Abstract
Src homology regions (SH) are recognized as a conserved sequence among non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), including v-Src, v-Abl, and v-Fps (Sadowski et al. 1986). Besides the kinase domain (termed SH1), SH comprises two independent modular units, SH2 and SH3, and has been found in a variety of proteins that quite often contain both SH2 and SH3 domains (Cohen et al. 1995; Pawson 1995). These proteins can be categorized broadly into two, groups: (1) molecules that themselves have enzymatic activity, such as phospholipase Cγ, Src family tyrosine kinases and ras GTPase-activating protein(GAP); and (2) proteins that lack a catalytic domain but contain only the SH domains and other signaling modules, such as Nek, c-Crk, She and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase 85-kDa subunit (PI3 K p85). Members of the latter group are often referred to as “adaptors.” The interaction between SH2 domains and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins is important in the assembly of signal transduction complexes. On the other hand, SH3 domains recognize proline-rich sequences, thereby signaling downstream targets. Adaptors containing SH2 and SH3 domains form signaling machines in themselves. Grb2/Ash is one such adaptor. This molecule has already been established to be important in the intracellular signal transduction system, as reviewed by Downward (1994) and Chardin et al. (1995), but many laboratories are still accumulating evidence for its pivotal and indispensable roles in a variety of cell regulatory processes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aizawa H, Sutoh K, Yahara I (1996) Overexpression of cofilin stimulates bundling of actin filaments, membrane ruffling, and cell movement in Dictyostelium. J Cell Biol 132:335–344
Aroian RV, Koga M, Mendel JE, Ohshima Y, Sternberg PW (1990) The let-23 gene necessary for Caenorhabditis elegans vulval induction encodes a tyrosine kinase of the EGF receptor subfamily. Nature 348:693–699
Batzer AG, Rotin D, Urena JM, Skolnik EY, Schlessinger J (1994) Hierarchy of binding sites for Grb2 and She on the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mol Cell Biol 14:5192–5201
Buday L, Egan SE, Rodriguez VP, Cantrell DA, Downward J (1994) A complex of Grb2 adaptor protein, Sos exchange factor, and a 36-kDa membrane-bound tyrosine phosphoprotein is implicated in ras activation in T cells. J Biol Chem 269:9019–9023
Buday L, Warne PH, Downward J (1995) Downregulation of the Ras activation pathway by MAP kinase phosphorylation of Sos. Oncogene 11:1327–1331
Buday L, Khwaja A, Sipeki S, Farago A, Downward J (1996) Interactions of Cbl with two adapter protein, Grb2 and Crk, upon T cell activation. J Biol Chem 271:6159–6163
Cazaubon SM, Ramos MF, Fischer S, Schweighoffer F, Strosberg AD, Couraud PO (1994) Endothelin induces tyrosine phosphorylation and GRB2 association of She in astrocytes. J Biol Chem 269:24805–24809
Chardin P, Cussac D, Maignan S, Ducruix A (1995) The Grb2 adaptor. FEBS Lett 369:47–51
Chen Y, Grail D, Salcini AE, Pelicci PG, Pouyssegur J, Van O, Schilling E (1996) She adaptor proteins are key transducers of mitogenic signaling mediated by the G protein-coupled thrombin receptor. EMBO J 15:1037–1044
Clark SG, Stern MJ, Horvitz HR (1992) C. elegans cell-signalling gene sem-5 encodes a protein with SH2 and SH3 domains. Nature 356:340–344
Cohen GB, Ren R, Baltimore D (1995) Modular binding domains in signal transduction proteins. Cell 80:237–248
den Hertog J, Hunter T (1996) Tight association of GRB2 with receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase a is mediated by the SH2 and C-terminal SH3 domains. EMBO J 15:3016–3027
Derry JMJ, Ochs HD, Francke U (1944) Isolation of a novel gene mutated in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Cell 78:635–644
Dikic I, Tokiwa G, Lev S, Courtneidge SA, Schlessinger J (1996) A role for Pyk2 and Src in linking G-protein-coupled receptors with MAP kinase activation. Nature 383:547–550
Dong C, Waters SB, Holt KH, Pessin JE (1996) SOS phosphorylation and disassociation of the Grb2-SOS complex by the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 271:6328–6332
Downward J (1994) The GRB2/Sem-5 adaptor protein. FEBS Lett 338:113–117
Egan SE, Giddings BW, Brooks MW, Buday L, Sizeland AM, Weinberg RA (1993) Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation. Nature 363:45–51
Erpel T, Superti FG, Courtneidge SA (1995) Mutational analysis of the Src SH3 domain: the same residues of the ligand binding surface are important for intra- and intermolecular interactions. EMBO J 14:963–975
Fath I, Schweighoffer F, Rey I, Multon MC, Boiziau J, Duchesne M, Tocque B (1994) Cloning of a Grb2 isoform with apoptotic properties. Science 264:971–974
Feng GS, Ouyang YB, Hu DP, Shi ZQ, Gentz R, Ni J (1996) Grap is a novel SH3-SH2-SH3 adaptor protein that couples tyrosine kinases to the Ras pathway. J Biol Chem 271:12129–12132
Feng S, Chen JK, Yu H, Simon JA, Schreiber SL (1994) Two binding orientations for peptides to the Src SH3 domain: development of a general model for SH3-ligand interactions. Science 266:1241–1247
Feng S, Kasahara C, Rickles RJ, Schreiber SL (1995) Specific interactions outside the proline-rich core of two classes of Src homology 3 ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:12408–12415
Gout I, Dhand R, Hiles ID, Fry MJ, Panayotou G, Das P, Truong O, Totty NF, Hsuan J, Booker GW, Campbell ID, Waterfield MD (1993) The GTPase dynamin binds to and is activated by a subset of SH3 domains. Cell 75:25–36
Han M, Sternberg PW (1990) Let-60, a gene that specifies cell fates during C. elegans vulval induction, encodes a ras protein. Cell 63:921–931
Hashimoto Y, Matuoka K, Takenawa T, Muroya K, Hattori S, Nakamura S (1994) Different interactions of Grb2/Ash molecule with the NGF and EGF receptors in rat pheochromocytoma PC 12 cells. Oncogene 9:869–875
Herskovits JS, Shpetner HS, Burgess CC, Vallee RB (1993) Microtubules and Src homology 3 domains stimulate the dynamin GTPase via its C-terminal domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:11468–11472
Holgado-Madruga MM, Emlet DR, Moscatello DK, Godwin AK, Wong AJ (1996) A Grb2-associated docking protein in EGF- and insulin-receptor signalling. Nature 379:560–564
Holt KH, Kasson BG, Pessin JE (1996a) Insulin stimulation of a MEK-dependent but ERK-independent SOS protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 16:577–583
Holt KH, Waters SB, Okada S, Yamauchi K, Decker SJ, Saltiel AR, Motto DG, Koretzky GA, Pessin JE (1996b) Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting prevents uncoupling of the Grb2-SOS complex. J Biol Chem 271:8300–8306
Horvitz HR, Sternberg PW (1991) Multiple intercellular signalling systems control the development of the Caenorhabditis elegans vulva. Nature 351:535–541
Hu Y, Bowtell DD (1996) Sosl rapidly associates with Grb2 and is hypophosphorylated when complexed with the EGF receptor after EGF stimulation. Oncogene 12:1865–1872
Ito T, Miura K, Miki H, Takenawa T (1996) β-Tubulin binds Src homology 2 domains through a region different from the tyrosine-phosphorylated protein-recognizing site. J Biol Chem 271:27931–27935
Jabril-Cuenod CB, Zhang C, Scharenberg AM, Paolini R, Numerof R, Beaven MA, Kinet JP (1996) Syk-dependent phosphorylation of She A potential link between FcsRI and the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway through SOS and Grb2. J Biol Chem 271:16268–16272
Janes PW, Daly RJ, deFazio A, Sutherland RL (1994) Activation of the Ras signalling pathway in human breast cancer cells overexpressing erbB-2. Oncogene 9:3601–3608
Jucker M, Feldman RA (1996) Novel adapter proteins that link the human GM-CSF receptor to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Shc/Grb2/ras signaling pathways. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 211:67–75
Kapeller R, Chakrabarti R, Cantley L, Fay F, Corvera S (1993) Internalization of activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-phosphatidylinositol-3’ kinase complexes: potential interactions with the microtubule cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Biol 13:6052–6063
Kapeller R, Toker A, Cantley LC, Carpenter CL (1995) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase binds constitutively to alpha/beta-tubulin and binds to gamma-tubulin in response to insulin. J Biol Chem 270:25985–25991
Klint P, Kanda S, Claesson WL (1995) She and a novel 89-kDa component couple to the Grb2-Sos complex in fibroblast growth factor-2-stimulated cells. J Biol Chem 270:23337–23344
Kozma R, Ahmed S, Best A, Lim L (1995) The Ras-related protein Cdc42Hs and bradykinin promote formation of peripheral actin microspikes and filopodia in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol; 15:1942–1952
Kumar G, Wang S, Gupta S, Nel A (1995) The membrane immunoglobulin receptor utilizes a Shc/Grb2/hSOS complex for activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in a B-cell line. Biochem J 307:215–223
Kwan S-P, Hagemann TL, Radtke BE, Blease RM, Rosen FS (1995) Identification of mutations in the I Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene and characterization of a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat at DXS6940, adjacent to the disease gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4706–4710
Lee CH, Leung B, Lemmon MA, Zheng J, Cowburn D, Kuriyan J, Saksela K (1995) A single amino acid in the SH3 domain of Hck determines its high affinity and specificity in binding to HIV-1 Nef protein. EMBO J 14:5006–5015
Lev S, Moreno H, Martinez R, Canoll P, Peles E, Musacchio JM, Plowman GD, Rudy B, Schlessinger J (1995) Protein tyrosine kinase PYK2 involved in Ca(2 +)-induced regulation of ion channel and MAP kinase functions. Nature 376:737–745
Li W, Nishimura R, Kashishian A, Batzer AG, Kim WJ, Cooper JA, Schlessinger J (1994) A new ! function for a phosphotyrosine phosphatase: linking GRB2-Sos to a receptor tyrosine kinase. Mol Cell Biol 14:509–517
Lim WA, Richards FM, Fox RO (1994) Structural determinants of peptide-binding orientation and of sequence specificity in SH3 domains. Nature 372:375–379
Liu X, Vega QC, Decker RA, Pandey A, Worby CA, Dixon JE (1996) Oncogenic RET receptors display different autophosphorylation sites and substrate binding specificities. J Biol Chem 271:5309–5312
Lowenstein EJ, Daly RJ, Batzer AG, Li W, Margolis B, Lammers R, Ullrich A, Skolnik EY, Bar SD, Schlessinger J (1992) The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell 70:431–442
Maignan S, Guilloteau JP, Fromage N, Arnoux B, Becquart J, Ducruix A (1995) Crystal structure of the mammalian Grb2 adaptor. Science 268:291–293
Marengere LE, Songyang Z, Gish GD, Schaller MD, Parsons JT, Stern MJ, Cantley LC, Pawson T (1994) SH2 domain specificity and activity modified by a single residue. Nature 369:502–505
Marshall MS (1995) Ras target proteins in eukaryotic cells. FASEB J 9:1311–1318
Matuoka K, Shibata M, Yamakawa A, Takenawa T (1992) Cloning of ASH, a ubiquitous protein composed of one Src homology region (SH) 2 and two SH3 domains, from human and rat cDNA libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:9015–9019
Matuoka K, Shibasaki F, Shibata M, Takenawa T (1993) Ash/Grb-2, a SH2/SH3-containing protein, couples to signaling for mitogenesis and cytoskeletal reorganization by EGF and PDGF. EMBO J 12:3467–3473
Mayer BJ, Eck MJ (1995) SH3 domains Minding your p’s and q’s. Curr Biol 5:364–367
McPherson PS, Czernik AJ, Chilcote TJ, Onofri F, Benfenati F, Greengard P, Schlessinger J, Camilli PD (1994a) Interaction of Grb2 via its Src homology 3 domains with synaptic proteins including synapsin I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:6486–6490
McPherson PS, Takei K, Schmid SL, Camilli PD (1994b) pi45, a major Grb2-binding protein in brain, is co-localized with dynamin in nerve terminals where it undergoes activity-dependent dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 269:30132–30139
McPherson PS, Garcia EP, Slepnev VI, David C, Zhang X, Grabs D, Sossin WS, Bauerfeind R, Nemoto Y, De Camilli P (1996) A presynaptic inositol-5-phosphatase. Nature 379:353–357
Miki H, Miura K, Matuoka K, Nakata T, Hirokawa N, Orita S, Kaibuchi K, Takai Y, Takenawa T (1994) Association of Ash/Grb-2 with dynamin through the Src homology 3 domain. J Biol Chem 269:5489–5492
Miki H, Miura K, Takenawa T (1996) N-WASP, a novel actin-depolymerizing protein, regulates the cortical cytoskeletal rearrangement in a PIP2-dependent manner downstream of tyrosine kinases. EMBO J 15:5326–5335
Miki H, Nonoyama S, Zhu Q, Aruffo A, Ochs HD, Takenawa T (1997) A tyrosine kinase signalling regulates WASP function, which is essential for megakaryocyte differentiation. Cell Growth Differ 8: 195–202
Miura K, Miki H, Shimazaki K, Kawai N, Takenawa T (1996) Interaction of Ash/Grb2 via its SH3 domains with neuron-specific pi50 and p65. Biochem J 316:639–645
Mohammadi M, Dikic I, Sorokin A, Burgess WH, Jaye M, Sehlessinger J (1996) Identification of six novel autophosphorylation sites on fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and elucidation of their importance in receptor activation and signal transduction. Mol Cell Biol 16:977–989
Mohammadi M, Dikic I, Sorokin A, Burgess WH, Jaye M, Sehlessinger J (1996) Identification of six novel autophosphorylation sites on fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and elucidation of their importance in receptor activation and signal transduction. Mol Cell Biol 16:977–989
Nobes CD, Hall A (1995) Rho, rac, and cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia. Cell 81:53–62
O’Bryan JP, Songyang Z, Cantley L, Der CJ, Pawson T (1996) A mammalian adaptor protein with conserved Src homology 2 and phosphotyrosine-binding domains is related to She and is specifically expressed in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2729–2734
Ohmichi M, Matuoka K, Takenawa T, Saltiel AR (1994) Growth factors differentially stimulate the phosphorylation of She proteins and their association with Grb2 in PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. J Biol Chem 269:1143–1148
Okutani T, Okabayashi Y, Kido Y, Sugimoto Y, Sakaguchi K, Matuoka K, Takenawa T, Kasuga M (1994) Grb2/Ash binds directly to tyrosines 1068 and 1086 and indirectly to tyrosine 1148 of activated human epidermal growth factor receptors in intact cells. J Biol Chem 269:31310–31314
Olivier JP, Raabe T, Henkemeyer M, Dickson B, Mbamalu G, Margolis B, Sehlessinger J, Hafen E, Pawson T (1993) A Drosophila SH2-SH3 adaptor protein implicated in coupling the sevenless tyrosine kinase to an activator of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange, Sos. Cell 73:179–191
Park RK, Liu Y, Durden DL (1996) A role for She, Grb2, and Raf-1 in FcyRI signal relay. J Biol Chem 271:13342–13348
Pawson T (1995) Protein modules and signalling networks. Nature 373:573–580
Pelicci G, Lanfrancone L, Grignani F, McGlade J, Cavallo F, Forni G, Nicoletti I, Grignani F, Pawson T, Pelicci PG (1992) A novel transforming protein (SHC) with an SH2 domain is implicated in mitogenic signal transduction. Cell 70:93–104
Pelicci G, Giordano S, Zhen Z, Salcini AE, Lanfrancone L, Bardelli A, Panayotou G, Waterfield MD, Ponzetto C, Pelicci PG (1995) The motogenic and mitogenic responses to HGF are amplified by the She adaptor protein. Oncogene 10:1631–1638
Pendergast AM, Quilliam LA, Cripe LD, Bassing CH, Dai Z, Li N, Batzer A, Rabun KM, Der CJ, Sehlessinger J (1993) BCR-ABL-induced oncogenesis is mediated by direct interaction with the SH2 domain of the GRB-2 adaptor protein. Cell 75:175–185
Porfiri E, McCormick F (1996) Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling by phosphorylation of the ras exchange factor hSOSl. J Biol Chem 271:5871–5877
Rahuel J, Gay B, Erdmann D, Strauss A, Garcia-Echeverria C, Furet P, Caravatti G, Fretz H, Schoepfer J, Grutter MG (1996) Structural basis for specificity of Grb2-SH2 revealed by a novel ligand binding mode. Nat Struct Biol 3:586–589
Ravichandran KS, Lee KK, Songyang Z, Cantley LC, Burn P, Burakoff SJ (1993) Interaction of She with the zeta chain of the T cell receptor upon T cell activation. Science 262:902–905
Ravichandran KS, Lorenz U, Shoelson SE, Burakoff SJ (1995) Interaction of She with Grb2 regulates association of Grb2 with mSOS. Mol Cell Biol 15:593–600
Ridley AJ, Paterson HF, Johnston CL, Diekman D, Hall A (1992) The small GTP-binding protein rac regulates growth factor-induced membrane ruffling. Cell 70:401–410
Rivero-Lezcano OM, Marcilla A, Sameshima JH, Robbins KC (1995) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein physically associated with Nek through Src homology 3 domains. Mol Cell Biol 15:5725–5731
Rojas JM, Coque JJ, Guerrero C, Aroca P, de Mora JF, de la Cruz X, Lorenzi MV, Esteban LM, Santos E (1996) A 15 amino acid stretch close to the Grb2-binding domain defines two differentially expressed hSosl isoforms with markedly different Grb2 binding affinity and biological activity. Oncogene 12:2291–2300
Sadoshima J, Izumo S (1996) The heterotrimeric G q protein-coupled angiotensin II receptor activates p21 ras via the tyrosine kinase-Shc-Grb2-Sos pathway in cardiac myocytes. EMBO J 15:775–787
Sadowski I, Stone JC, Pawson T (1986) A noncatalytic domain conserved among cytoplasmic proteintyrosine kinases modifies the kinase function and transforming activity of Fujinami sarcoma virus P130gag-fps. Mol Cell Biol 6:4396–4408
Sastry L, Lin W, Wong WT, Di Fiore PP, Scoppa CA, King CR (1995) Quantitative analysis of Grb2-Sosl interaction: the N-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2 mediates affinity. Oncogene 11:1107–1112
Schlaepfer DD, Hanks SK, Hunter T, van der Geer P (1994) Integrin-mediated signal transduction linked to Ras pathway by GRB2 binding to focal adhesion kinase. Nature 372:786–791
Simon MA, Dodson GS, Rubin GM (1993) An SH3-SH2-SH3 protein is required for p21Rasl activation and binds to sevenless and Sos proteins in vitro. Cell 73:169–177
Skolnik EY, Batzer A, Li N, Lee CH, Lowenstein E, Mohammadi M, Margolis B, Schlessinger J (1993) The function of GRB2 in linking the insulin receptor to Ras signaling pathways. Science 260:1953–1955
Smit L, van der Horst G, Borst J (1996) Formation of Shc/Grb2- and Crk adaptor complexes containing tyrosine phosphorylated Cbl upon stimulation of the B-cell antigen receptor. Oncogene 13:381–389
Songyang Z, Shoelson SE, Chaudhuri M, Gish G, Pawson T, Haser WG, King F, Roberts T, Ratnofsky S, Lechleider RJ, Neel BG, Birge RB, Fajardo JE, Chou MM, Hanafusa H, Schffhausen B, Cantley LC (1993) SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 72:767–778
Songyang Z, Shoelson SE, McGlade J, Olivier P, Pawson T, Bustelo XR, Barbacid M, Sabe H, Hanafusa H, Yi T (1994) Specific motifs recognized by the SH2 domains of Csk, 3BP2, fps/fes, GRB-2, HCP, SHC, Syk, and Vav. Mol Cell Biol 14:2777–2785
Sparks AB, Rider JE, Hoffman NG, Fowlkes DM, Quillam LA, Kay BK (1996) Distinct ligand preferences of Src homology 3 domains from Src, Yes, Abl, Cortactin, p53bp2, PLCy, Crk, and Grb2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1540–1544
Suen KL, Bustelo XR, Pawson T, Barbacid M (1993) Molecular cloning of the mouse grb2 gene: differential interaction of the Grb2 adaptor protein with epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor receptors. Mol Cell Biol 13:5500–5512
Sun XJ, Wang LM, Zhang Y, Yenush L, Myers MJ, Glasheen E, Lane WS, Pierce JH, White MF (1995) Role of IRS-2 in insulin and cytokine signalling. Nature 377:173–177
Symons M, Derry JMJ, Karlak B, Jiang S, Lemahieu V, McCormick F, Francke U, Abo A (1996) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, a novel effector for the GTPase CDC42Hs, is implicated in actin polymerization. Cell 84:723–734
Tauchi T, Feng GS, Marshall MS, Shen R, Mantel C, Pawson T, Broxmeyer HE (1994) The ubiquitously expressed Syp phosphatase interacts with c-kit and Grb2 in hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 269:25206–25211
Tauchi T, Damen JE, Toyama K, Feng GS, Broxmeyer HE, Krystal G (1996) Tyrosine 425 within the activated erythropoietin receptor binds Syp, reduces the erythropoietin required for Syp tyrosine phosphorylation, and promotes mitogenesis. Blood 87:4495–4501
Tobe K, Tamemoto H, Yamauchi T, Aizawa S, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T (1995) Identification of a 190-kDa protein as a novel substrate for the insulin receptor kinase functionally similar to insulin receptor substrate-1. J Biol Chem 270:5698–5701
VanderKuur J, Allevato G, Billestrup N, Norstedt G, Carter SC (1995) Growth hormone-promoted tyrosyl phosphorylation of SHC proteins and SHC association with Grb2. J Biol Chem 270: 7587–7593
Wasenius VM, Merilainen J, Lehto VP (1993) Sequence of a chicken cDNA encoding a GRB2 protein. Gene 134:299–300
Watanabe K, Fukuchi T, Hosoya H, Shirasawa T, Matuoka K, Miki H, Takenawa T (1995) Splicing isoforms of rat Ash/Grb2 Isolation and characterization of the cDNA and genomic DNA clones and implications for the physiological roles of the isoforms. J Biol Chem 270:13733–13739
Waters SB, Chen D, Kao AW, Okada S, Holt KH, Pessin JE (1996) Insulin and epidermal growth factor receptors regulate distinct pools of Grb2-SOS in the control of Ras activation. J Biol Chem 271:18224–18230
Yang SS, Van AL, Bar SD (1995) Differential interactions of human Sosl and Sos2 with Grb2. J Biol Chem 270:18212–18215
Yu H, Chen JK, Feng S, Dalgarno DC, Brauer AW, Schreiber SL (1994) Structural basis for the binding of proline-rich peptides to SH3 domains. Cell 76:933–945
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Takenawa, T., Miki, H., Matuoka, K. (1998). Signaling Through Grb2/Ash-Control of the Ras Pathway and Cytoskeleton. In: Pawson, A.J. (eds) Protein Modules in Signal Transduction. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 228. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80481-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80481-6_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-80483-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80481-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive