Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Growth Mechanisms

  • Chapter
Modern Crystallography III

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences ((SSSOL,volume 36))

Abstract

Normal growth of atomically rough interfaces and layer-by-layer growth of atomically smooth surfaces are the two mechanisms by which the crystalline lattice is built. The conditions, general kinetic features, and other characteristics of these two modes are discussed in Sect. 3.1. The specific features of layer growth from vapor, solution, and melt are the subject of Sect. 3.2. The sources of growth steps — two-dimensional nucleation and screw dislocations — often determine the growth rate (Sect. 3.3), and are responsible for the morphology of the growing interface (Sect. 3.4). This morphology also reveals many other distinctive features of growth, such as the participation of the liquid phase in vapor growth, the shock waves of steps, etc.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. K.A. Jackson: The present state of the theory of crystal growth from the Melt. J. Cryst. Growth 24/25, 130 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  2. V. Bostanov, R. Rusinova, E. Budevski: In [Ref.1.30a, p.131] [English transl.: “Rate of Propagation of Monatomic Layers and the Mechanism of Electrodeposition of Silver”, in Ref.1.30a, p.130]

    Google Scholar 

  3. A.A. Ballman, R.A. Laudise: “Hydrothermal Growth”, in The Art and Science of Growing Crystals, ed. by J.J. Gilman ( Wiley, New York 1963 ) p. 231

    Google Scholar 

  4. G.G. Lemmlein, M.O. Kliya, A.A. Chernov: Kristallografiya 9,231 (1964) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.9, 181 (1964)]

    Google Scholar 

  5. G.G. Lemmlein, E.D. Dukova: Kristallografiya 1, 112 (1956)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S.K. Tung: J. Electrochem. Soc. 112, 436 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A.A. Chernov (ed.): Rost kristallov. T.12 (Izd-vo EGU, Erevan 1977) [English transl.: Growth of Crystals. Vol.12 ( Consultants Bureau, New York 1981 ]

    Google Scholar 

  8. L.I. Tsinober, V.E. Khadzhi, L.A. Gordienko, L.I. Litvin: In [Ref. 3.7a, p.751 [English transl.: “Growth Conditions and Real Structure of Quartz Crystals”, in Ref.3.7a]

    Google Scholar 

  9. A.V. Belyustin, I.M. Levina: Private communication

    Google Scholar 

  10. M. Volmer, I. Estermann: Z. Phys.7, 13 (1921)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Volmer, W. Schultze: Z. Phys. Chem. A156, 1 (1931)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M.I. Kozlovsky, G.G. Lemmlein: Kristallografiya 3,351 (1958) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.3, 352 (1958)]

    Google Scholar 

  13. V.G. Levich: Physicochemical Hydrodynamics (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1962 )

    Google Scholar 

  14. P. Bennema: J. Cryst. Growth 24/25, 76 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  15. N.N. Sheftal’ (ed.): Rost kristallov, T.5 (Nauka, Moscow 1965) [English transl.: Growth of Crystals, VoZ.5A (Consultants Bureau, New York 1968)]

    Google Scholar 

  16. A.A. Chernov, B.Ya. Lyubov: In [Ref.3.14a, p.111 [English transl.: “Aspects of Crystal Growth Theory”, in Ref.3.14a, p.7]

    Google Scholar 

  17. A.E. Nielsen: Kinetics of Precipitation ( Pergamon, New York 1964 )

    Google Scholar 

  18. W.B. Hillig: Acta Metall. 14, 1868 (1966)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H.J. Meyer, H. Dabringhaus: “Molecular Processes of Condensation and Evaporation of Alkali Halides”, Current Topics Mat. Sci., Vol.1 ( North-Holland, Amsterdam 1978 ) p. 47

    Google Scholar 

  20. G.G. Lemmlein: Morfoligiya i genesis kristallov (Morphology and Genesis of Crystals, Collected Papers of G.G. Lemmlein) (Nauka, Moscow 1973 ) p. 278

    Google Scholar 

  21. G.G. Lemmlein: Fine structure of crystal relief. Report to the General Meeting of the Phys. Div. of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Vestn. Akad. Nauk SSSR 4, 119 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  22. V. Bostanov: J. Cryst. Growth 42, 194 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. G. Staikov, W. Obretenov, V. Bostanov, E. Budevski, H. Bort: Electrochim. Acta 25, 1619 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. V. Bostanov, W. Obretenov, G. Staikov, D.K. Roe, E. Budevski: J. Cryst. Growth 52, 761 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. G.H. Gilmer: J. Cryst. Growth 49, 465 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. A.A. Chernov, I.L. Smol’sky, V.F. Parvov, Yu.G. Kuznetsov, V.N. Rozhansky: Kristallografiya 25, 821 (1980) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 25, 469 (1980)]

    Google Scholar 

  27. A.A. Chernov: “Struktura poverchnosti i rost kristallov” (Surface Structure and Crystal Growth), in Fiziko—khimicheskiye problemy kristallizatsii ( Physical-Chemical Problems of Crystallization) (Izd-vo KGU, Alma-Ata 1969 ) p. 8

    Google Scholar 

  28. A.A. Chernov: “Crystallization”, in Annual Review of Materials Science, Vol. 3, ed. by R.A. Huggins, R.H. Bube, R.W.. Roberts ( Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA 1973 ) p. 397

    Google Scholar 

  29. C.E. Miller: J. Cryst. Growth 42, 357 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. N. Cabrera, M. Levine: Philos. Mag. 1, 450 (1956)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. H. Miller-Krumbhaar, T.W. Burkhardt, D.M. Kroll: J. Cryst. Growth 38, 13 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Müller-Krumbhaar: “Kinetics of Crystal Growth. Microscopic and Phenomenological Theories”, Current Topics Mat. Sci., Vol.1 ( North-Holland, Amsterdam 1978 ) p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  33. R.Kaishev: J. Cryst. Growth 3, 15 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  34. B. van der Hoek, J.P. van der Eerden, P. Bennema: J. Cryst. Growth 56, 108 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. K. Tsukamoto, B. van der Hoek: J. Cryst. Growth 57, 131 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. F.C. Frank: J. Cryst. Growth 51, 367 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. B. van der Hoek, J.P. van der Eerden, P. Bennema, I. Sunagawa: J. Cryst. Growth 58, 365 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. J.P. van der Eerden: “Surface and Volume Diffusion Controlling Step Movement”, in Crystals, Vol. 9 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1983 ) p. 112

    Google Scholar 

  39. N. Cabrera, R.V. Coleman: “Theory of Crystal Growth from the Vapour”, in The Art and Science of Growing Crystals, ed. by J.J. Gilman ( Wiley, New York 1963 ) p. 3

    Google Scholar 

  40. A.A. Chernov: “Surface Morphology and Growth Kinetics”, in Crystal Growth and Characterization, ed. by R. Ueda, J.-B. Mullin ( North-Holland, Amsterdam 1975 ) p. 33

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. Hayashi, T. Shichiri: J. Cryst. Growth 21, 254 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A.A. Chernov: Kristallografiya 16,842 (1971) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.l6, 741 (1971)]

    Google Scholar 

  43. M. Quivi: “Contribution à l’étude du role de la diffusion dans la croissance des cristaux à partir de solution”; These, Université Strasbourg (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  44. A.A. Chernov, E.D. Dukova: Kristallografiya 14,169 (1969) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.l4, 150 (1969)]

    Google Scholar 

  45. A.A. Chernov, N.S. Papkov, A.F. Volkov: Kristallografiya 25, 997 (1980) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.25, 572 (1980)]

    Google Scholar 

  46. A.A. Chernov, N.S. Papkov: Kristallografiya 25, 1002 (1980) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.25, 575 (1980)]

    Google Scholar 

  47. R. Kaishev, E. Budevski: Surface properties in electrocrystallization. Contemp. Phys. 8, 489 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. E. Budevski, E. Bostanov, G. Staikov: Electrocrystallization. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 10, 85 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. G.A. Alfintsev, D.E. Ovsienko: Investigation of the mechanism of growth of some metallic crystals from the melt. J. Phys. Chem. Solids Suppl.1, 757 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  50. D.E. Ovsienko, G.A. Alfintsev: “Crystal Growth from the Melt. Experimental Investigation of Kinetics and Morphology”, Crystals, Vol.2 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1980 ) p. 119

    Google Scholar 

  51. Z. Gyulai: Z. Phys.138, 317 (1954)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. V.A. Kuznetsov: In Gidrotermal’nyi sintez kristallov,ed. by A.N. Lobachev (Nauka, Moscow 1968) p.77 [English transl.: “Kinetics of the Crystallization of Corundum, Quartz and Zincite”, in Hydrothermal Synthesis of Crystals (Consultants Bureau, New York 1971) p.52]

    Google Scholar 

  53. O.K. Mel’nikov, B.N. Litvin, N.S. Triodina: In Issledovaniye protsessov kristallizatsii v gidrotermal’nykh usloviyakh, ed. by A.N. Lobachev (Nauka, Moscow 1970) p.134 [English transl.: “Crystallization of Sodalite on a Seed”, in Crystallization Processes under Hydrothermal Conditions ( Consultants Bureau, New York 1973 ) p. 1511

    Google Scholar 

  54. L.A. Gordienko, V.F. Miuskov, V.E. Khadzhi, L.I. Tsinober: Kristallografiya 14,539 (1969) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.l4, 454 (1969)]

    Google Scholar 

  55. R.L. Barns, P.E. Freeland, E.D. Kolb, R.A. Laudise, J.R. Patel: J. Cryst. Growth 43, 676 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Yu.M. Fishman: Kristallografiya 17, 607 (1972) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.l7, 524 (1972)]

    Google Scholar 

  57. Yu.G. Kuznetsov, I.L. Smol’sky, A.A. Chernov, V.N. Rozhansky: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 260, 864 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. English transi.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 26, 640 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  59. M. Shimbo, J. Nishisawa, T. Terasaki: J. Cryst. Growth 23, 267 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. p.361; 6th Int. Conf. Crystal Growth, Moscow, 1980, p. 62

    Google Scholar 

  61. A.A. Chernov: J. Cryst. Growth 42, 55 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. A.A. Chernov, G.F. Kopylova: Kristallografiya 22,1247 (1977) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.22, 709 (1977)]

    Google Scholar 

  63. J. Nishizawa, H. Tadano, Y. Oyama, M. Shimbo: J. Cryst. Growth 55, 402 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. E. Bauser, H. Strunk: J. Cryst. Growth 51, 362 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. E. bausec: In III-V Optoelectronics Epitaxy and Device Related Processes, ed. by V.C. Keramidas, S. Mahajan ( Electrochem. Society, Pennington, NJ 1983 )

    Google Scholar 

  66. T.A. Carlson: Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy ( Plenum Press, New York 1975 )

    Google Scholar 

  67. G. Margaritondo, J.E. Rowe: J. Vac. Sci. Technol.17, 561 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. M.A. van Hove, S.Y. Tong: Surface Crystallography by PEED, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vol. 2 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1979 )

    Google Scholar 

  69. A. Benninghoven, C.A. Evans, Jr., R.A. Powell, R. Shimizu, H.A. Storms (eds.): Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry SIMS II, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vol. 9 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1980 )

    Google Scholar 

  70. A. Benninghoven, J. Giber, J. Lâszló, M. Riedel, H.W. Werner (eds.): Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry SIMS III, Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., Vol. 19 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1982 )

    Google Scholar 

  71. R. Wagner: Field Ion Microscopy in Materials Science, Crystals: Growth, Properties and Applications, Vol. 6 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1982 )

    Google Scholar 

  72. E.W. Müller, T.T. Tsong: Field Ion Microscopy. Field Ionization and Field Evaporation ( Pergamon, Oxford 1973 )

    Google Scholar 

  73. G. Thomas: Transmission Electron Microscopy of Metals ( Wiley, New York 1962 )

    Google Scholar 

  74. P.B. Hirsch, A. Howie, R.B. Nicholson, D.W. Pashley, M.J. Whelan: Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals ( Butterworths, London 1965 )

    Google Scholar 

  75. G. Schimmel: Elektronenmikroskopische Methodik (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1969 )

    Google Scholar 

  76. L.M. Utevsky: Difraktsionnaya elektronnaya mikroskopiya v metallovedenii (Electron Microscopy in Physical Metallurgy) ( Metallurgiya, Moscow 1973 )

    Google Scholar 

  77. L. Reimer, Transmissions Electron Microscopy, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 36 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1983 )

    Google Scholar 

  78. M. Born, E. Wolf: Principles of Optics ( Pergamon, Oxford 1964 )

    Google Scholar 

  79. G.S. Landsberg: Optika (Optics) ( Nauka, Moscow 1976 )

    Google Scholar 

  80. V.B. Tatarsky: Kristallooptika i immersionnyi metod (Crystal Optics and Immersion Method) ( Nedra, Moscow 1965 )

    Google Scholar 

  81. F. Rinne, M. Berek: Anleitung zu optischen Untersuchungen mit dem Polarizationsmikroskop (Dr. Max Jänecke Verlagsbuchhandlung, Leipzig 1934 )

    Google Scholar 

  82. G.R. Bartini, E.D. Dukova, I.P. Korshunov, A.A. Chernov: Kristallografiya 8,758 (1963) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.8, 605 (1964)]

    Google Scholar 

  83. H.E.L. Madsen: J. Cryst. Growth 32, 84 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. M.E. Glicksman, R.J. Schaefer, J.A. Blodgett: J. Cryst. Growth 13/14, 68 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  85. F. Bedarida, L. Zefiro: Acta Crystallogr. A31, 212 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  86. W. Schumann, M. Dubas: Holographic Interferometry, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 16 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1979 )

    Google Scholar 

  87. Yu.I. Ostrovsky, M.M. Butusov, G.V. Ostrovskaya: Interferometry by Holography, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 20 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1980 )

    Google Scholar 

  88. I.N. Guseva, V.M. Ginzburg, V.A. Kramarenko: In [Ref.1.30a, p.216] [English transl.: “Concentration Inhomogeneity in a Solution During Crystal Growth and Dissolution”, in Ref.1.30a, p.215]

    Google Scholar 

  89. L.N. Rashkovich, A.N. Israilenko, V.T. Leschenko, Z.S. Pashina: In 6th Int. Conf. Cryst. Growth, Extended Abstracts, Vol.4 (Moscow 1980 ) p. 49

    Google Scholar 

  90. I.A. Berstein, V.P. Ershov, V.I. Katsman, V.A. Rogachev: ibid., p.11

    Google Scholar 

  91. L.N. Rashkovich, V.T. Leschenko, A.T. Amandosov, V.A. Koptsik: Kristallografiya 28, 768 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. M. Françon: Le microscope à contraste de phase et le microscope interférentiel ( Edition du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 1954 )

    Google Scholar 

  93. S. Tolansky: High Resolution Spectroscopy ( Methuen, New York 1947 )

    Google Scholar 

  94. M.M. Gorshkov: Ellipsometriya (Ellipsometry) ( Sovetskoye Radio, Moscow 1974 )

    Google Scholar 

  95. R.M.A. Azzam, N.M. Bashara: Ellipsometry and Polarized Light ( North-Holland, Amsterdam 1977 )

    Google Scholar 

  96. P.S. Theocaris, E.E. Gdoutos, Matrix Theory of Photoelasticity, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 11 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1979 )

    Google Scholar 

  97. D.E. Anderson: Interface Ellipsometry: Surf. Sci./01, 84 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  98. J.B. Theeten, L. Hollan, R. Cadoret: “Growth Mechanisms in CVD of GaAs” in [Ref.1.7a, p.196]

    Google Scholar 

  99. M. Gauch, G. Quentel: Surf. Sci.108, 617 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  100. G.A. Basset: Philos. Mag. 3, 1042 (1958)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. R.A. Rabadanov, S.A. Semiletov, Z.A. Magomedov: Fiz. Tverd. Tela 12, 1430 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  102. A.A. Chernov: J. Cryst. Growth 42, 55 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. G.G. Lemmlein, E.D. Dukova: Kristallografiya 1, 352 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  104. M.I. Kozlovsky: Kristallografiya 3, 209 (1958) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.3, 206 (1958)]

    Google Scholar 

  105. G.G. Lemmlein, E.D. Dukova, A.A. Chernov: Kristalloarafiya 5, 662 (1960) [English transl.: Soy. Phys. Crystallogr.5, 634 (1961)]

    Google Scholar 

  106. E.D. Dukova: Kristallografiya 16,200 (1971) [English transl.: Soy. Phys. Crystallogr.l6, 160 (1971)]

    Google Scholar 

  107. T.G. Petrov, E.B. Treivus, A.P. Kasatkin: Vyrashchivaniye kristallov iz rastvorov, 2nd ed. ( Growing of Crystals from Solutions) (Nedra, Leningrad 1983 )

    Google Scholar 

  108. F.C. Frank: On the Kinematic Theory of Crystal Growth from Solution“, in [Ref.1.29a, pp.411, 418]

    Google Scholar 

  109. N. Cabrera, D.A. Vermilyea: The Growth of Crystals from Solution“, in [Ref.1.29a, pp.393, 408]

    Google Scholar 

  110. D. Nenov, A. Pavlovska, E. Dukova, V. Stoyanova: Surface Melting and Appearence of Non-Singular Crystalline Faces. Commun. Dep. Chem. Bulg. Acad. Sci./3, 526 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  111. E. Dukova, D. Nenov, Kristallografiya 23,816 (1978) [English transl.: Soy. Phys. Crystallogr.23, 457 (1978)]

    Google Scholar 

  112. A. Pavlovska, D. Nenov: J. Cryst. Growth 12, 9 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. A. Pavlovska: J. Cryst. Growth 46, 551 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. M. McLean, H. Mykura: Surf. Sci. 5, 466 (1966)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. V.I. Kvilividze, V.F. Kiselev, A.B. Kurzaev, L.A. Ushakova: Surf. Sci. 44, 60 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. S. Grande, St. Limmer, A. Lösche: Phys. Lett. A54, 69 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. D. Beaolehole, D. Nason: Surf. Sci. 96, 357 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. T. Kuroda, R. Lackmann: J. Cryst. Growth 56, 189 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. R. Goodman, S. Somorjai: J. Chem. Phys. 52, 6325 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Crystallography, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 59 Leninsky prospect, SU-117333, Moscow, USSR

    Professor Dr. Alexander A. Chernov

Authors
  1. Professor Dr. Alexander A. Chernov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chernov, A.A. (1984). Growth Mechanisms. In: Modern Crystallography III. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, vol 36. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81835-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81835-6_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-81837-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-81835-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation