Abstract
The highly nonlinear conduction mechanism in ZnO based ceramics has attracted growing interest during the past decade. With increasing experimental experience model approaches have drifted from mechanisms related to massive non-zinc oxide intergranular layers like space charge limited current or Nordheim-Fowler tunneling to grain boundary effects where ZnO itself plays the dominant role. Firstly several attempts were made with surface state density distributions of foreign atoms. To allow for the measured high nonlinearity coefficient α in the range of α = 70 or even more, additional effects have been taken into account arising from the generation of minority carriers — voltage dependent shortening of the spatial distance of energy states which are involved in quantum mechanical tunneling, or the barrier height control by capture of holes at surface states. In fact recent experimental work gives strong evidence for the presence of minority carriers above threshold voltage.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature cited
M.S. Kosman and E.G. Pettsold, Uchenye Zapisky Leningr. Gosudarst. Pedagog. 207, 191 (1961)
Kh. S. Valeyev and M.D. Mashkovich, J. Techn. Phys. (USSR) 27, 1649 (1957)
R.A. Delaney and Kaiser, H.D., IEEE Trans, on Parts, Mat. and Packaging, Vol. PMP2 No. 1/2 (1966
M. Matsuoka, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 10 (6), 736 (1971)
R.H. Bube, Photoconductivity of Solids, Wiley and Sons, New York (1960)
R. Einzinger, Ber. Dt. Ker. Ges. 52 (7), 244 (1975]
J.T.C. van Kemenade and R.K. Eijnthoven, Ber. Dt. Ker. Ges. 55 (6), 330 (1978)
G.D. Mahan, L.M. Levinson and H.R. Philipp, Appl. Phys. Lett. 33 (9], 830 (1978)
D.L. Krivanek and P. Williams, Appl. Phys. Lett. 34 (11), 805 (1979)
L.M. Levinson and H.R. Philipp, GE Rept. 75, CRD 175 (1975)
Dr.R. Clarke, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 2407 (1978)
R. Einzinger, Appl. Surf. Sci. 3, 390–408 (1979)
S.M. Sze, Physics of semiconductor devices, Wiley, New York (1969)
G.D. Mahan, L.M. Levinson, H.R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50 (4], 2799 (1979)
J. Bernasconi, H.P. Klein and Strässler, J. Electron. Mat. 5 (5) (1976)
J.D. Levine, CRC Crit. Rev. Sol. St. Sci. 5, 597 (1975)
G.E. Pike and C.H. Seager, J. Appl. Phys. 50 (5), 3414–3422 (1979)
P.L. Hower, T.K. Gupta, J. Appl. Phys. 50 (7], 4847 (1979)
R. Einzinger, Adv. in Ceramics, Vol. 1, 359–374 (1981)
G. Gattow and D. Schütze, Z. anorg. Chem. 328, 44 (1964)
M. Inada, Jpn. J. Phys. 18 (8), 1439 (1979)
H.A. Harwig and A.G. Gerards, J. sol. st. Chem. 26, 265 (1978)
R. Einzinger, Dissertation TU München, 168, (1982)
T.K. Gupta, W.G. Carlson and B.O. Hall, Mat. Res. Soc. Symposia Proc. 5, New York, 393–399 (1982)
G.D. Mahan, L.M. Levinson and H.R. Philipp, Appl. Phys. Lett. 33 (9), 830–832 (1978)
G.E. Pike, Symposium on Grain Boundaries, Mat. Res. Soc. Boston (1981)
G.E. Pike, Mat. Res. Soc. Symposia, Proc. 5, 369–379 (1982) New York
B. Schallenberger and A. Hausmann, Z. Phys. B44, 143 (1981)
G. Heiland, Z. Phys. 148, 15 (1957)
A. Shimizu et al, Jpn J. Appl. Phys. 17 (8), 1435 (1978)
R. Einzinger, Mat. Res. Soc. Symposia Proc. 5, 343–355 (1982)
G.M. Safranow, Russ. J. Anorg. Chem. 16 (3), 460 (1971)
F.A. Kröger, The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals, Amsterdam (1964)
R. Wernicke, Dissertation RWTM Aachen, 21 (1975)
U. Schwing, Dissertation Univ. Karlsruhe, 110 (1984)
G.D. Mahan, J. Appl. Phys. 54 (7), 3825–3832 (1983)
F. Greuter, Contribution to Symposium on Polykristalline Halbleiter, MPI Stuttgart (Febr. 1984)
I. Baumgartner and R. Einzinger, Proc. 5th Int. Round Table Conf on Sintering, Portoroz, Yugoslavia, 367–371 (1981)
I. Baumgartner, Dissertation Univ. München, 142 (1983)
W. Heywang, Amorphe und Polykristalline Halbleiter, Band 8, Springer-Verlag, 201–237 (1984)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Einzinger, R. (1985). Evolution of Physical Models for ZnO-Varistors. In: Harbeke, G. (eds) Polycrystalline Semiconductors. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, vol 57. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82441-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82441-8_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-82443-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-82441-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive