasticity, London, Butterworths (1961).
Rebelo N., Boër C.R., A Process Modelling Study of the Influence of Friction During Rib Forging, Proceeding NAMRC (1984) 146–150.
Rydstad H., Hoffelner W., PM Molybdenum Isothermal Forging Dies-Property Requirements and Service Life, Proc. 11th Plansee Seminar, Reutte, Austria (1985).
Rydstad H., Boër C.R., Process Modelling of Hot-Die Forging-Experimental Verification using a Computer-Controlled Press, Proc. 11th North American Manufacturing Research Conference, NAMRC (May 1983) 211–217.
Rebelo N., Rydstad H., Schröder G., Simulation of Material Flow in Closed Die Forging by Model Techniques and Rigid-Plastic FEM, in Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes, edited by J.F.T. Pittman, R.D. Wood, J.M. Alexander and O.C. Zienkicwicz, Pineridge Press, Swansea, U.K. (1982) 237–246.
Schröder G., Rydstad H., Singer R.E., Nazmy M., Forging and Thermomechanical Treatment of ODS-Nickel-Base Alloys, Proc. First Int. Conf. on Technology of Plasticity, Tokyo, Japan, Vol. 1 (1984) 39–44.
Geisel H., Der Temperaturverlauf beim induktiven Erwärmen. Masch. u. Werkz. 24 (1970) 32–37.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Böer, C.R., Rebelo, N.M.R.S., Rydstad, H.A.B., Schröder, G. (1986). Modelling of Forging. In: Process Modelling of Metal Forming and Thermomechanical Treatment. MRE Materials Research and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82788-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82788-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-82790-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-82788-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive