Zusammenfassung
Eine dauerhafte Reduktion des von der linken Herzkammer gepumpten Blutvolumens und ein Versagen eines oder beider Ventrikel, die normale Fraktion ihres enddiastolischen Blutvolumens auszuwerfen, löst einen komplexen Ablauf von Adjustierungen aus, an dessem Ende eine abnorme Akkumulation von Flüssigkeit steht, die klinisch als Ödem imponieren kann. Diese Flüssigkeitsretention muß als Kompensationsmechanismus angesehen werden, mit dessen Hilfe der Organismus versucht, das Herzzeitvolumen und damit die Perfusion lebenswichtiger Organe aufrechtzuerhalten (Peters 1952).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Ahearn DJ, Mäher JF (1972) Heart failure as a complication of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula. Ann Intern Med 77:201–212
Alexander RW, Gill JR Jr, Yamehe H, Lovenberg W, Keiser HR (1974) Effects of dietary sodium and of acute saline infusion on the interrelationship between dopamine excretion and adrenergic activity in man. J Clin Invest 54:194–205
Andersson B (1971) Thirst- and brain control of water balance. Am Sci 59:408–416
Andersson B (1974) Central control of body fluid homeostasis. Proc Aust Physiol Pharmacol Soc 5:139–145
Andersson B, Eriksson I (1971) Conjoint action of sodium and angiotensin on brain mechanisms controlling water and salt balance. Acta Physiol Scand 81:18–27
Andersson B, Olsson K (1973) On central control of body fluid homeostasis. Cond Reflex 8:147–154
Andersson B, Eriksson I, Fernandez O, Kolmodin CG, Oltner R (1972) Centrally mediated effects of sodium and angiotensin II on arterial blood pressure and fluid balance. Acta Physiol Scand 85:398–406
Andrews WHH, Orbach J (1974) Sodium receptors activating some nerves of perfused rabbit livers. Am J Physiol 227:1273–1279
Armstrong CD, Richards V (1944) Results of long term experimental constriction of the hepatic veins in dogs. Arch Surg 48:412–419
Arndt JD (1965) Diuresis induced by water infusion into the carotid body and its inhibition by small hemorrhage. Pfluegers Arch 282:313–320
Asfoury ZM (1971) Sympathectomy and the innervation of the kidney. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
Asterita MF, Windhager EE (1975) Estimate of relative thickness of peritubular interstitial space in necturus kidney. Am J Physiol 228:1393–1402
Atzler E, Herbst R (1923) Die Schwankungen des Flußvolumens und deren Beeinflussung. Z Ges Exp Med 38:137–146
August JT, Nelson DH, Thorn GW (1958) Response of normal subjects to large amounts of aldosterone. J Clin Invest 37:1549–1555
Baldus WP, Summerskill WHJ, Hunt I, Maher FT (1964) Renal circulation in cirrhosis: observations based on catheterization of renal vein. J Clin Invest 43:1090–1097
Bank N, Aynedjian H, Bansol V, Goldman D (1970) Effect of acute hypertension on sodium transport by the distal nephron. Am J Physiol 219:275–280
Barger AC (1956) Na retention in congestive heart failure. Metabolism 5:480–487
Barger AC (1966) Renal hemodynamic factors in congestive heart failure. Ann NY Acad Sci 139:276–284
Barger AC, Herd JA (1962) Renal vascular anatomy and distribution of blood flow. In: Orloff J, Berliner RW (eds) Handbook of physiology, section 8: Renal physiology. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC, pp 249–256
Barger AC, Wilson GM, Price HL, Ross RS, Brooks L, Boling EA (1955) Relationship between exchangeable sodium and rate of sodium excretion in dogs with experimental valvular lesions of the heart. Am J Physiol 180:387–398
Barger AC, Yates FE, Rudolph AM (1961) Renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion in dogs with graded valvular damage and in congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol 200:601–608
Baumann G, Loriaux DL (1976) Failure of endogenous prolactin to alter renal salt and water excretion and adrenal function in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43:643–651
Bedford DE, Lovibond JL (1941) Observations on the venous pressure in normal individuals. Br Heart J 3:93–99
Bell NH, Schedl HP, Bartter FC (1964) An explanation for abnormal water retention and hypo-osmolality in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 36:351–360
Bello-Reuss E, Colindres RE, Pastoriza-Munoz E, Mueller RA, Gottschalk CW (1975) Effects of acute unilateral renal denervation in the rat. J Clin Invest 56:208–216
Bello-Reuss E, Trevino DL, Gottschalk CW (1976) Effect of renal sympathetic nerve stimulation on proximal water and sodium reabsorption. J Clin Invest 57:1104–1107
Bennett CM (1973) Effect of extracellular volume expansion upon sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron of dogs. J Clin Invest 52:2548–2557
Berl T, Brantbar N, Ben-David M, Czaczkes W, Kleeman Ch (1976) Osmotic control of prolactin release and its effect on renal water excretion in man. Kidney Int 10:158–167
Berner C (1964) Diagnostic probabilities in patients with conspicuous ascites. Arch Intern Med 113:687–691
Berson SA, Yalow RS, Azulay A, Schreiber S, Roswit B (1952) The biological decay curve of P 32 tagged erythrocytes. Application to the study of acute changes in blood volume. J Clin Invest 31:581–590
Blake LH, Staub NC (1976) Pulmonary vascular transport in sheep. A mathematical model. Microvasc Res 12:197–220
Bland RD, Demling RH, Selinger SL, et al. (1976) Effects of alveolar hypoxia on lung fluid and protein transport in unanesthetized sheep. Circ Res 40:269–274
Blythe WB, Welt LG (1963) Dissociation between filtered load of sodium and its rate of excretion in the urine. J Clin Invest 42:1491–1496
Bø G, Hauge A, Nicolaysen G (1977) Alveolar pressure and lung volume as determinants of net transvascular fluid filtration. J Appl Physiol 42:476–482
Bourgoignie JJ, Hwang KH, Ipakchi E, Bricker NS (1974) The presence of a natriuretic factor in urine of patients with chronic uraemia. J Clin Invest 53:1559–1567
Bowers RE, Brigham KL, Owen PJ (1977) Salicylate pulmonary edema: Mechanism in sheep and review of the clinical literature. Am Rev Respir Dis 115:261–268
Bowers RE, McKeen CR, Park BE, et al. (1979) Increased pulmonary vascular-permeability follows intracranial hypertension in sheep. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:637–641
Brace RA, Guyton AC (1976) Effect of hindlimb isolation procedure on isogravimetric capillary pressure and transcapillary fluid dynamics in dogs. Circ Res 38:192–199
Brace RA, Guyton AC (1977) Interaction of transcapillary starling forces in the isolated dog forelimb. Am J Physiol 233:136–143
Brennan LA, Malvin RI, Jochim KE, Roberts DE (1971) Influence of right and left atrial receptors on plasma concentrations of ADH and renin. Am J Physiol 221:273–281
Brenner BM, Galla JM (1971) Influence of postglomerular hematocrit and protein concentration on rat nephron fluid transfer. Am J Physiol 220:148–161
Brenner BM, Troy JL (1971) Postglomerular vascular protein concentration: evidence for a causal role in governing fluid reabsorption and glomerulotubular balance by the renal proximal tubule. J Clin Invest 50:336–349
Brenner BM, Falchuk KH, Keimowitz RI, Berliner RW (1969) The relationship between peritubular capillary protein concentration and fluid reabsorption by the renal proximal tubule. J Clin Invest 48:1519–1531
Brenner BM, Troy JL, Daugharty TM (1971) On the mechanism of inhibition in fluid reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the volume-expanded rat. J Clin Invest 50:1596–1604
Brenner BM, Troy JL, Daugharty TM, MacInnes RM (1973) Quantitative importance of changes in postglomerular colloid osmotic pressure in mediating glomerulotubular balance in the rat. J Clin Invest 52:190–197
Bresler EH (1956) The problem of the volume component of body fluid homeostasis. Am JMed Sci 232:93–104
Bressack MA, Bland RD (1980) Alveolar hypoxia increases lung fluid filtration in unanaesthetized new born lambs. Circ Res 46:111–116
Briggs AP (1948) Renal and circulatory factors in edema formation of congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 27:810–817
Brigham KL (1978) Lung edema due to increased vascular permeability. In: Staub NC (ed) Lung water and solute exchange. Dekker, New York, pp 235–276
Brown JJ, Davies DL, Johnson VW, Lever AF, Robertson JIS (1970) Renin relationships in congestive cardiac failure, treated and untreated. Am Heart J 80:329–335
Buckalew VM Jr, Lancaster CD (1971) Studies of a humoral sodium transport inhibitory activity in normal dogs and dogs with ligation of the inferior vena cava. Circ Res [Suppl 11] 28:44–52
Buckalew VM Jr, Nelson DB (1974) Natriuretic and sodium transport inhibitory activity in plasma of volume-expanded dogs. Kidney Int 5:12–19
Buggy J, Fisher AF (1974) Evidence for a dual central role for angiotensin in water and sodium intake. Nature 250:14–22
Calvin DB, Decherd F, Herrmann G (1940) Plasma protein shifts during diuresis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 44:578–587
Carmago CA, Dowdy AH, Hancock EW, Luetscher JA (1965) Decreased plasma clearance and hepatic extraction of aldosterone in patients with heart failure. J Clin Invest 44:356–364
Carpenter CCJ, Davis JO, Holman JE, Ayers CR, Bahn RC (1961) Studies on the response of the transplanted kidney and the transplanted adrenal gland to thoracic inferior vena cava constriction. J Clin Invest 40:196–204
Carretero OA, Scicli AG (1978) The renal kallikrein-kinin system in human and in experimental hypertension. Klin Wochenschr 56:113–125
Chaimovitz C, Szylman P, Alroy G, Better OW (1972) Mechanism of increased renal tubular sodium reabsorption in cirrhosis. Am J Med 52:198–204
Champlain J De, Boucher R, Genest J (1963) Arterial angiotensin levels in edematous patients. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 113:932–940
Chobanian AV, Burrows BA, Hollander W (1961) Body fluids and electrolyte composition in cardiac patients with severe heart disease but without peripheral edema. Circulation 24:743–751
Cirksena WJ, Dirks HJ, Berliner RW (1966) Effect of thoracic cava obstruction on response of proximal tubule sodium reabsorption to saline infusion. J Clin Invest 45:276–284
Clarkson EM, Talner LB, Wardener HE de (1970) The effect of plasma from blood volume-expanded dogs on sodium, potassium and PAH transport of renal tubule fragments. Clin Sci 38:617–624
Clarkson EM, Wardener HE de (1972) Inhibition of sodium and potassium transport in separated renal tubule fragments incubated in extracts of urine obtained from salt-loaded individuals. Clin Sci 42:607–611
Claybaugh JR, Share L (1973) Vasopressin, renin and cardiovascular responses to continuous slow hemorrhage. Am J Physiol 224:519–528
Clement DL, Pelletier CI, Shepherd JT (1972) Role of vagal afferents in the control of renal sympathetic nerve activity in the rabbit. Circ Res 31:824–832
Cohnheim J, Lichtheim J (1877) Über Hydracmia und hydrämisches Oedem. Lungenoedem. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 69:106–119
Cope CL (1928) The osmotic pressure of the blood proteins in nephritis. Q J Med 22:91–99
Cort JH, Lichardus B (1968) Natriuretic hormone. Nephron 5:401–409
Cortney MA (1969) Renal tubular transfer of water and electrolytes in adrenalectomized rats. Am J Physiol 216:589–598
Cortney MA, Mylle M, Lassiter WE, Gottschalk CW (1965) Renal tubular transport of water, solute and PAH in rats loaded with iostonic saline. Am J Physiol 209:1199–2010
Cottrell TS, Levine OR, Senior RM, et al. (1967) Electron microscopic alterations at the alveolar level in pulmonary edema. Circ Res 21:783–798
Courtice FC, Korner PI (1952) The effect of anoxia on pulmonary edema produced by massive intravenous infusions. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 30:511–526
Courtice FC, Simmonds WJ (1954) Physiological significance of lymph drainage of the serous cavities and lungs. Physiol Rev 34:419–426
Courtice FC, Steinbeck AW (1951a) Absorption of protein from peritoneal cavity. J Physiol (Lond) 114:336–343
Courtice FC, Steinbeck AW (1951b) The effects of lymphatic obstruction and of posture on the absorption of protein from the peritoneal cavity. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 29:451–461
Cowan GSM, Staub NC, Edmunds LH (1976) Changes in fluid compartments and dry weights of reinplanted dog lungs. J Appl Physiol 40:962–970
Crabbe J (1961) Stimulation of active sodium transport by isolated toad bladder with aldosterone in vitro. J Clin Invest 40:2103–2110
Daly JJ, Roe JW, Horrocks P (1967) A comparison of sodium excretion following the infusion of saline into systemic and portal veins in the dog: evidence for a hepatic role in the control of sodium excretion. Clin Sci 33:481–497
Daugharty TM, Belleau LJ, Martino JA, Earley LE (1968) Interrelationship of physical factors affecting sodium reabsorption in dog. Am J Physiol 215:1442–1447
Davis JO (1965) Physiology of congestive heart failure. In: Hamilton WF, Dow P (eds) Handbook of physiology, vol 3: Circulation. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 2069–2071
Davis JO (1970) The mechanisms of salt and water retention in cardiac failure. Hospital Practice 5:63–76
Davis JO, Howell DS (1953) Mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte retention in experimental preparations in dogs. 2. With thoracic inferior vena cava constriction. Circ Res 1:171–179
Davis JO, Lindsay AE, Southworth JL (1952) Mechanisms of fluid and electrolytic retention in experimental preparations in dogs. 1. Acute and chronic pericarditis. Bull Johns Hopk Hosp 90:64–76
Davis JO, Howell DS, Southworth JL (1953) Mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte retention in experimental preparations in dogs. Circ Res 1:260–270
Davis JO, Howell DS, Hyatt RE (1955) Sodium excretion in adrenalectomized dogs with chronic cardiac failure produced by pulmonary artery constriction. Am J Physiol 183:263–270
Davis JO, Goodkind MJ, Ball WC Jr (1957) Functional changes during high output failure produced by daily haemorrhage in dogs with pulmonic stenosis. Circ Res 5:388–399
Davis JO, Urquhart J, Higgins JT Jr, Rubin EC, Hartroft PM (1964) Hypersecretion of aldosterone in dogs with chronic aorto-caval fistula and high output heart failure. Circ Res 14:471–485
Davis JO, Johnson CI, Howards SS, Wright FS (1967) Humoral factors in the regulation of renal sodium excretion. Fed Proc 26:60–63
Denton DA (1973) The brain and sodium homeostasis. Cond Reflex 8:125–131
Dieter E (1960) Der Einfluß der Kreislauffüllung auf die Aktivität der Nierennerven beim Frosch. Pfluegers Arch 270:215–222
Dirks JH, Seely JF (1970) Effect of saline infusions and furosemide on the dog distal nephron. Am J Physiol 219:114–122
Dirks JH, Seely JF, Levy M (1976) Control of extracellular fluid volume and the pathophysiology of edema formation. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC Jr (eds) The kidney. Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto, pp 495–552
Dock WM (1935) The anatomical and hydrostatic basis of orthopnea and of right hydrothorax in cardiac failure. Am Heart J 10:1047–1058
Donatsch P, Richardson B (1975) Lokalisation of prolactin in rat kidney tissue using a double-antibody technique. J Endocrinol 66:101–108
Dousa TP, Northrup TE (1978) Cellular interactions between vasopressin and prostaglandins in the mammalian kidney. Contrib Nephrol 12:106–109
Drinker CK (1946) Extravascular protein and lymphatic system. Ann NY Acad Sci 46:807–818
Dunn FL, Brennan TJ, Nelson AE, Robertson GL (1973) The role of blood osmolality and volume in regulating vasopressin secretion in the rat. J Clin Invest 52:3212–3221
Dunn MJ, Hood VL (1977) Prostaglandins and the kidney. Am J Physiol 233:F169–177
Earley LE (1964) Effect of renal arterial infusion of albumin on saline diuresis in the dog. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 116:262–271
Earley LE, Daugharty TM (1969) Sodium metabolism. N Engl J Med 281:72–80
Earley LE, Friedler RM (1966) The effects of combined renal vasodilatation and pressor agents on renal hemodynamics and the tubular reabsorption of sodium. J Clin Invest 45:542–551
Earley LE, Schrier RW (1973) Intrarenal control of sodium excretion by hemodynamic and physical factors. In: Orloff J, Berliner RW (eds) Handbook of physiology, Sect 8. Renal physiology. The American Physiological Society, Washington, pp 721–748
Earley LE, Martino JA, Friedler RM (1966) Factors affecting sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule as determined during blockade of distal sodium reabsorption. J Clin Invest 45:1668–1684
Eknoyan G, Suki WN, Rector FC Jr, Seidin DW (1967) Functional characteristics of the diluting segment of the dog nephron and the effect of extracellular volume expansion on the reabsorptive capacity. J Clin Invest 46:1178–1188
Elkin DC, Warren JV (1947) Arteriovenous fistulas: their effect on the circulation. JAMA 134:1524–1532
Ellis LB (1933) Plasma protein deficiency in patients with cardiac edema. Med Clin North Am 16:943–950
Epstein FH, Post RS, McDowell M (1953) Effects of an arteriovenous fistula on renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion. J Clin Invest 32:233–241
Epstein AN, Fitzsimons JT, Rolls BJ (1970) Drinking induced by injection of angiotensin into the brain of the rat. J Physiol (Lond) 210:457–468
Epstein M, Duncan DC, Fishman LM (1972) Characterization of the natriuresis caused in normal man by immersion in water. Clin Sci 43:275–287
Epstein M, Pins D, Schneider N (1975) Determinants of the deranged sodium homeostasis in decompensated cirrhosis. 6th Int Congr Nephrol Florence (Abstr)
Erdmann AJ III, Vaughan TR Jr, Brigham KL, Woolverton WC, Staub NC (1975) Effect of increased vascular pressure on lung fluid balance in unanesthetized sheep. Cir Res 37:271–284
Fahr F, Eschler I (1938) Capillary pressure in right heart failure. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 37:701–711
Farkas G v (1926) Über die Wirkung des Albumin/Globulin-Quotienten auf den osmotischen Druck des Serums. Z Ges Exp Med 50:410–417
Fein A, Grossmann RF, Jones JG, Overland E, Pitts L, Murray JF, Staub NC (1979) The value of edema fluid protein measurement in patients with pulmonary edema. Am J Med 67:32–38
Fishman AP, Maxwell MH, Crowder CH, Morales P (1951) Kidney function in cor pulmonale. Circulation 3:703–714
Fitzsimons JT (1972) Thirst. Physiol Rev 52:468–477
Fitzsimons JT, Simons BJ (1969) The effect on drinking in the rat of intravenous infusion of angiotensin given alone or in combination with other stimuli of thirst. J Physiol (Lond) 203:45–52
Freeman S (1953) Recent advances in the physiology and biochemistry of the liver. Med Clin North Am 37:109
Friedberg CK (1971) Edema and pulmonary edema: Pathologic physiology and differential diagnosis. Cardiovasc Dis XIII:546–579
Friedberg CK, Lasser RP, Allen DF, Furst SK, Gabor GE (1964) Production of chronic elevation of left ventricular and diastolic pressure in dogs: hematologic and renal studies. Circ Res 15:1–13
Friedler RM, Belleau LJ, Martino JA, Earley LE (1967) Haemodynamically induced natriuresis in the presence of sodium retention resulting from constriction of the thoracic inferior vena cava. J Lab Clin Med 69:565–583
Gauer OH, Henry JP (1963) Circulatory basis of fluid volume control. Physiol Rev 43:423–435
Gauer OH, Thron HL (1965) Postural changes in the circulation. In: Handbook of physiology, Sect 2, vol 3. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 2409
Gauer OH, Henry JP, Behn C (1970) The regulation of extracellular fluid volume. Annu Rev Physiol 32:547–556
Genest J, De Champlain J, Veyrat R, Koiw E, Boucher R (1966) The activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertension and hydropic diseases. In: Krück F (Hrsg) Aktuelle Probleme der Nephrologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 152
Genest J, Granger P, De Champlain J, Boucher R (1968) Endocrine factors in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 22:35–46
Gibbons THB (1948) Über das Verhalten des Venendrucks in verschiedenen Stadien von chronischer Herzinsuffizienz. Am Heart J 35:553–560
Gibson JG, Evans WA (1937a) Clinical studies of the blood volume. I. Clinical application of a method employing the azo dye “Evans-blue” and the spectrophotometer. J Clin Invest 16:301–309
Gibson JG, Evans WA (1937b) Clinical studies of the blood volume. II. The relation of plasma and total blood volume to venous pressure, blood velocity rate, physical measurements, age and sex in ninety normal humans. J Clin Invest 16:317–324
Gibson JG, Evans WA (1937c) Clinical studies of the blood volume. III. Changes in blood volume, venous pressure and blood velocity rate in chronic congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 16:851–859
Gill JR Jr (1970) Edema. Annu Rev Med 21:269–281
Gill JR Jr, Casper AGT (1969) Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the renal response to hemorrhage. J Clin Invest 48:915–922
Gill JR Jr, Casper AGT (1972) Depression of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption in the dog in response to renal beta-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol. J Clin Invest 50:112–118
Gill JR Jr, Mason DT, Bartter FC (1964) Adrenergic nervous system in sodium metabolism: effects of guanethidine and sodium-retaining steroids in normal man. J Clin Invest 43:177–185
Gill JR Jr, Carr AA, Fleischman LE, Casper AGT, Bartter FC (1967) Effects of pentolinium on sodium excretion in dogs with constriction of the vena cava. Am J Physiol 212:191–201
Goetz KL, Bend GC, Bloxham DD (1975) Atrial receptors and renal function. Physiol Rev 55:157–168
Gorlin R, Lewis BM, Haynes FW, Dexter L (1952) Studies of the circulation dynamics at rest in mitral valvular regurgitation with and without stenosis. Am Heart J 43:357–365
Grandchamp A, Boulpaep EL (1974) Pressure control of sodium reabsorption and intercellular backflux across proximal kidney tubule. J Clin Invest 54:69–78
Grausz H, Lieberman R, Earley LE (1972) Effect of plasma albumine on sodium reabsorption in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1:47–56
Graveline DE, Duane E, Jackson MM (1961) Diuresis associated with prolonged water immersion. J Appl Physiol 17:519–525
Green R, Windhager EE, Giebisch G (1974) Protein oncotic pressure effects on proximal tubular fluid movement in the rat. Am J Physiol 226:265–273
Gunton RW, Paul W (1955) Blood volume in congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 34:879–885
Gupta PD, Henry JP, Sinclair R, von Baumgarten R (1966) Responses of atrial and aortic baroreceptors to non-hypotensive haemorrhage and to transfusion. Am J Physiol 211:1429–1436
Guyton AC (1963) Concept of negative interstitial pressure based on pressures in implanted perforated capsules. Circ Res 12:399–405
Guyton AC (1965) Interstitial fluid pressure: II. Pressurevolume curves of interstitial space. Circ Res 16:452–460
Guyton AC (1969) Interstitial fluid pressure-volume relationships and their regulation. In : Wolstenholme GEW, Knight J (eds) Ciba Foundation Symposium on Circulatory and Respiratory Mass Transport. J & A Churchill, London, p 4
Guyton AC (1976) Textbook of medical physiology, 5th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
Guyton AC (1981) Textbook of medical physiology, 6th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
Guyton AC, Lindsey AW (1959) Effect of elevated left atrial pressure and decreased plasma protein concentration on the development of pulmonary edema. Circ Res 7:649–657
Guyton AC, Jones CE, Coleman TC (1973) Circulatory physiology: Cardiac output and its regulation, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
Guyton AC, Taylor AE, Granger HJ (1975) Circulatory physiology. II. Dynamics and control of the body fluids. Saunders, Philadelphia
Haber E (1976) The role of renin in normal and pathological cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation 54:849–861
Haberich FJ (1968) Osmoreception in the portal circulation. Fed Proc 27:1137–1144
Haberich FJ, Aziz O, Nowacki PE, Ohm W (1969) Zur Spezifität der Osmoreceptoren in der Leber. Pfluegers Arch 313:289–296
Halmägyi D, Felkai B, Ivänyi J, Hetenyi G (1952) The role of the nervous system in the maintenance of venous hypertension in heart failure. Br Heart J 14:101–109
Harris AW, Gibson LG (1939) Clinical studies of the blood volume. VII. Changes in blood volume in Bright’s disease with or without edema, renal insufficiency or congestive heart failure and in hypertension. J Clin Invest 18:527–537
Harrison TR (1939) Failure of the circulation, 2nd edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Hayslett JP, Kashgarian M, Epstein FH (1967) Changes in proximal and distal tubular reabsorption produced by rapid expansion of extracellular fluid. J Clin Invest 46:1254–1264
Hayward GW (1955) Pulmonary oedema. Br Med J 1:1361–1366
Henry JP, Goodman J, Meehan JP (1947a) Effects of acute anoxia on the capillary permeability of the human arm. Am J Med 2:657–668
Henry JP, Goodman J, Meehan JP (1947b) Capillary permeability in relation to acute anoxia and to venous oxygen saturation. J Clin Invest 26:1119–1126
Henry JP, Gupta PD, Meehan JP, Sinclair R, Share L (1968) The role of affrents from the low pressure system in the release of antidiuretic hormone during nonhypotensive haemorrhage. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 46:287–299
Herrmann GR (1946) Blood plasma proteins in patients with heart failure. Ann Intern Med 24:893–902
Hodge RL, Lowe RD, Vane JR (1966) The effects of alteration of blood volume on the concentration of circulating angiotensin in anesthetized dogs. Am J Physiol 185:613–621
Hodge RL, Lowe RD, Ng KKF, Vane JR (1969) Role of the vagus nerve in the control of the concentration of angiotensin in the circulation. Nature 221:177–183
Hollander W, Judson WE (1956) The relationship of cardiovascular and renal hemodynamic function to sodium excretion in patients with severe heart disease but without edema. J Clin Invest 35:970–981
Holman E (1962) Contributions to cardiovascular physiology gleaned from clinical and experimental observations of abnormal arteriovenous communications. J Cardiovasc Surg 3:48–57
Hope J (1832) A treatise on the diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Kidd, London
Horrobin DF, Lloyd IJ, Lipton A, Burstyn PG, Durkin N, Muiruri KL (1971) Actions of prolactin on human renal function. Lancet 2:352–355
Horrobin DF, Hanku MS, Nassar BA (1974) Hepatorenal syndrome and prolactin. N Engl J Med 290:408–412
Horster M, Thurau K (1968) Micropuncture studies on the filtration rate of single superficial and juxtamedullary glomeruli in the rat kidney. Pfluegers Arch 301:162–181
Howards SS, Davis BB, Knox FG, Wright FS, Berliner RW (1968) Depression of fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the dog without sodium diuresis. J Clin Invest 47:1561–1576
Hurley JV (1978) Current views on mechanisms of pulmonary edema. J Pathol 125:59–79
Hyatt RE, Smith JR (1954) The mechanism of ascites. A physiological appraisal. Am J Med 434–443
Hyman AL, Kadowitz PJ (1979) Pulmonary vasodilator activity of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the cat. Circ Res 45:404–409
Hyman AL, Spannkahe ES, Kadowitz PJ (1978) Prostaglandins and the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 117:111–136
Iliff LD (1971) Extra-alveolar vessels and edema development in excised dog lungs. Circ Res 28:524–532
Iversen P, Nakazawa F (1927) Om Oedempatogenese. Ugeskr Loeg 89:640–648
Jacobs LS, Snyder PJ, Utiger RD, Daughaday WH (1973) Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal subjectcs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36:1069–1076
James AH (1949) The mechanism of pleural and ascitic effusions, with a suggested method for the indirect estimation of portal venous pressure. Clin Sci 8:291–299
Jamison RL (1970) Micropuncture study of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in the rat. Am J Physiol 218:46–55
Johnson JA, Moore WW, Segar WE (1969) Small changes in left atrial pressure and plasma antidiuretic hormone titers in dogs. Am J Physiol 217:210–217
Judson WE, Helmer OM (1971) Relationship of cardiorenal function to renin-aldosterone system in patients with valvular heart disease. Circulation 44:2–10
Kahl FR, Flint JF, Szidon JP (1974) Influence of left atrial distension on renal vasomotor tone. Am J Physiol 226:240–248
Kaloyanides GJ, Azer M (1971) Evidence for a humoral mechanism in volume expansion natriuresis. J Clin Invest 50:1603–1617
Kaloyanides GJ, Dibona GF, Bastron RD (1974) Response of the isolated kidney to acute volume expansion with equilibrated blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 147:619–625
Kamm DE, Levinsky NG (1965) The mechanism of denervation natriuresis. J Clin Invest 44:93–101
Kaplan MA, Bourgoignie JJ, Rosecan J, Bricker NS (1974) The effects of the natriuretic factor from uremic urine on sodium transport, water and electrolyte content and pyruvate oxidation by the isolated toad bladder. J Clin Invest 53:1568–1578
Karim F, Kidd C, Malpus CM, Penna PE (1972) The effects of stimulation of the left atrial receptors on sympathetic efferent nerve activity. J Physiol (Lond) 227:243–250
Kaufmann W, Steiner B, Dürr F, Meurer KA, Behn C (1969) Induzierter Aldosteronismus bei hydropischer Herzinsuffizienz. Klin Wochenschr 47:16–22
Knedel M (1955) Quantitative Glykoproteidbestimmungen in isolierten Serumeiweißfraktionen. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 61:277–281
Knox FG, Gasser J (1974) Altered distal sodium reabsorption in volume expansion. Mayo Clin Proc 49:775–784
Knox FG, Davis BB, Berliner RW (1967) Effect of chronic cardiac denervation on renal response to saline infusion. Am J Physiol 213:174–182
Knox FG, Willis LR, Strandhoy JW, Schneider EG, Navar LG, Ott CE (1972) Role of peritubule Starling forces in proximal reabsorption following albumin infusion. Am J Physiol 223:741–752
Knox FG, Schneider EG, Willis LR, Strandhoy JW, Ott CE (1973) Effect of volume expansion on sodium excretion in the presence and absence of increased delivery from superficial proximal tubules. J Clin Invest 52:1642–1651
Kowalski HJ, Abelmann WH (1953) Cardiac output at rest in Laennec’s cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 32:1025–1033
Kramer HG, Gonick HC, Krück F (1972) Natriuretisches Hormon. Klin Wochenschr 50:893–907
Krogh A, Landis EM, Turner AH (1932) The movement of fluid through the human capillary wall in relation to venous pressure and to the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. J Clin Invest 11:63–71
Krück F (1969) Endogene Regulation des Natriumhaushaltes: In: Watschinger B (Hrsg) Aktuelle Probleme des Elektrolyt- und Wasserhaushaltes. Verlag der Wiener Med Akademie, S 131–144
Laks MM, Garner D, Morady F, Swan HJC (1972) Hemodynamics in the conscious dog during progressive pulmonary arterial occlusion. Am J Physiol 22:570–578
Landis EM (1928) Micro-injection studies of capillary wall to fluid and to the plasma proteins. Am J Physiol 83:528–536
Landis EM (1946) Capillary permeability and the factors affecting the composition of the capillary ultrafiltrate. Ann NY Acad Sci 46:713–720
Landis EM, Pappenheimer JR (1963) Exchange of substances through the capillary walls. In: Hamilton WF (ed) Handbook of physiology, Sect 2, vol 2. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 961–1034
Landis EM, Jonas L, Angevine M, Erb W (1932) The passage of fluid and protein through the human capillary wall during venous congestion. J Clin Invest 11:717–726
Landwehr DM, Klose RM, Giebisch G (1967) Renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption in the isotonic sodium chloride loaded rat. Am J Physiol 212:1327–1333
Laragh JH (1962) Hormones and the pathogeneses of congestive heart failure: Vasopressin, Aldosterone, and Angiotensin II. Circulation 25:1015–1023
Laragh JH, Cannon PJ (1962) Endocrine factors in congestive heart failure: Vasopressin, Aldosterone and Angiotensin. Med Clin North Am 46:1471–1482
Lassiter WE, Mylle M, Gottschalk CW (1964) Net transtubular movement of water and urea in saline diuresis. Am J Physiol 206:669–678
Lavoie R, Gilbert G, Lafontaine R (1972) Cerebral arteriovenous fistula complicated by congestive heart failure in a five-month-old infant. Can Med Assoc J 107:220–227
Leaf A, Bartter FC, Santos RF, Wrong O (1953) Evidence in man that urinary electrolytes loss induced by pitressin is a function of water retention. J Clin Invest 32:868–876
Lebrie SJ, Mayerson HS (1960) Influence of elevated venous pressure on flow and composition of renal lymph. Am J Physiol 198:1037–1046
Leeber DA, Murdaugh HV, Davis BB (1968) Inhibition of sodium transport by Henle’s loop after intravenous saline infusion. J Lab Clin Med 72:220–229
Levine OR, Mellins RB, Senior RM, Fishman AP (1967) The application of Starling’s law of capillary exchange to the lungs. J Clin Invest 46:934–944
Levinsky N (1966) Non-aldosterone influences on renal sodium transport. Ann NY Acad Sci 139:295–302
Levinsky NG, Lalone RC (1963) Mechanism of sodium diuresis after saline infusion in dog. J Clin Invest 42:1261–1276
Levy M (1972) Effects of acute volume expansion and altered hemodynamics on renal tubular function in chronic caval dogs. J Clin Invest 51:922–938
Levy M (1974) Renal function in dogs with acute selective hepatic venous outflow block. Am J Physiol 227:1074–1082
Lewy JE, Windhager EE (1968) Peritubular control of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol 214:943–953
Lifschitz MD, Schrier RW (1973) Alterations in cardiac output with chronic constriction of thoracic inferior vena cava. Am J Physiol 225:1364–1372
Lindheimer MD, Lalone RC, Levinsky NG (1967) Evidence that an acute increase in glomerular filtration has little effect on sodium excretion in the dog unless extracellular volume is expanded. J Clin Invest 46:256–265
Lockett MF (1965) A comparison of the direct renal actions of pituitary growth and lactogenic hormones. J Physiol (Lond) 181:192–202
Lockett MF, Nail B (1965) A comparative study of the renal actions of growth and lactogenic hormones in rats. J Physiol (Lond) 180:147–156
Lommer D, Bette L, Blaise H, Düsterdieck G, Krück F, Jahnecke J, Schieffer H, Wolff HP (1966) Sekretion, Stoffwechsel und Exkretion des Aldosterons bei Normalpersonen, bei Hochdruckpatienten und bei Patienten mit Ödemen unterschiedlicher Genese. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 72:457–461
Lommer D, Düsterdieck G, Jahnecke J, Vecsei P, Wolff HP (1968) Sekretion, Plasmakonzentration, Verteilung, Stoffwechsel und Ausscheidung von Aldosteron bei Gesunden und Kranken. Klin Wochenschr 46:741–749
Low FN (1961) The extracellular position of the human blood-air barrier and its relation to tissue space. Anat Rec 139:105–123
Ludwig C (1861) Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen. Winter, Heidelberg, S 428
Luetscher JA (1941) Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins of plasma and serous effusions. J Clin Invest 20:99–106
Luetscher JA Jr, Johnson BB (1954) Observations on sodium retaining corticoid (aldosterone) in urine of children and adults in relation to sodium balance and edema. J Clin Invest 33:1441–1446
Lundgren O, Lundwall J, Meilander S (1964) Range of sympathetic discharge and reflex vascular adjustments in skeletal muscle during hemorrhagic hypotension. Acta Physiol Scand 62:380
Luz PL Da, Shubin H, Weil MH, Jacobson E, Stein L (1975) Pulmonary edema related to changes in colloid osmotic and pulmonary artery wedge pressure in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 51:350–357
Mackenzie J (1913) Diseases of the heart. Oxford Medical Publishers, London
Magno M, Szidon JP (1976) Hemodynamic pulmonary edema in dogs with acute and chronic lymphatic ligation. Am J Physiol 231:1777–1782
Malik AB, Lee BC, Van der Zee H, Johnson A (1978) Mechanism of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 117/2:367–375
Mancia G, Romero JC, Shepherd JT (1975) Continuous inhibition of renin release in dogs by vagally innervated receptors in the cardio-pulmonary region. Circ Res 36:529–537
Margolius HS, Morowitz D, Geller RG, Alexander RW, Gill JR Jr, Pisano JJ, Keiser HR (1974) Urinary kallikrein excretion in normal man. Circ Res 35:812–819
Martino JA, Earley LE (1967) Demonstration of the role of physical factors as determinants of natriuretic response to volume expansion. J Clin Invest 46:1963–1978
Mason JM (1933) Extreme cardiac decompensation following traumatic arterio-venous fistula of left subclavian vessels. Am J Surg 20:451–454
Mason JM, Ledsome JR (1974) Effects of obstruction of the mitral orifice or distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions on renal and hindlimb vascular resistance in the dog. Circ Res 35:24–35
Mayerson HS (1963) The physiologic importance of lymph. In: Handbook of physiology, Sect II, vol II. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 1035–1073
McCance RA (1936) Experimental sodium chloride deficiency in man. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 119:245–256
McDonald KM, Rosenthal A, Schrier RW, Galicich J, Lauler DP (1970) Effect of interruption of neural pathways on renal response to volume expansion. Am J Physiol 218:510–517
McKee FW, Wilt WG, Hyatt RE, Whipple GH (1950) The circulation of ascitic fluid. Interchange of plasma and ascitic fluid proteins as studied by means of C14 labeled lysine in dogs with constriction of the vena cava. J Exp Med 91:115–123
McKee FW, Vuile CL, Lamson BG, Whipple GH (1952) Albumin and globulin circulation in experimental ascites. Relative rates of interchange between plasma and ascitic fluid studied with C14 labeled protein. J Exp Med 95:161–169
McMaster PD (1943) The lymphatic system. Annu Rev Physiol 5:207–212
McPeak EM, Levine SA (1946) The preponderance of right hydrothorax in congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med 25:916–923
Meilander S, Öberg B (1967) Transcapillary fluid absorption and other vascular reactions in the human forearm during reduction of the circulating blood volume. Acta Physiol Scand 71:37–46
Merrill AJ (1946) Edema and decreased renal blood flow in patients with chronic congestive heart failure: evidence of “forward failure” as the primary cause of edema. J Clin Invest 25:389–395
Merrill AJ (1949) Mechanisms of salt and water retention in heart failure. Am J Med 6:357–366
Meyer BJ, Meyer A, Guyton AC (1968) Interstitial fluid pressure V. Negative pressure in the lung. Circ Res 22:263–271
Mills IH, Wardener de HE, Hayter CJ, Clapham WF (1961) Studies on the afferent mechanism of the sodium chloride diuresis which follows intravenous saline in the dog. Clin Sci 21:259–264
Mittelman J, Levy M (1972) Failure to demonstrate non-aldosterone salt-retaining substances in urine, plasma and liver extract of chronic caval dogs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 50:1162–1169
Mokotoff RG, Ross G (1948) The effect of spinal anesthesia on the renal ischaemia in congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 27:335–343
Moseley P, Kohler JP, Rice CL, Schwartz JS, Gould S, Zarins CK, Kerstein MD, Moss GS (1979) Does sepsis reduce threshold hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary edema? Surg Forum 30:170–172
Mouw DR, Abraham SF, Blair-West JR, Coghlan JP, Denton DA, McKenzie JS, McKinley MJ, Scoggins BA (1974) Brain receptors, renin secretion and renal sodium retention in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol 226:56–63
Muenster JJ, Graettinger JS, Campbell JA (1959) Correlation of clinical and hemodynamic findings in patients with systemic arterio-venous fistulas. Circulation 20:1079–1086
Newman EV (1949) Function of the kidney and metabolic changes in cardiac failure. Am J Med 7:490–498
Nicolaysen G, Hauge A (1979) Determinants of transvascular fluid shifts in zone-I isolated rabbit lungs. Microvasc Res 17/2:113–119
Nicoll PA, Webb RL (1955) Vascular patterns and active vasomotion as determiners of flow through minute vessels. Angiology 6:291–298
Nijima A (1969) Afferent discharge from osmoreceptors in the liver. Science 166:1519–1524
Nijima A (1975) Observation on the localization of mechanoreceptors in the kidney and afferent nerve fibers in the renal nerves in the rabbit. J Physiol (Lond) 245:81–89
Nitta S, Staub NC (1973) Lung fluids in acute ammonium chloride toxicity and edema in cats and guinea pigs. Am J Physiol 224:613–617
Nix JT, Mann FC, Bollman JL, Grindlay JH, Flock EV (1951) Alteration of protein constituents of lymph by specific injury to the liver. Am J Physiol 164:119–127
Öberg B (1964) Effects of cardiovascular reflexes on net capillary fluid transfer. Acta Physiol Scand [Suppl] 62:229–236
Öberg B, Rosell S (1967) Sympathetic control of consecutive vascular sections in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Acta Physiol Scand 71:47–56
Öberg B, White S (1970) Circulatory effects of interruption and stimulation of cardiac vagal afferents. Acta Physiol Scand 80:383–390
Ölkers HA (1931a) Hormonale Beeinflussung des kolloid-osmotischen Druckes (Kolloidosmotischer Druck und Diurese). Arch Exp Pathol Ther 160:9–16
Ölkers HA (1931b) Untersuchungen über den kolloid-osmotischen Druck des Serums. Z Klin Med 115:854
Ogletree ML, Brigham KL (1979) Prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGE1 produce opposite effects on sheep lung vascular permeability. Fed Proc 38/11:1266–1273
Oparil S, Haber E (1974) The renin-angiotensin system. N Engl J Med 291:389–401
Orloff MJ, Ross TH, Baddeley RM, Nutting RO, Spitz BR, Sloop RD, Neesby T, Halasz NA (1964) Experimental ascites. VI The effects of hepatic venous outflow obstruction and ascites on aldosterone secretion. Surgery 56:83–92
Orloff MJ, Lipman CA, Noel SM, Halasz NA, Neesby T (1965) Hepatic regulation of aldosterone secretion by a humoral mediator. Surgery 58:225–231
Paine SA, Peters JP (1932) The plasma proteins in relation to blood hydration. VIII Serumproteins in heart disease. J Clin Invest 11:103–111
Pappenheimer JR (1953) Passage of molecules through capillary walls. Physiol Rev 33:387–396
Pappenheimer JR, Sotorivera A (1948) Effective osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins and other quantities associated with the capillary circulation in the hindlimbs of cats and dogs. Am J Physiol 152:471–482
Parsons RJ, McMaster PHD (1938) The effect of the pulse upon the formation and flow of lymph. J Exp Med 68:355–362
Peters JP (1948) The role of sodium in the production of edema. N Engl J Med 239:353–362
Peters JP (1952) The problem of cardiac edema. Am J Med 12:66–76
Piper PJ, Vane JR (1971) The release of prostaglandins from lung and other tissues. Ann NY Acad Sci 180:363–383
Prentice TC, Berlin NI, Hyde GM, Parsons RJ, Lawrence JH, Port S (1951) Total red cell volume, plasma volume and sodium space in congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 30:1471–1479
Prentice THC, Siri W, Joiner EE (1952) Quantitative studies of ascitic fluid circulation with tritium-labeled water. Am J Med 13:668–675
Randall RE Jr, Papper S (1958) Mechanism of postoperative limitation in sodium excretion : role of extracellular fluid volume and of adrenal cortical activity. J Clin Invest 37:1628–1641
Rector FC Jr, Van Giesen G, Kiil F, Seidin DW (1964) Influence of expansion of extracellular volume on tubular reabsorption of sodium independent of changes in glomerular filtration rate and aldosterone activity. J Clin Invest 43:341–348
Reid L (1968) Structural and functional reappraisal of the pulmonary artery system. Scientific Basis Med Annu Rev, pp 289–307
Relman AS, Schwartz WB (1952) The effect of DOCA on electrolyte balance in normal man and its relation to sodium chloride intake. Yale J Biol Med 24:540–558
Renkin EM (1977) Multiple pathways of capillary-permeability. Circ Res 41:735–743
Renkin EM, Pappenheimer JR (1957) Wasserdurchlässigkeit und Permeabilität der Capillarwände. Ergeb Physiol 49:59–67
Renkin EM, Rosell S (1962) Effects of different types of vasodilator mechanisms on vascular tonus and on transcapillary exchange of diffusible material in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 54:241–250
Renold AE, Crabbe J, Hernando-Avendano L, Nelson DH, Ross EJ, Emerson K Jr, Thorn GW (1957) Inhibition of aldosterone secretions by amphenone in man. N Engl J Med 256:16–23
Robin ED, Cross CE, Zelis R (1973) Pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 288:239–246
Rocha e Silva M Jr, Rosenberg M (1969) The release of vasopressin in response to hemorrhage and its role in the mechanism of blood pressure regulation. J Physiol (Lond) 202:535–543
Rosenbaum JD, Papper S, Ashley MM (1955) Variations in renal excretion of sodium independent of change in adrenocortical hormone dosage in patients with Addison’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 15:1459–1474
Rouffignac de C, Bonvalet JP (1974) Heterogeneity of nephron population. In: Thurau K (ed) Kidney and urinary tract physiology. MTP International Review of Science, vol 6. Butterworth, London, p 394
Rowe AH (1917) Refractometric studies of serum proteins in nephritis, cardiac decompensation, diabetes, anemia and other chronic diseases. Arch Intern Med 19:354–362
Ruszniak I, Földi M, Szabo G (1957) Physiologie und Pathologie des Lymphkreislaufs. Fischer, Jena
Rutenberg HL, Spann JF Jr (1973) Alterations of cardiac sympathetic neurotransmitter activity in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 32:472–486
Ryan SF (1969) The structure of the interalveolar septum of the mammalian lung. Anat Rec 165:467–473
Said SI (1978) Environmental injury of the lung: Role of humoral mediators. Fed Proc 37:3504–3507
Salvesen HA, Linder GC (1923) Observations on the inorganic bases and phosphates in relation to the protein of blood and other body fluids in Bright’s disease and in heart failure. J Biol Chem 58:617–623
Schedl HP, Bartter FC (1960) An explanation for and experimental correction of the abnormal water diuresis in cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 39:248–261
Schilling JA, McCoord AB, Clausen SW, Troup SB, McKee FW (1952) Experimental ascites. Studies of electrolyte balance in dogs with partial and complete occlusion of the portal vein and of the vena cava above and below the liver. J Clin Invest 31:702–711
Schmidt RW, Bourgoignie JJ, Bricker NS (1974) On the adaptation in sodium excretion in chronic uraemia. The effects of proportional production of sodium intake. J Clin Invest 53:1736–1744
Schneeberger EE, Karnowsky MJ (1976) Substructure of intercellular junctions in freezefractured alveolar-capillary membranes of mouse lung. Circ Res 38:404–411
Schneider EG, Dresser TP, Lynch RE, Knox FG (1971) Sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of dogs with experimental heart failure. Am J Physiol 220:952–957
Schrier RW (1974) Effects of adrenergic nervous system and catecholamines on systemic and renal hemodynamics, sodium and water excretion and renin secretion. Kidney Int 6:291–299
Schrier RW, Humphreys MH (1971) Factors involved in the antinatriuretic effects of acute constriction of the thoracic and abdominal inferior vena cava. Circ Res 29:479–489
Schrier RW, Wardener de HE (1971) Tubular reabsorption of sodium ion. N Engl J Med 285:1231–1303
Schrier RW, McDonald KM, Jagger PI, Lauler DP (1967) The role of the adrenergic nervous system in the renal response to acute extracellular volume expansion. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 125:1157–1162
Schröder R (1963) Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Nebennierenrindenhormone bei hydropischer Herzinsuffizienz. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 209:20–28
Schwiegk H, Riecker G (1960) In: Bergman G von, Frey W, Schwiegk H (Hrsg) Handbuch der inneren Medizin, 4. Aufl, Bd IX/1. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg
Sedläkova E, Prusik Z, Skopova J, Barth T, Kluh I, Cort JH (1974) Isolation of a tridecapeptide from natriuretic fractions of bovine posterior pituitary. Eur J Clin Invest 4:285–294
Seely JF (1973) Effects of peritubular oncotic pressure on rat proximal tubule electrical resistance. Kidney Int 4:28–36
Segar WE, Moore WW (1968) The regulation of antidiuretic hormone release in man. J Clin Invest 47:2143–2150
Seymour WB, Pritchard WH, Longley LP, Hayman JM Jr (1942) Cardiac output, blood and interstitial fluid volumes, total circulating serum protein and kidney function during cardiac failure and after improvement. J Clin Invest 21:229–236
Share L (1967a) Vasopressin: its bioassay and the physiological control of its release. Am JMed 42:701–711
Share L (1967b) Role of peripheral receptors in the increased volume of vasopressin in response to hemorrhage. Endocrinology 81:1140–1149
Share L, Claybaugh JR (1972) Regulation of body fluids. Annu Rev Physiol 34:235–243
Sharp GWG, Leaf A (1964) Biological action of aldosterone in vitro. Nature 202:1185–1188
Simionescu M, Simionescu N, Palade GE (1975) Permeability of muscle capillaries to small hemepeptides. Evidence for the existence of patent transendothelial channels. J Cell Biol 64:586–607
Skinner SL, McCubbin JW, Page IH (1964) Control of renin secretion. Circ Res 15:64–73
Smirk FH (1936) Observations on the causes of edema in congestive heart failure. Clin Sci 2:317–325
Smith HW (1951) The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 544–545
Smith HW (1957) Salt and water volume receptors. Am J Med 23:623–631
Snashall PD, Weidner WJ, Staub NC (1977) Extravascular lung water after extracellular fluid volume expansion in dogs. J Appl Physiol 42:624–629
Spät A, Saliga M, Sturcz J, Sólyom J (1963) Effect of aldosterone on intestinal transport of sodium and potassium. Lancet 2:96–99
Spealman CR, Newton M, Post RL (1947) Influence of environmental temperature and posture on volume and composition of blood. Am J Physiol 150:628–635
Spitzer A, Windhager EE (1970) Effect of peritubular oncotic pressure changes on proximal tubular fluid reabsorption. Am J Physiol 218:1188–1197
Starling EH (1896a) Physiological factors involved in the causation of dropsy. The production of lymph. Lancet II:1267–1273
Starling EH (1896b) The absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces. Lancet II:1331–1338
Starling EH (1896c) Physiological factors involved in the causation of dropsy. Lancet II:1405–1409
Starling EH (1909) The fluids of the body. The Herter Lectures, Keener, Chicago
Starr J Jr, Jeffers WA, Meade RH Jr (1943) The absence of conspicuous increments of venous pressure after severe damage to the right ventricle of the dog, with a discussion of the relation between clinical congestive heart failure and heart disease. Am Heart J 26:291–302
Staub NC (1971) Steady state pulmonary transvascular water filtration in unanaesthetized sheep. Circ Res [Suppl I] 28/29:135–139
Staub NC (1974) Pulmonary edema. Physiol Rev 54:678–811
Staub NC (1978a) Pulmonary edema due to increased microvascular permeability to fluid and proteins. Circ Res 43:143–151
Staub NC (1978b) Pulmonary edema. Physiologic approaches to management. Chest 74:559–564
Staub NC (1979) Pathways for fluid and solute fluxes in pulmonary edema. In: Fishman AP, Renkin EM (eds) Pulmonary edema. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp 113–124
Staub NC (1980) The pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 23:53–80
Staub NC, Nagano H, Pearce ML (1967) Pulmonary edema in dogs especially the sequence of fluid accumulation in the lungs. J Appl Physiol 22:227–240
Stead EA, Warren JV (1944) The protein content of the extracellular fluid in normal subjects after venous congestion and in patients with cardiac failure, anoxemia and fever. J Clin Invest 23:283–294
Steele JM, Berger EY (1951) Evidence for desoxycorticosteronelike activity in the accumulation of edema. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 64:262–270
Stein JH, Reineck HJ (1975) Effect of alterations in extracellular fluid volume on segmentai sodium transport. Physiol Rev 55:127–138
Stein RM, Abramson RG, Kahn T, Levitt MF (1967) Effects of hypotonic saline loading in hydrated dog: evidence for a saline-induced limit on distal tubular sodium transport. J Clin Invest 46:1205–1214
Stein JH, Osgood RW, Boonjaren S, Ferris TF (1973) A comparison of the sequential analysis of sodium reabsorption during Ringer’s and hyperoncotic albumin infusion in the rat. J Clin Invest 52:2313–2319
Strandhoy JW, Wiliamson HE (1970) Evidence for an hepatic role in the control of sodium excretion. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 133:419–424
Strandhoy TW, Schneider EG, Willis LR, Know FG (1974) Intrarenal effects of phenoxybenzamine on sodium reabsorption. J Lab Clin Med 83:263–274
Strauss MB, Earley LE (1959) An enquiry into the role of sodium retaining steroids in the homeostasis of body sodium in man. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 72:200–206
Stumpe KO, Krück F (1970) Ödempathogenese. Hämodynamische und humorale Faktoren. In: Brunner W, Kappert A, May R, Schoop W, Witzleb E (Hrsg) Das dicke Bein. Aktuelle Probleme in der Angiologie, Bd 9. Bern Stuttgart Wien, S 32–46
Stumpe KO, Sölle H, Klein H, Krück F (1973) Mechanism of sodium and water retention in rats with experimental heart failure. Kidney Int 4:309–317
Stumpe KO, Reinelt B, Ressel C, Klein H, Krück F (1974) Urinary sodium excretion and proximal tubule reabsorption in rats with high output failure. Nephron 12:261–274
Surtshin A, Rolf D, White HL (1951) Constancy of sodium excretion in presence of chronically altered glomerular filtration rate. Am J Physiol 165:429–433
Tait JF, Bougas J, Little B, Tait SAS, Flood C (1965) Splanchnic extraction and clearance of aldosterone in subjects with minimal and marked cardiac dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol 25:219–226
Taylor RR, Covell JW, Ross J Jr (1968) Left ventricular function in experimental aortocaval fistula with circulatory congestion and fluid retention. J Clin Invest 47:1333–1342
Tobian L, Coffee K, Ferreira D, Meuli J (1964) The effect of renal perfusion pressure on the net transport of sodium out of distal tubular urine as studied with the stop-flow technique. J Clin Invest 43:118–127
Toshima H, Yokota Y (1979) Clinics of edema. Pathogenesis of cardiac edema — with respect to role of hypoproteinemia. Jpn J Med 18:37–41
Uchida J, Kamisaha K, Heda H (1971) Two types of renal mechanoreceptors. Jpn Heart J 12:233–240
Vander AJ (1967) Control of renin release. Physiol Rev 47:359–382
Vander AJ, Malvin RL, Wilde WS, Sullivan LP (1958) Re-examination of salt and water retention in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 25:497–502
Vereerstraeten P, Myttenaere de M (1968) Effect of raising the transtubular oncotic gradient on sodium excretion in the dog. Pfluegers Arch 302:1–12
Vereerstraeten P, Toussaint C (1968) Role of the peritubular oncotic pressure on sodium excretion by the pavian kidney. Pfluegers Arch 302:13–21
Verney EB (1947) The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 135:25–32
Viskoper JR, Czaczkes JW, Schwartz N, Ullman TD (1971) Natriuretic activity of a substance isolated from human urine during the excretion of a salt load. Nephron 8:540–552
Visscher MB, Haddy FJ, Stephens G (1956) The physiology and pharmacology of lung edema. Pharmacol Rev 8:389–434
Vogel G, Heym E (1956) Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung kolloidosmotischer Druckdifferenzen für den Mechanismus der isoosmotischen Flüssigkeitsresorption in der Niere. Pfluegers Arch 262:226–236
Volwiler W, Grindlay JH, Bollman JL (1950) The relation of portal vein pressure to the formation of ascites — an experimental study. Gastroenterology 14:40–48
Wallin JD, Lee PA (1976) Effect of prolactin on diluting and concentrating ability in the rat. Am J Physiol 230:1524–1533
Walser M, Duffy BJ Jr, Griffm HW (1956) Body fluids in hypertension and mild heart failure. JAMA 160:858–864
Wardener de HE, Mills IH, Clapham WF, Hayter CJ (1961) Studies on the efferent mechanism of the sodium diuresis which follows the administration of intravenous saline to the dog. Clin Sci 21:249–258
Warren JV, Stead EA (1944) Fluid dynamics in chronic congestive heart failure: an interpretation of the mechanisms producing edema, increased plasma volume and elevated venous pressure in certain patients with prolonged congestive failure. Arch Intern Med 73:138–147
Warren MF, Peterson DK, Drinker CK (1942) The effects of heightened negative pressure in the chest together with further experiments upon anoxia in increasing the flow of lung lymph. Am J Physiol 137:641–648
Waterfleld RL (1931a) The effects of posture on the circulating blood volume. J Physiol (Lond) 72:110–120
Waterfield RL (1931b) The effect of posture on the volume of the leg. J Physiol (Lond) 72:121–128
Weber PC, Siss W, Scherer B (1979) Vaskuläre, thrombozytäre und renale Prostaglandine. Biochemie, Funktion, klinische Aspekte. Klin Wochenschr 57:425–444
Wegria R, Paiewonsky D, Entrup R, Hughes M, Jue J, Fallat, R (1960) Effect of acute cardiac tamponade on the formation and evacuation of lymph. Am J Physiol 210:1442–1451
Wegria R, Zekert H, Walter KE, Entrup RW, de Schryver C, Kennedy W, Paiewonsky D (1963) Effect of systemic venous pressure on drainage of lymph from the thoracic duct. Am J Physiol 204:284–293
Wegria R, Entrup RW, Jue J, Hughes M (1967) A new factor in pathogenesis of edema of cardiac origin. Am J Physiol 213:94–103
Weibel ER, Bachofen H (1979) Structural design of the alveolar septum and fluid exchange. In: Fishman AP, Renkin EM (eds) Pulmonary edema. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp 1–20
Welt LG (1960) Volume receptors. Circulation 21:1002–1012
Werko L, Varnauskas E, Eliasch H, Ek J, Bucht H, Thomason B, Bergstioni J (1954) Studies on the renal circulation and renal function in mitral valvular disease. I. Effect of exercise. Circulation 9:687–695
Wesson LG Jr (1969) Physiology of the human kidney. Grune & Stratton, New York, p 591
Weston RE (1972) Pathogenesis and treatment of edema with special reference to use of diuretics. In: Maxwell MH, Kleeman CR (eds) Clinical disorders of fluid and electrolyte metabolism, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 382–426
White AG, Gordon H, Leiter L (1950) Studies in edema. II. The effect of congestive heart failure on saliva electrolyte concentrations. J Clin Invest 29:1445–1453
Wiederhielm CA (1968) Dynamics of transcapillary fluid exchange. J Gen Physiol 52:29–62
Wiederhielm CA, Woodbury JW, Kirk S, Rushmer RF (1964) Pulsatile pressures in the microcirculation of frog’s mesentery. Am J Physiol 207:173–180
Wiles GE, Shenk WG, Lindenberg J (1952) The experimental production of portal hypertension. Ann Surg 136:811–819
Witte CHL, Witte MH, Dumont AE, Cole WR, Smith JR (1969) Protein content in lymph and edema fluids in congestive heart failure. Circulation 40:623–631
Wolf G, McGovern GF, Dicara LV (1974) Sodium appetite: some conceptual and methodological aspects of a model drive system. Behav Biol 10:27–34
Wolff HP (1965) Aldosterone in congestive heart failure. Acta Cardiol (Brux) 20:424–432
Wolff HP, Bette L, Blaise H, Düsterdieck G, Jahnecke J, Kobayashi T, Krück F, Lommer D, Schieffer H (1966) Role of aldosterone in edema formation. Ann NY Acad Sci 139:285–294
Woolverton NC, Brigham KL, Staub NC (1978) Effect of positive pressure breathing on lung lymph flow and water content in sheep. Circ Res 42:550–557
Wray NP, Nicotra MB (1978) Pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:783–786
Wuhrmann F, Wunderly CH (1952) Die Bluteiweißkörper des Menschen. Basel
Yamada S (1933) Über die seröse Flüssigkeit in der Pleurahöhle der gesunden Menschen. Z Ges Exp Med 90:342–350
Zins GR (1975) Renal prostaglandins. Am J Med 58:14–22
Zusman RM, Keiser HR (1977) Prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells in tissue culture. Mechanism of stimulation by angiotensin II, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin. J Biol Chem 252:2069–2078
Zweifach BW (1961) Functional behavior of the microcirculation. Thomas, Springfield
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stumpe, K.O. (1984). Die Pathogenese des kardialen Ödems. In: Autenrieth, G., et al. Herzinsuffizienz. Handbuch der inneren Medizin, vol 9 / 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82183-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82183-7_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-82184-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-82183-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive