Summary
Studies with rabbits have shown that the nature of protein in the diet can influence the concentration of cholesterol in plasma and the severity of arterial lesions. The feeding of animal proteins such as beef protein, casein or fish protein results in a high degree of aortic atherosclerosis. On the other hand, when rabbits are fed on diets containing plant protein preparations such as wheat gluten, corn protein or soy protein, the severity of aortic lesions is minimal. The animal proteins produce higher concentrations of serum cholesterol than the plant proteins. The rise in serum cholesterol induced by the milk protein casein in comparison with soy protein is also found in guinea pigs, pigs, rats, hamsters, but not in domestic fowl, calves and mice. The ultimate aim of such nutrition research with experimental animals is to provide further insight into practical means of decreasing the concentration of plasma cholesterol in man through changes in dietary habits. A decrease in plasma cholesterol will decrease incidence of atherosclerotic disease as manifested, for example, by myocardial infarction. A number of investigators have reported that intake of soy protein in contrast to animal proteins by hypercholesterolaemic patients reduced plasma cholesterol by 0 to 30%. Such studies are often quoted to support the view that the replacement of animal proteins in the diet by vegetable proteins would lower plasma cholesterol in man. However, the intake of soy protein in the studies with hypercholesterolemic patients also involved other changes in the diet, including the elimination of dietary cholesterol and replacement of saturated fatty acids by polyunsaturated fatty acids. In studies in which the type of protein was the only dietary variable, only a small effect or no effect at all of mixed animal proteins or casein over soy protein on plasma cholesterol was seen in healthy subjects while a slightly larger effect was seen in hypercholesterolemic patients. Thus it is questionable whether changes in the nature of protein in man could really contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barth CA, Pfeuffer M, Hahn G (1984) Influence of dietary casein or soy protein on serum lipids and lipoproteins of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Ann Nutr Metab 28:137–143
Beynen AC, Schouten JA (1983) Influence of dietary soybean protein and casein on the level of plasma cholesterol in hamsters. Nutr Rep Int 28:835–841
Beynen AC, Van Gils LGM, Scholz KE, West CE (1983) Serum cholesterol levels of calves and rabbits fed milk replacers containing skim milk powder or soybean protein concentrate. Nutr Rep Int 27:757–764
Beynen AC, West CE (1981) The distribution of cholesterol between lipoprotein fractions of serum from rabbits fed semipuri-fled diets containing casein and either coconut oil or corn oil. Z Tierphysiol Tierernährg u Futtermittelkde 46:233–239
Carroll KK (1982) Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: effects of dietary protein. Fed Proc 41:2792–2796
Carroll KK, Giovanetti PM, Huff MW, Moase O, Roberts DCK, Wolfe BM (1978) Hypocholesterolemic effect of substituting soybean protein for animal protein in the diet of healthy young women. Am J Clin Nutr 31:1312–1321
Carroll KK, Hamilton RMG (1975) Effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate on plasma cholesterol levels in relation to atherosclerosis. J Food Sci 40:18–23
Cho BHS, Egwim PO, Fahey Jr GC (1985) Plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels in swine. Modification of protein-induced response by added cholesterol and soy fiber. Atherosclerosis 56:39–49
Descovich GC, Gaddi A, Mannino G, Cattin L, Senin U, Caruzzo C, Friagiacomo C, Sirtori M, Ceredi C, Benassi MS, Colombo L, Fontana G, Mannarino E, Bertelli E, Noseda G, Sirtori CR (1980) Multicentre study of soybean protein diet for outpatient hypercholesterolaemic patients. Lancet 2:709–712
Goldberg AP, Lim A, Kolar JB, Grundhauser JJ, Steinke FH, Schonfeld G (1982) Soybean protein independently lowers plasma cholesterol levels in primary hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 43:355–368
Goulding NJ, Gibney MJ, Taylor G, Gallagher PJ (1983) Reversible hypercholesterolaemia produced by cholesterol-free fish meal protein diets. Atherosclerosis 49:127–137
Grundy SM, Abrams JJ (1983) Comparison of actions of soy protein and casein on metabolism of plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 38:245–252
Hamilton RMG, Carroll KK (1976) Plasma cholesterol levels in rabbits fed low fat, low cholesterol diets: effects of dietary proteins, carbohydrates and fibre from different sources. Atherosclerosis 24:47–62
Hohnes WL, Rubel GB, Hood SS (1980) Comparison of the effect of dietary meat versus dietary soybean protein on plasma lipids of hyperlipidemic individuals. Atherosclerosis 36:379–387
Ignatowski I (1909) Über die Wirkung des tierischen Eiweißes auf die Aorta und die parenchymatösen Organe der Kaninchen. Virchows Arch path Anat Physiol klin Med 198:248–270
Katan MB, Vroomen LHM, Hermus RJJ (1982) Reduction of casein-induced hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits and rats by dietary glycine, arginine and alanine. Atherosclerosis 43:381–391
Kim DN, Lee KT, Reiner JM, Thomas WA (1978) Effects of a soy protein product on serum and tissue cholesterol in swine fed high-fat, high-cholesterol diets. Exp Mol Path 29:385–399
Kritchevsky D (1979) Vegetable protein and atherosclerosis. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 56:135–140
Kritchevsky D (1980) Dietary protein in atherosclerosis. In: Noseda G, Lewis B, Paoletti R (eds) Diet and drugs in atherosclerosis. Raven Press, New York, pp 9–14
Kritchevsky D, Czamecki SK (1982) Dietary proteins and atherosclerosis. In: Descovich GC, Lenzi S (eds) Soy protein in the prevention of atherosclerosis. MTP Press Limited, Lancaster Boston The Hague, pp 1–11
Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Szarnecki SK, Klurfeld DM (1982) Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio. Atherosclerosis 41:429–431
Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Czarnecki SK, Klurfeld DM, Story JA (1981) Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets, Part 9. Beef protein and textured vegetable protein. Atherosclerosis 39:169–175
Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Williams DE, Story JA (1977) Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets, Part 7. Interaction of animal or vegetable protein with fiber. Atherosclerosis 26:397–403
Lambert GF, Miller JP, Olsen RT, Frost DV (1958) Hypercholesteraemia and atherosclerosis induced in rabbits by purified high fat rations devoid of cholesterol. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 97:544–549
Lemke A, Greggersen H, Kay H, Rathjen G, Steinicke F (1981) Zur Frage der atherogenen Wirkung von Casein. Milchwissenschaft 36:557–561
Lemke A, Greggersen H, Kay HW, Rathjen G, Steinicke F (1983) Comparative studies on atherogenic effects of soy protein and casein. Milchwissenschaft 38:538–541
Mahfouz-Cercone S, Johnson JE, Liepa GU (1984) Effect of dietary animal and vegetable protein on gallstone formation and biliary constituents in the hamster. Lipids 19:5–10
Meeker DR, Kesten HD (1941) Effect of high protein diets on experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits. Arch Path 31:147–162
Sacks FM, Breslow JL, Wood PG, Kass EH (1983) Lack of an effect of dairy protein (casein) and soy protein on plasma cholesterol of strict vegetarians. An experiment and a critical review. J Lipid Res 24:1012–1020
Shorey R, Bazan B, Lo GS, Steinke FH (1981) Determinants of hypocholesterolemic response to soy and animal protein-based diets. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1769–1778
Sirtori CR, Agradi E, Conti F, Montero O, Gatti E (1977) Soy-bean-protein diet in the treatment of type-II hy-perlipoproteinaemia. Lancet 1:275–277
Terpstra AHM, Beynen AC, West CE (1983) De invloed van de soort eiwit in de voeding op de serumcholesterolconcentratie bij mens en dier. Voeding 44:308–313
Van der Meer R, Schöningh R, De Vries H (1985) The phosphorylation state of casein and its differential hypercholesterolemic effect in rabbits and rats. In: Beynen AC, Geelen MJH, Katan MB, Schouten JA (eds) Cholesterol metabolism in health and disease: studies in the Netherlands. Ponsen & Looijen, Wageningen, pp 151–157
Van Raaij JMA, Katan MB, Hautvast JGAJ, Hermus RJJ (1981) Effects of casein versus soy protein diets on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins in young healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1261–1271
Van Raaij JMA, Katan MB, West CE, Hautvast JGAJ (1982) Influence of diets containing casein, soy isolate, and soy concentrate on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins in middle-aged volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 35:925–934
Weinans GJB, Beynen AC (1983) Plasma cholesterol concentrations in mice fed cholesterol-rich, semipurified diets containing casein or soybean protein. Nutr Rep Int 28:1017–1027
West CE, Beynen AC (1985) Milk proteins in contrast to plant proteins: effects on plasma cholesterol. In: Galesloot TE, Tinbergen BJ (eds) Milk proteins’ 84. Pudoc, Wagenin-gen, pp 80–87
West CE, Beynen AC, Terpstra AHM, Scholz KE, Carroll KK, Woodward CJH (1983) The nature of dietary protein and serum cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 46:253–256
Wigand G (1959) Production of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits by feeding different fats without supplementary cholesterol. Acta Med Scand 166 (Suppl 351):pp 1–91
Wolfe BM, Giovanetti PM, Cheng DCH, Roberts DCK, Carroll KK (1981) Hypolipidemic effect of substituting soybean protein isolate for all meat and dairy protein in the diets of hypercholesterolemic men. Nutr Rep Int 24:1187–1198
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 J. F. Bergmann Verlag, München
About this paper
Cite this paper
West, C.E., Beynen, A.C. (1988). Are There Atherogenic Dietary Proteins?. In: Barth, C.A., Fürst, P. (eds) Wahl der Nahrungsproteine—Grundlagen und Diätetik. J.F. Bergmann-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80522-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80522-6_2
Publisher Name: J.F. Bergmann-Verlag
Print ISBN: 978-3-8070-0377-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80522-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive