Skip to main content

The Use of Combined Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Plant Growth Substances

  • Chapter
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Part of the book series: Modern Methods of Plant Analysis ((MOLMETHPLANT,volume 3))

Abstract

The extreme sensitivity and selectivity of combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is of particular advantage for the analysis of plant growth substances, which may be present in plant tissues at ppb concentrations or below. The use of this technique has now been extended to all major classes of plant growth substance except ethylene. However, in the space available it is necessary to be highly selective. Some general principles of GC-MS analysis will be discussed and illustrated by examples from three classes of growth substance, the gibberellins (GA’s), the abscisins and the brassinosteroids. Auxin and cytokinin analysis is discussed by Rivier and Palni et al. in this volume.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abe H, Morishita T, Uchiyama M, Takatsuto S, Ikekawa N (1984) A new brassinoliderelated steroid in the leaves of Thea sinensis. Agric Biol Chem 48:2171–2172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bercht CA, Samrak HM, Lousberg RJJCh, Theuns H, Salemink CA (1976) Isolation of vomifoliol and dihydrovomifoliol from Cannabis. Phytochemistry 15:830–831

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binks R, MacMillan J, Pryce RJ (1969) Plant hormones VII. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the methyl esters of gibberellins Al to A24 and their trimethylsilyl ethers. Phytochemistry 8:271–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blechschmidt S, Castel U, Gaskin P, Hedden P, Graebe JE, MacMillan J (1984) GC/MS analysis of the plant hormones in seeds of Cucurbita maxima. Phytochemistry 23:553–558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Böttger M (1978) The occurrence of cis, trans-, and trans,trans-xanthoxin in pea roots. Z Pflanzenphysiol 86:265–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning G, Saunders PF (1977) Membrane localised gibberellins A9 and A4 in wheat chloroplasts. Nature 265:375–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crozier A, Durley RC (1983) Modern methods of analysis of gibberellins. In: Crozier A (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of gibberellins, vol I. Praeger, New York, pp 485–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Durley RC, MacMillan J, Pryce RJ (1971) Investigation of gibberellins and other growth substances in seed of Phaseolus multifloris and Phaseolus vulgaris by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry 11:317–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Firn RD, Burden RS, Taylor HF (1972) The detection and estimation of the growth inhibitor xanthoxin in plants. Planta 102:115–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaskin P, MacMillan J, Firn RD, Pryce RJ (1971) “Parafilm”:A convenient source of nalkane standards for the determination of gas chromatographic retention indices. Phytochemistry 10:1155–1157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaskin P, Hutchison M, Lewis N, MacMillan J, Phinney BO (1984) Microbiological conversion of 12-oxygenated and other derivatives of ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid by Gibberella fujikuroi, mutant B1–41a. Phytochemistry 23:559–564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn JL, Kuo CC, Durley RC, Pharis RP (1972) Use of insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone for purification of plant extracts and chromatography of plant hormones. Phytochemistry 11:345–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grove MD, Spencer GF, Rohwedder WK, Mandava N, Worley JF, Warthen JD Jr, Steffens GL, Flippen-Anderson JL, Cook JC Jr (1979) Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napes pollen. Nature 281:216–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedden P (1985) Gibberellins. In: Crozier A (ed) Methods in plant growth substance analysis (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirai N, Fukui H, Koshimizu K (1978) A novel abscisic acid metabolite from seeds of Robinia pseudacacia. Phytochemistry 17:1625–1627

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MG, Metzger JD, Zeevaart JAD (1980) Fractionation of gibberellins in plant extracts by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Plant Physiol 65:218–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood PS, MacMillan J (1982) Gibberellins A60, A61, and A62:Partial synthesis and natural occurrence. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I:689–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koshimizu K, Inui M, Fukui H, Mitsui T (1968) Isolation of (+)-abscisyl-ß-D-glu- copyranoside from immature fruits of Lupinus luteus. Agric Biol Chem 32:788–791

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshioka M, Harada J, Takeno K, Noma M, Sassa T, Ogiyama K, Taylor JS, Rood SB, Legge RL, Pharis RP (1983a) Reverse-phase C18 high performance liquid chromatography of acidic and conjugated gibberellins. J Chromatogr 256:101–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koshioka M, Takeno K, Beall FD, Pharis RP (1983b) Purification and separation of plant gibberellins from their precursors and glucosyl conjugates. Plant Physiol 73:398–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loveys BR, Milborrow BV (1981) Isolation and characterization of 1’-O-abscisic acid-ß- D-glucopyranoside from vegetative tomato tissue. Aust J Plant Physiol 8:571–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandava NB, Sasse JM, Yopp JH (1981) Brassinolide, a growth-promoting steroidal lac-tone. II. Activity in selected gibberellin and cytokinin bioassays. Physiol Plant 53:453–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milborrow BV, Mallaby R (1975) Occurrence of methyl-(+)-abscisiate as an artefact of extraction. J Exp Bot 26:741–748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milborrow BV, Vaughan GT (1982) Characterization of dihydrophaseic acid 4’-O-ß-D-glu- copyranoside as a major metabolite of abscisic acid. Aust J Plant Physiol 9:361–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morishita T, Abe H, Uchiyama M, Marumo S, Takatsuto S, Ikekawa N (1983) Evidence for plant growth promoting brassinolides in leaves of Thea sinensis. Phytochemistry 22:1051–1053

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Netting AG, Milborrow BV, Duffield AM (1982) Determination of abscisic acid in Eucalyptus haemastoma leaves using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and deuterated internal standards. Phytochemistry 21:385–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niell SJ, Horgan R, Heald JK (1983) Determination of the levels of abscisic acid-glucose ester in plants. Planta 157:371–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oden P-C, Andersson B, Gref R (1982) Identification of gibberellin A9 in extracts of Norway spruce [Picea abies ( L.) Karst.] by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 247:133–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rademacher W, Graebe JE (1984) Isolation and analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and abscisic acid from a single sample of plant material. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 97:75–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeve DR, Crozier A (1980) Quantitative analysis of plant hormones. In: MacMillan J (ed) Hormonal regulation of development I. Molecular aspects of plant hormones. Encyclopedia of plant physiology. New series, vol 9. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 203–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivier L, Milon H, Pilet P-E (1977) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determina- tions of abscisic acid levels in the cap and the apex of maize roots. Planta 134:23–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivier L, Gaskin P, Albone KS, MacMillan J (1981) GC-MS identification of endogenous gibberellins and gibberellin conjugates as their permethylated derivatives. Phytochemistry 20:687–692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg G, Dunberg A, Oden PE (1981) Chromatography of acid phytohormones on columns of Sephadex LH-20 and insoluble poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone, and application to the analysis of conifer extracts. Physiol Plant 53:219–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenk H, Gellerman JL (1960) Esterification of fatty acids with diazomethane on a small scale. Anal Chem 32:1433–1440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider G (1983) Gibberellin conjugates. In: Crozier A (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of gibberellins, vol I. Praeger, New York, pp 389–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider G, Schliemann W (1979) Untersuchungen zur enzymatischen Hydrolyse von Gibberellin-O-glucosiden. II. Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit von Gibberellin-2-O- und Gibberellin-3-O-glucosiden. Biochem Physiol Pflanz 174:746–751

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider G, Janicke S, Sembdner G (1975) Gibberelline XXXIV Mitt. Beitrag zur Gas-chromatographie von Gibberellinen und Gibberellin-O-glucosiden -N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamid als Silylierungsreagens. J Chromatogr 109:409–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sponsel VM, MacMillan J (1978) Metabolism of gibberellin A29 in seeds of Pisum sativum cv. Progress No. 9; use of [2H] and [3H]GAs, and the identification of a new GA catabolite. Planta 144:69–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi I, Takahashi N (1985) Identification of castasterone and brassinone from immature seeds of Pharbitis purpurea. Agric Biol Chem 49:49–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeley CC, Bentley R, Makita M, Wells WW (1963) Gas-liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of sugars and related substances. J Am Chem Soc 85:2497–2507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takatsuto S, Ying B, Morisaki M, Ikekawa N (1982) Microanalysis of brassinolide and its analogues by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 239:233–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda N, Harada K, Suzuki M, Tatematsu A, Hirai N, Koshimizu K (1984) Structural characterization of abscisic acid and related metabolites by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Agric Biol Chem 48:685–694

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor HF, Burden RS (1972) Xanthoxin, a recently discovered plant growth inhibitor. Proc R Soc Lond B 180:317–346

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tietz D, Dorffling K, Wohrle D, Erxleben I, Liemann F (1979) Identification by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acid and characterization of further abscisic acid metabolites in pea seedlings. Planta 147:168–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Dool H, Kratz PD (1963) A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 11:463–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan GT, Milborrow BV (1984) The resolution by HPLC of RS-[2–14C]Me ,4-cisdiol of abscisic acid and the metabolism of R- and (+)-S-abscisic acid. J Exp Bot 35:111–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wada K, Marumo S, Ikekawa N, Morisaki M, Mori K (1981) Brassinolide and homobrassinolide promotion of lamina inclination of rice seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol 22:323–325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota T, Hiraga K, Yamane H, Takahashi N (1975) Mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl derivatives of gibberellin glucosides and glycosyl esters. Phytochemistry 14:1569–1574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota T, Murofushi N, Takahashi N (1980) Extraction, purification and identification. In: MacMillan J (ed) Hormonal regulation of plant development. I. Molecular aspects of plant hormones. Encyclopedia of plant physiology. New series, vol 9. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 113–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Yopp JH, Mandava NB, Sasse JM (1981) Brassinolde, a growth-promoting steroidal lac-tone. I. Activity in selected auxin bioassays. Physiol Plant 53:445–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeevaart JAD, Milborrow BV (1976) Metabolism of abscisic acid and the occurrence of epi-dihydrophaseic acid in Phaseolus vulgaris. Phytochemistry 15:493–500

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hedden, P. (1986). The Use of Combined Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Plant Growth Substances. In: Linskens, H.F., Jackson, J.F. (eds) Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82612-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82612-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-82614-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-82612-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics