Advertisement

Intravesical Chemotherapy of Superficial Bladder Cancer

  • B. L. Lum
Chapter
Part of the Recent Results in Cancer Research book series (RECENTCANCER, volume 85)

Abstract

Bladder cancer accounts for 4.4% of the new cases of cancer diagnosed each year in the United States. It was estimated in 1982 that 37,100 new cases of bladder cancer would be seen, with 27,000 cases appearing in males and 10,100 in females [4]. This sex-related dominance is probably a reflection of the preponderance of industrial exposure to chemical carcinogens and cigarette smoking in the male population [21, 22, 25, 85, 92, 106, 169]. These statistics do not include carcinoma in situ. It was also estimated in 1982 that 10,600 deaths would result from bladder cancer [4]. This is a 6% increase in the incidence of bladder cancer and a 3% increase in bladder cancer deaths from 1980 estimates [5]. Histologically, these tumors arise from the bladder epithelium, with transitional cell carcinoma accounting for approximately 90% of the cases, squamous cell carcinomas for 8%, and adenocarcinomas for the remaining 2% [129]. Of these newly diagnosed cases, 75%–85% of patients initially present with superficial (localized) tumors [5]; that is, tumors which would fall into the Jewett-Strong-Marshall classification of stage 0 or A tumors and would be classified at pathologic stage Pa, PIS, or PI in the TNM system [76, 99, 141, 172] (Table 1). These tumors either show no evidence of invasion (0) or invasion of the lamina propria but not the superficial muscle (A).

Keywords

Bladder Cancer Urinary Bladder Bladder Tumor Transitional Cell Carcinoma Bladder Carcinoma 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Abassian A, Wallace DM (1966) Intracavitary chemotherapy of diffuse non-infiltrating papillary carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 96:461Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Allen TD, Henderson BW (1965) Adenocarcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 93:50–56PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Althausen AF, Prout GR, Daly JJ (1976) Non-invasive papillary carcinoma of the bladder associated with carcinoma in situ. J Urol 116:575PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    American Cancer Society (1982) Cancer Facts and Figures (1981). American Cancer Society, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    American Cancer Society (1980) Cancer statistics. Cancer 30:24Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    American Druggist Blue Book (July 1981 – June 1982). Hearst, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Banks MD, Pontes JE, Izbicki RM, Pierce JM (1977) Topical instillation of doxorubicin hydrochloride in the treatment of recurring superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 118:757–760PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Barnes RW, Bergman RT, Hadley HL, Jonston OL (1967) Control of bladder tumors by endoscopic surgery. J Urol 97: 864PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Barnes RW, Dick AL, Hadley HL, Johnston OL (1977) Survival following transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma. Cancer Res 37:2895–2897PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Becci PJ, Thompson HJ, Grubbs CJ, Brown CC, Moon RC (1979) Effect of delay in administration of 13-cis retinoic acid on the inhibition of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Res 39:3141–3144PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Bessman JD, Johnson RK, Goldin A (1975) Permeability of normal and cancerous rat bladder to antineoplastic agents. Urology 6:187–193PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Bleyer WA (1977) Methotrexate: clinical pharmacology, current status and therapeutic guidelines. Cancer Treat Rev 4:87–101PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Botto H, Perrin JL, Auvert J, Salle M, Pierquin B (1980) Treatment of malignant bladder tumors by iridium-192 wiring. Urology 16:467–469PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Bracken RB, Johnson DE, Rodriguez L, Samuels ML, Ayala A (1977) Treatment of multiple superficial tumors of bladder with intravesical bleomycin. Urology 9:161–163PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Broders AC (1922) Epithelioma of the genitourinary organs. Ann Surg 75:574PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Brown RR, Price JM, Sutter EJ, Wear JB (1960) The metabolism of tryptophan in patients with bladder cancer. Cancer Res 16:299Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Bubenik J, Peremann P, Helmstain K, Moberger G (1970) Cellular and humoral immune responses to human urinary bladder carcinomas. Int J Cancer 5:310PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Burnand KG, Boyd PJR, Mayo ME, Shuttleworth KED, Lloyd-Davies RW (1976) Intravesical thiotepa as an adjuvant to cystodiathermy in the treatment of transitional cell bladder cancer. Br J Urol 48:55–59PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Byar D, Blaekard C (1977) Comparisons of placebo, pyridoxine, and topical thiotepa in preventing recurrence of Stage 1 bladder cancer. Urology 10:556–561PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Camuzzi F, Bondhus M, Lockhart J, Politano V (1980) Mitomycin-C in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Am Urol Assn Proc, Abstract 120Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Case RAM, Hosker ME, McDonald DB, Pearson JT (1954) Tumors of the urinary bladder in workmen engaged in the manufacture and use of certain dye stuffs intermediates in the British chemical industry. The role of aniline, benzidine, alpha-naphthylamine, and beta-naphthylamine. Br J Ind Med 11:75PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Case RAM, Hosker ME (1954) Tumor of the urinary bladder as an occupational disease in the rubber industry in England and Wales. Br J Prev Soc Med 8: 39–50PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Chan RC, Bracken RB, Johnson DE (1979) Single dose whole pelvis megavoltage irradiation for palliative control of hematuria or ureteral obstruction. J Urol 122:750–751PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Cohen SM, Wittenberg JF, Bryan GT (1974) Effect of hyper- and avitaminosis A on urinary bladder carcinogenicity of N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)-formamide (FANT). Fed Proc 33:602Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Cole P, Hoover R, Friedell GH (1972) Occupation and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Cancer 29:1250PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Colleen S, Ek A, Hellsten S, Lindholm CE (1980) Intracavitary Epodyl for multiple, non-invasive highly differentiated bladder tumors. Scand J Urol Nephrol 14:43–45PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Connolly JG, Anderson C, Johnson I (1979) Some newer approaches to the treatment of the mucosa of patients with superficial bladder cancer: 1. Continuous bladder irrigation with 5-fluorouracil. Can Med Assoc J 121:318–320PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Cooper PH, Waisman J, Johnston WH, Skinner DG (1973) Severe atypia of transitional epithelium and carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 31:1055PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Corder MP, Stamp DC (1982) Chemotherapeutic approaches to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: part 1, superficial disease; chemoprevention. In: Bonney WW, Prout GR (eds) AUA Monographs, vol 1, bladder cancer. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 165–172Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Cox CE, Cass AS, Boyce WH (1968) Bladder cancer: a 26 year review. Trans Am Assoc Genitourin Surg 60:22–30PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Day JW, Shrivastav S, Lin G, Bonar RA, Paulson DF (1981) In vitro chemotherapeutic testing of urologic tumors. J Urol 125:490–492PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    De Furia MD, Bracken RB, Johnson DE, Soloway MS, Merrin LE, Morgan LR, Miller HC, Crooke ST (1980) Phase I—II study of Mitomycin C topical therapy for low grade, low stage transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: an interim report. Cancer Treat Rep 64:225–230Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Dean AC, Mostofi FK, Thomason RV, Clark ML (1954) A restudy of the first 1400 tumors in the bladder tumor registry. AFIP J Urol 71:571–590Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Denning CL (1950) The biological behavior of transitional cell papilloma of the bladder. J Urol 63:815–819Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Dickson RJ, Lang EK (1960) Treatment of papillomata of the bladder with radioactive colloidal gold (Au198) Am J Roentgen 83:116PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Dorr RT, Fritz WL (1980) Cancer chemotherapy handbook. Elsevier-Holland, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Douville Y, Pelouze G, Roy R, Charrois R, Kibrite A, Martin M, Dionne L, Coulonval L, Robinson J (1978) Recurrent bladder papillomata treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: a preliminary report. Cancer Treat Rep 62:551PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Drew JE, Marshall VF (1968) The effects of topical thiotepa on the recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 99:740–743PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Duckworth DA (1950) The treatment of papillomatosis with podophyllin. J Urol 64:740PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Durrant KR, Laing AH (1975) Treatment of multiple superficial papillary tumors of the bladder by intracavitary Yttrium-99. J Urol 113:480–482PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Edsmyr F, Boman J (1970) Instillation of thiotepa in vesical papillomatosis. Acta Radiol [Ther] (Stockh) 9:395–400Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Edsmyr F, Berlin T, Boman J, Duchek M, Eposti PL, Gustafsson H, Wijkstrom H, Collste LG (1980) Intravesical therapy with adriamycin in patients with superficial bladder tumors. Eur Urol 6:132–136PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Einhorn J, Hultzberg S, Nilson A (1964) Treatment of papillomatosis of the bladder with radioactive arsenic 76As. Acta Radiol Ther 2:1–16Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Eisenberg RB, Roth RB, Schweinsberg MH (1960) Bladder tumors and associated proliferative mucosal lesions. J Urol 84:544PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Eksborg S, Nilsson S, Edsmyr F (1980) Intravesical instillation of adriamycin: a model for standardization of the chemotherapy. Eur Urol 6:218–220PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    England HR, Rigby C, Shepheard BGF, Tresidder GC, Blandy JP (1973) Evaluation of Helmstein’s distension method for carcinoma of the bladder. Br J Urol 45:593PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Esquivel EL, MacKenzie R, Whitmore WF (1965) Treatment of bladder tumors by instillation of thiotepa, actinomycin D, or 5-fluorouracil. Invest Urol 2:381–386PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Farrow GM, Utz DC, Rite CC (1976) Morphological and clinical observations of patients with early bladder cancer treated with total cystectomy. Cancer Res 36:2495PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Farrow GM, Utz DC, Rite CC, Greene LF (1977) Clinical observation on 69 cases of in situ carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer Res 37:2794–2798PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Fitzpatrick JM, Khan O, Oliver RTD, Riddle PR (1979) Long term follow-up in patients with superficial bladder tumors treated with intravesical Epodyl. Br J Urol 51:545–548PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Flocks RH (1951) Treatment of patients with carcinoma of the bladder. JAMA 145:295–301Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Franksson C (1950) Tumors of the urinary bladder: a pathological and clinical study of 434 cases. ACTA Chir Scand [Suppl] 515:1–203Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    Gavrell GJ, Lewis RW, Meehan WL, Leblanc GA (1978) Intravesical thiotepa in the immediate postoperative period in patients with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, J Urol 120:410–411PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Gowing NFC (1960) Urethral carcinoma associated with cancer of the bladder. Br J Urol 32:428–439PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Greene LF, Hanash KA, Farrow GM (1973) Benign papilloma or papillary carcinoma of the bladder? J Urol 110:205PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Hall RR, Bloom HJG, Freeman JE, Nawrocki A, Wallace DM (1974) Methotrexate treatment for advanced bladder cancer. Br J Urol 46:431–438PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Hall RR, Shade RO, Swinney J (1974) Effects of hyperthermia on bladder cancer. Br Med J 2:593–594PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Hall RR, Herring DW, McGill AC, Gibb I (1981) Oral methotrexate therapy for multiple superficial bladder carcinomata. Cancer Treat Rep 65 (Suppl 1): 175–178PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Hendry WF, Gowing NFC, Wallace DM (1974) Surgical treatment of urethral tumors associated with bladder cancer. Proc R Soc Med 67:304PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Herring HT (1903) The treatment of vesical papilloma by injections. Br Med J 2:1398PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Hicks RM (1966) The permeability of rat transitional cell epithelium. J Cell Biol 28:21PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Hinman F (1956) Recurrence of bladder tumors by surgical implantation. J Urol 75:695–696PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Hirose K, Seto T, Takayasu H (1977) Re-evaluation of hydrostatic pressure treatment for malignant bladder lesions. J Urol 118:762PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Hisazumi H, Uchibayashi T, Naito K, Misaki T, Miyazaki K (1975) The prophylactic use of thiotepa and urokinase in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a preliminary report. J Urol 114:394PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Hollands FG (1950) The results of diathermy treatment of villous papilloma of the bladder. Br J Urol 22:342–375PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Hollister D, Coleman M (1980) Hematologic effects of intravesicular thiotepa therapy for bladder carcinoma. JAMA 244:2065–2067PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Horn Y, Eidelman A, Walach N, Ilian M (1981) Intravesical chemotherapy in a controlled trial with thiotepa versus doxorubicin hydrochloride. J Urol 125: 652–654PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Issel BF, DeFuria MD, Fandrich SE (1981) Topical mitomycin-C in thiotepa refractory non-invasive bladder cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Proc 22:464Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Jacobi GH, Kurth KH, Klippel KF, Hohenfellner R (1978) On the biological behavior of T2 transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder and initial results of the prophylactic use of topical adriamycin under controlled and randomized conditions. In: WHO, Diagnostics and treatment of superficial urinary bladder tumors. Collaborating centre for research and treatment of bladder cancer, Stockholm, pp 83–94Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Jacobi GH, Kurth K (1980) Studies on the intravesical action of topically administered G3H-doxorubicin hydrochloride in men: plasma uptake and tumor penetration. J Urol 124:34–37PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Jacobi GH, Jaske G, Thuroff JW, Bauer HW (1981) Intravesical chemotherapy for prophylaxis of recurrent superficial bladder tumors: a randomized trial of 122 patients. Am Urol Assn Meeting Abstract 579Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Jacobo E, Loening S, Schmidt JD, Culp DA (1977) Primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder: a retrospective study of 20 patients. J Urol 117:54–56PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Jaske G, Hofstadter F (1980) Intravesical doxorubicin hydrochloride in the management of carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Eur Urol 6:103–106Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    Jaske G (1981) Intracavitary doxorubicin hydrochloride treatment for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 7:68–72Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    Jaske G, Hofstadter F, Marberger H (1981) Intracavitary doxorubicin hydrochloride therapy for carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 125:185–189Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Jewett HJ, Strong GH (1946) Infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder. Relation of depth of penetration of the bladder wall to incidence of local extension and metastasis. J Urol 55:366PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Johnson DE, Schaenwald MB, Ayala AG, Miller LS (1976) Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 115:542–544PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Jones HC, Swinney J (1961) Thiotepa in the treatment of tumors of the bladder. Lancet 2:615PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Joseph E (1919) Eine neue Methode zur Behandlung der Blasengeschwulste, vorläufige Mitteilung. Zentralbl Chir 46:931Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Kaufman JJ, Walthur PJ, Smith RB, Skinner DG (1979) Intracavitary Mitomycin-C in the treatment of superficial urothelial tumors: a preliminary report. Trans Am Assoc Genitourin Surg 71: 6–7PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Kerr IG, Lippman M, Jenkins J, Meyers C (1981) Clinical pharmacology of 13-cis-retinoic acid. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22:357 AbstractGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Keiter JH (1953) Bladder tumor recurrences in the urethra: a warning. J Urol 60: 652–656Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Koontz WW (1979) Intravesical chemotherapy and chemoprevention of superficial, low grade, low stage bladder carcinoma. Semin Oncol 6:217–219PubMedGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Koontz WW, Prout GR, Smith W, Frable WJ, Minnis JE (1981) The use of intravesical thiotepa in the management of non-invasive carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 125:307–312PubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Koss LG, Melamed MR, Kelly RE (1969) Further cytologic and histologic studies of bladder lesions in workers exposed to para-aminodiphenyl: progress report. J Natl Cancer Inst 43:233–243PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Koss LG (1977) Some ultrastructural aspects of experimental and human carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res 37:2824PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Koss LG, Tiamson EM, Robbins MA (1974) Mapping cancerous and precancerous bladder changes. A study of the urothelium in ten surgically removed bladders. JAMA 227:281PubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Lamm DL, Harris SC, Gittes RF (1977) Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and dinitrochloro- benzene immunotherapy of chemically induced bladder tumors. Invest Urol 14:369PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Lamm DL, Thor DE, Winters WD, Stogdill VD, Radwin HM (1981) BCG immunotherapy of bladder cancer: inhibition of tumor recurrence and associated immune responses. Cancer 38:82–88Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Leissner K, Gustavsson B, Nilsson S, Almersjo O (1978) General resorption of intravesically instilled 5-fluorouracil. J Urol 120:407–409PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Lerman RI, Hutter RVP, Whitmore WF (1970) Papilloma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 25:333–342PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Lilienfeld AM (1964) The relationship of bladder cancer to smoking. Am J Public Health 54:1864Google Scholar
  93. 93.
    Loening S, Narayana A, Yoder L, Slyman D, Weinstein S, Penick G, Culp D (1980) Factors influencing the recurrence rate of bladder cancer. J Urol 123:29PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Lundbeck F, Pederson D, Stroyer I, Uldall A (1981) Absorption of doxorubicin hydrochloride during bladder washings in treatment of non-invasive bladder tumors. Urology 18:161–163PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Lutzeyer W, Rubben H, Dahm H (1982) Prognostic parameters in superficial bladder cancer: an analysis of 315 cases. J Urol 127:250–252PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    MacKenzie N, Torti FM, Faysal M (1981) The natural history of superficial bladder tumors. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 22:198Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Maluf NSR (1953) Absorption of water, urea, glucose and electrolytes through the human bladder. J Urol 98:470Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    Marberger J, Marberger M, Decristoforo A (1972) The current status of transurethral resection in the diagnosis and therapy of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Int J Urol Nephrol 4:35–44Google Scholar
  99. 99.
    Marshall VF (1952) The relation of the preoperative estimate to the pathologic demonstration of the extent of vesical neoplasm. J Urol 68:714PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Wade A, Reynolds JEF (eds) (1977) Martindales: the extra pharmacopia, 27th edn. Pharmaceutical Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Martinez-Pineiro JA, Muntanola P (1977) Non-specific immunotherapy with BCG vaccine in bladder tumors: a preliminary report. Eur Urol 3:11PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    McDonald DF, Thorsen T (1956) Clinical implications of transplantability of induced bladder tumors to intact transitional epithelium in dogs. J Urol 75:690PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Melicow MM (1952) Histological study of vesical urothelium intervening between gross neoplasms in total cystectomy. J Urol 68:261PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Melicow MM (1955) Tumor of the urinary bladder, a clinicopathological analysis of over 2500 specimens and biopsies. J Urol 74:498–521PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Melicow MM (1978) The urothelium: a battleground for oncogenesis. J Urol 120:43PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Miller AB (1977) The etiology of bladder cancer from the epidemiological viewpoint. Cancer Res 37:2939–2942PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Milner WA (1954) The role of conservative surgery in the treatment of bladder tumors. Br J Urol 26:375–384PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Mishina T, Oda K, Murata S, Ooe H, Yasuyuki M, Takahashi T (1975) Mitomycin-C bladder instillation therapy for bladder tumors. J Urol 114:217–219PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Mishina T, Watanabe H (1979) Mitomycin-C bladder instillation therapy for bladder tumors. In: Carter SK, Crooke ST (eds) Mitomycin-C: current status and new developments. Academic, New York, pp 193–203Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Mitchell RJ (1971) Intravesical thiotepa in the treatment of transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Br J Urol 43:185–188PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW (1976) Intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 116:180PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Morales A (1978) Adjuvant immunotherapy in superficial bladder cancer. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 49: 315–319PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW (1976) Intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 116:180–183PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Morales A (1980) Treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder with BCG: a phase II trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 9:69–72Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Morales A, Ottenhof P, Emerson L (1981) Treatment of residual, noninfiltrating bladder cancer with bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol 125:649–651PubMedGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Murphy WM, Soloway MS, Finebaum PJ (1981) Pathological changes associated with topical chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 126:461–464PubMedGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Murphy W, Nagy GK, Rao MK, Soloway MS, Parija GC, Cox CE, Friedell GH (1979) Normal urothelium in patients with bladder cancer. Cancer 44:1050PubMedGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Nakazono M, Iwata S (1978) A preliminary study of chemotherapeutic treatment for bladder tumors. J Urol 119:598–600PubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Natale RB, Yagoda A, Watson RC, Whitmore WF, Blumenreich M, Braun DW (1981) Methotrexate: an active drug in bladder cancer. Cancer 47:1246–125PubMedGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    NCI Investigational Drugs: Pharmaceutical Data 1981, Pharmaceutical Resources Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, US Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Washington DC, p 91Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    Needles B, Blumenreich M, Yagoda A, Sogani P, Whitmore WF (1981) Intravesical cisplatin for superficial bladder cancer. Am Assoc Cancer Res 22:158Google Scholar
  122. 122.
    Nichols JA, Marshall VF (1956) Treatment of histologically benign papilloma of the urinary bladder by local excision and fulguration. Cancer 9:566–567PubMedGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Nieh PT, Daly JJ, Heaney JA, Heney NM, Prout GM (1978) The effect of intravesical thiotepa on normal and tumor urothelium. J Urol 119:59–61PubMedGoogle Scholar
  124. 124.
    Nielsen HV, Thybo E (1979) Epodyl treatment of bladder tumors. Scand J Urol Nephrol 13:59–63PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. 125.
    Niijima T (1978) Intravesical therapy with adriamycin and new trends in the diagnostics and therapy of superficial bladder tumors. In: WHO, Diagnostics and treatment of superficial urinary bladder tumors. Collaborating centre for research and treatment of urinary bladder cancer, Stockholm, pp 37–44Google Scholar
  126. 126.
    Nissenkorn I, Herrod H, Soloway MS (1981) Side effects associated with intravesical Mitomycin-C. J Urol 126:586–587Google Scholar
  127. 127.
    Nocks BN, Nieh PT, Prout GR (1979) A longitudinal study of patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. J Urol 122:27–29PubMedGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    O’Flynn JD, Smith M, Hanson JS (1975) Transurethral resection for the assessment and treatment of vesical neoplasms. Eur Urol 1:38–40PubMedGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    Olsson CA, DeVere-White RW (1979) Cancer of the bladder In: Javadpour N (ed) Principles and management of urologie cancer. Williams and Wilkins, BaltimoreGoogle Scholar
  130. 130.
    Oravisto KJ (1965) Topical use of thiotepa for tumors of the bladder. Urol Int 20:23–38PubMedGoogle Scholar
  131. 131.
    Page BH, Levison V, Curwen MP (1979) A trial of prophylactic radiotherapy for non-infiltrating bladder tumors. Br J Urol 51:197–199PubMedGoogle Scholar
  132. 132.
    Pavone-Macaluso M (1971) Chemotherapy of vesical and prostatic tumors. Br J Urol 43:701–708PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. 133.
    Pavone-Macaluso M, Caramia G (1972) Adriamycin and daunomycin in the treatment of vesical and prostatic neoplasias: preliminary results. In: Carter SK, DiMarco A, Ghione M, Krakoff IH, Mathe G (eds) International symposium on adriamycin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 180Google Scholar
  134. 134.
    Pavone-Macaluso M, Gebbia N, Biondo F, Bertitolini S, Caramia G, Rizzo FP (1976) Permeability of the bladder mucosa to thiotepa, adriamycin, and daunomycin in men and rabbits. Urol Res 4:9PubMedGoogle Scholar
  135. 135.
    Pavone-Macaluso M (1978) Intravesical treatment of superficial (Tl) urinary bladder tumors: a review of a 15-year experience. In: WHO, Diagnostics and treatment of superficial urinary bladder tumors. Collaborating centre for research and treatment of urinary bladder cancer, Stockholm, pp 21–36Google Scholar
  136. 136.
    Pavone-Macaluso M, Ingaugiola GB (1980) Local chemotherapy in bladder cancer treatment. Oncology [Suppl] 37:71–76PubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. 137.
    Peck GL, Yoder FW (1976) Treatment of lamellar ichthyosis and other keritinising dermatosis with an oral synthetic retinoid. Lancet 2:1172–1173PubMedGoogle Scholar
  138. 138.
    Poole-Wilson DS, Barnard RJ (1971) Total cystectomy for bladder tumors. Br J Urol 43:16PubMedGoogle Scholar
  139. 139.
    Presant CA, Bearman R, Bartolucci A, Lefant J (1981) Randomized study of 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA) plus busulfan (B) or B alone in chronic phase chronic granulocytic leukemia. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22:488 AbstractGoogle Scholar
  140. 140.
    Prout GR, Cox E, Cummings KB, Flanagan MJ, Friedell GH, Hodges CV, Koontz WW, Merrin CEA, Schmidt JD, Veenema RJ, Warram JH (1977) Surveillance, initial assessment and subsequent progress of patients with superficial bladder cancer in a prospective longitudinal study. Cancer Res 37:2907Google Scholar
  141. 141.
    Prout GR (1977) Bladder carcinoma and a TNM system of classification. J Urol 117:583PubMedGoogle Scholar
  142. 142.
    Prout GR, Griffin PP, Nocks BN (1981) Intravesical therapy of low stage bladder carcinoma with mitomycin-C: comparison of results in untreated and previously treated patients. Am Urol Assn Proc Abstract 437Google Scholar
  143. 143.
    Pyrah LN, Raper FP, Thomas GM (1964) Report of a follow-up of papillary tumors of the bladder. Br J Urol 36:14PubMedGoogle Scholar
  144. 144.
    Riddle PR (1978) Pre-organized intervention concerning Epodyl treatment. Proceedings of the second course on urologic oncology, E Hore Majorana, Erice TrapaniGoogle Scholar
  145. 145.
    Riddle PR, Wallace DM (1971) Intracavitary chemotherapy for multiple non-invasive bladder tumors. Br J Urol 43:181–184PubMedGoogle Scholar
  146. 146.
    Riddle PR (1973) The management of superficial bladder tumors with intravesical epodyl. Br J Urol 45:84–87PubMedGoogle Scholar
  147. 147.
    Riddle PR, Chisholm GD, Trott PA, Pugh RCB (1976) Flat carcinoma in situ of bladder. Br J Urol 47:829–833Google Scholar
  148. 148.
    Robinson MRG, Shetty MB, Richards B, Bastable J, Glashan RW, Smith PH (1977) Intravesical epodyl in the management of bladder tumors: combined experience of the Yorkshire Urologic Cancer Research Group. J Urol 118:972–973PubMedGoogle Scholar
  149. 149.
    Rozencweig M, Von Hoff DD, Henneny JE, Muggia FM (1977) VM-26 and VP-16–213: a comparative analysis. Cancer 40:334–342PubMedGoogle Scholar
  150. 150.
    Rubben H, Dahm HH, Lutzeyer W (1981) Frequency of recurrences and tumor progression of superficial bladder carcinomas. Urologe [A] 20:211–214Google Scholar
  151. 151.
    Russell M (1963) Treatment of papillary tumor of bladder with chloropactin XCB (oxochlorosene): a preliminary report. J Urol 89:188PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. 152.
    Sadoughi N, Johnson RA, Ezdinli EZ, Bush IM, Guinan P (1973) Intravesical bleomycin in treatment of carcinoma of the bladder. J Am Med Assoc 226:465Google Scholar
  153. 153.
    Schade ROK, Swinney J (1973) The association of urothelial atypism with neoplasia: its importance in treatment and prognosis. J Urol 109:619PubMedGoogle Scholar
  154. 154.
    Schellhammer PF, Bean MA, Whitmore WF (1977) Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, patterns, and prognosis. J Urol 118:399PubMedGoogle Scholar
  155. 155.
    Schulman CC, Denis LJ, Oosterlinck W, DeSy W, Chantrie M, VanCangh PJ (1981) Early adjuvant adriamyein in superficial bladder cancer. Am Urol Assn Meeting, Abstract 436Google Scholar
  156. 156.
    Schulman C, Sylvester R, Robinson M, Smith P, Lachand A, Denis L, Pavone-Macaluso M, De Pavio M, Staquet M (1982) Adjuvant therapy of T1 bladder carcinoma: preliminary results in an EORTC randomized study. Urol Res (in press)Google Scholar
  157. 157.
    Semple JE (1948) Papillomata of the bladder treated with podophyllin. Br Med J 1:1235PubMedGoogle Scholar
  158. 158.
    Seemayer TA, Knaack J, Thelmo WC (1975) Further observations on carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: silent but extensive intraprostatic involvement. Cancer 36:514PubMedGoogle Scholar
  159. 159.
    Smith IM, Lane V, O’Flynn JD (1978) Epodyl in management of noninvasive vesical neoplasms. Urology 11:474–477PubMedGoogle Scholar
  160. 160.
    Smith PH, McCollum CN (1976) Intravesical bleomycin in bladder cancer. J Am Med Assoc 235:906–907Google Scholar
  161. 161.
    Soloway MS (1977) Intravesical and systemic chemotherapy of murine bladder cancer. Cancer Res 37:2918–2929PubMedGoogle Scholar
  162. 162.
    Soloway MS, Murphy W, Rao MK (1978) Serial multiple site biopsies in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 120:57PubMedGoogle Scholar
  163. 163.
    Soloway MS (1980) Rationale for intensive intravesical chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 123:461–466PubMedGoogle Scholar
  164. 164.
    Soloway MS, Murphy WM, DeFuria MD (1981) Intravesical mitomycin-C in superficial bladder cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Proc 22:469Google Scholar
  165. 165.
    Soto EA, Friedell GH, Tiltman AJ (1977) Bladder cancer as seen in giant histologic sections. Cancer 39:447PubMedGoogle Scholar
  166. 166.
    Sporn MB, Kunlop NM, Newton DL, Smith JM (1976) Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by Vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids). Fed Proc 35:1332–1338PubMedGoogle Scholar
  167. 167.
    Sporn MB, Squire RA, Brown CC, Smith JM, Wenk ML, Springer S (1977) 13-cis-retinoic acid: inhibition of bladder carcinogenesis in the rat. Science 195:487–489Google Scholar
  168. 168.
    Squire RA, Sporn MB, Brown CC, Smith JM, Wenk ML, Springer S (1977) Histopathological evaluation of the inhibition of rat bladder carcinogenesis by 13-cis-re- tinoic acid. Cancer Res 37:2930–2936PubMedGoogle Scholar
  169. 169.
    Swartz D, Flamant R, Lellouch J, Denoix PF (1961) Results of a French survey on the role of tobacco, particularly inhalation, in different cancer sites. J Natl Cancer Inst 26:1085Google Scholar
  170. 170.
    Thompson N (1960) Bladder papilloma: an analysis of 75 cases. Br J Surg 47: 419–424PubMedGoogle Scholar
  171. 171.
    Turner AG, Hendry WF, Williams GB, Bloom HJG (1977) The treatment of advanced bladder cancer with methotrexate. Br J Urol 49:673–678PubMedGoogle Scholar
  172. 172.
    Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (1974) TNM classification of malignant tumors, de Buren, GenevaGoogle Scholar
  173. 173.
    Utz DC, Hanash KA, Farrow GM (1970) The plight of the patient with carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 103:160PubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. 174.
    Utz DC, Farrow GM, Rife CC, Segura JW, Zincke H (1980) Carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Cancer 45:1842–1848PubMedGoogle Scholar
  175. 175.
    Uyama T, Moriwaki S, Nakamura S, Kagawa S (1980) Intravesical instillation of adriamycin combined with low-dose irradiation for superficial bladder cancer. Urology 15:584–587PubMedGoogle Scholar
  176. 176.
    Van der Werf-Messing B (1978) Cancer of the urinary bladder treated by interstitial radium implant. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 4:373–378PubMedGoogle Scholar
  177. 177.
    Van der Werf-Messing B (1969) Carcinoma of the bladder treated by suprapubic radium implants. Eur J Cancer 5:277–285PubMedGoogle Scholar
  178. 178.
    Van der Werf-Messing B, Hop WCJ (1981) Carcinoma of the urinary bladder (category T1 Nx Mo) treated either by radium implant or by transurethral resection only. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7:299–303PubMedGoogle Scholar
  179. 179.
    Varhavakis MJ, Gaeta J, Moore RH, Murphy GP (1974) Superficial bladder tumor, aspects of clinical progression. Urology 4:414Google Scholar
  180. 180.
    Veenema RJ, Dean AL, Roberts M, Fingerhut B, Chowhury BK, Tarassoly H (1962) Bladder carcinoma treated by direct instillation of thiotepa. J Urol 88:60–63PubMedGoogle Scholar
  181. 181.
    Veenema RJ, Dean AL, Uson AC, Roberts M, Longo F (1969) Thiotepa bladder instillations: therapy and prophylaxis for superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 101: 711–715PubMedGoogle Scholar
  182. 182.
    Wallace AC, Herschfield ES (1958) The experimental implantation of tumor cells in the urinary tract. Br J Cancer 12:622PubMedGoogle Scholar
  183. 183.
    Wallace DM (1971) Intracavitary radiation for multiple non-infiltrating bladder tumors. Br J Urol 43:177–130PubMedGoogle Scholar
  184. 184.
    Wallace DM, Hindmarsh JR, Webb JN, Busuttil A, Hargreave TB, Newsam JE, Chisholm GD (1979) The role of multiple mucosal biopsies in the management of patients with bladder cancer. Br J Urol 51:535–540PubMedGoogle Scholar
  185. 185.
    Weldon TE, Soloway MS (1975) Susceptibility of urothelium to neoplastic cellular implantation. Urology 5: 824PubMedGoogle Scholar
  186. 186.
    Westcott JW (1966) The prophylactic use of thiotepa in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 96:913–918Google Scholar
  187. 187.
    Whitmore WF (1979) Surgical management of low stage bladder cancer. Semin Oncol 61:207–216Google Scholar
  188. 188.
    Williams JC, Hammonds JC, Saunders N (1977) T1 bladder tumors. Br J Urol 49: 663PubMedGoogle Scholar
  189. 189.
    Winters WD, Lamm DL (1981) Antibody response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin during immunotherapy in bladder cancer patients. Cancer Res 41:2672–2676PubMedGoogle Scholar
  190. 190.
    Yagoda A (1980) Chemotherapy of metastatic bladder cancer. Cancer 45:1879–1888PubMedGoogle Scholar
  191. 191.
    Yoshida O, Brown RR, Bryan GT (1970) Relationship between tryptophan metabolism and heterotopic recurrences of human urinary bladder tumors. Cancer 25:773PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1983

Authors and Affiliations

  • B. L. Lum
    • 1
  1. 1.Northern California Oncology GroupPalo AltoUSA

Personalised recommendations