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Practical Lens Design

  • Chapter
Magnetic Electron Lenses

Part of the book series: Topics in Current Physics ((TCPHY,volume 18))

Abstract

The physical background and many practical considerations concerning the design and construction of magnetic electron lenses are explained. In a short historical introduction the evolution of lens design principles is outlined. General rules for establishing a suitable working point are discussed for each of the fundamental operating modes: as an objective, as a projector, and as a condenser. Optimization of magnetic lenses with respect to geometric optical aberrations is also described. The design of the magnetic circuit of the lens is explained, starting with the pole-piece system and completing it with a suitably shaped casing. Turning to other essential components of magnetic lenses, the design of lens coils is treated as well as that of stigmators, of aperture alignment and exchange systems, and of mechanical lens alignment devices. Measures are described that reduce the sensitivity of the magnetic lens to environmental vibrations and stray magnetic fields. The general layout of electron optical systems composed of permanent magnet lenses is treated, and means for varying the focal length of these lenses are described. The design aspects arising from the mutual interaction of the permanent magnet and its associated magnetic circuit are discussed: pole-piece systems, lens casing, and means of varying the focal length. In conclusion, the design of superconducting electron lenses is treated, starting with lenses featuring conventional ferromagnetic soft-iron pole pieces or rare-earth pole pieces fabricated from dysprosium or holmium. The particular requirements that arise when a lens is to be operated in the persistent current mode or when its field is charged by using a flux pump are explained. Finally, the design of the superconducting shielding lens is considered.

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    Peter W. Hawkes

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Riecke, W.D. (1982). Practical Lens Design. In: Hawkes, P.W. (eds) Magnetic Electron Lenses. Topics in Current Physics, vol 18. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81516-4_4

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