Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Strategies for Immunomodulation and Evasion by Microbes: Important Consideration in the Development of Live Vaccines

  • Conference paper
Symposium in Immunology VII

  • 50 Accesses

Abstract

In an interaction between a microorganism and its host, the defense of the host does not go unchallenged (Kotwal et al. 1990b). Quite often there is a successful infection of the host, varying in duration, based primarily on what the microbe is naturally destined to accomplish in a given host. Some rapidly replicating microbes have to evade the primary defenses of the host and find another host prior to the development of specific secondary immune response, whereas the most successful parasites are those that can persist throughout the lifetime of the host.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams G, Kuntz S, Rabalais G, Bratcher D, Tamburro CH, Kotwal GJ (1997) Natural recovery from acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by agammaglobulinemic twin children: HCV disease progression in the absence of antibody. Pediatr Infect Dis J (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed R, Morrison LA, Knipe DM (1996) Persistence of viruses. In: Fields BN, Howley PM, Knipe DM (eds) Fundamental virology. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, p 207–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Alcami A, Smith GL (1992) A soluble receptor for interleukin-iB encoded by vaccinia virus: a novel mechanism of virus modulation of the host response to infection. Cell 71:153–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alcami A, Smith GL (1995) Cytokine receptors encoded by poxviruses: a lesson in cytokine biology. Immunol Today 16:474–478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alkhatrib G, Broder CC, Berger EA (1996a) Cell type-specific fusion cofactors determine human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tropism for T-cell lines versus primary macrophages. J Virol 70:5487–5494

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkhatrib G, Combadiere C, Broder CC, Feng Y, Kennedy PE, Murphy PM, Berger EA (1996b) CC CKR5: A RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 272:1955–1958

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks TA, Rouse BT (1992) Herpesviruses — immune escape artists? Clin Infect Dis 14:933–941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird P, Blacklaws B, Reyburn HT, Allen D, Hopkins J, Sargan D, McConnell I (1993) Early events in immune evasion by the lentivirus maedi-visna occurring within infected lymphoid tissue. J Virol 67:5187–5197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biron CA (1994) Cytokines in the generation of immune responses to, and resolution of, virus infection. Curr Opin Immunol 6:530–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borst P, Cross GAM (1982) Molecular basis for trypanosome antigenic variation. Cell 29:291–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brutkiewicz RR, Welsh RM (1995) Major histocompatibility complex class I antigens and the control of viral infections by natural killer cells. J Virol 69:3967–3971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buller RML, Chakrabarti S, Moss B, Fredrickson TN (1988) Cell proliferative response to vaccinia virus is mediated by VGF. Virology 164:182–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catmull J, Zhang D, Ruggiero F, Copeman DB, Miller DJ (1994) Identification and characterisation of a novel repetitive antigen from Onchocerca spp. Mol Biochem Parasitol 63:49–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colamonici OR, Domanski P, Sweitzer SM, Larner A, Buller RML (1995) Vaccinia virus B18R gene encodes a type I interferon-binding protein that blocks interferon alpha transmembrane signalling. J Biol Chem 270:15974–15978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Congia M, demente MG, Dessi C, Cucca F, Mazzoleni AP, Frau F, Lampis R, Cao A, Lai ME, Virgilis SD (1996) HLA class II genes in chronic hepatitis C virus - infection and associated immunological disorders. Hepatology 24:1338–1341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorig RE, Marcil A, Chopra A, Richardson CD (1993) The human CD46 molecule is a receptor for measles virus (Edmonston strain). Cell 75:295–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eze MO (1991) Avoidance, and inactivation of reactive oxygen species: novel microbial immune evasion strategies. Med Hypotheses 25234:255252–255255

    Google Scholar 

  • Felstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felstein J (1988) Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. Annu Rev Genet 22:521–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng DF, Doolittle RF (1987) Progressive sequence alignment as a prerequisite to correct phylogenetic trees. J Mol Evol 25:351–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA (1996) HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science 272:872–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch WM, Margoliash E (1967) Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155:279–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fruh K, Ahn K, Djaballah H, Sempe P, van Endert PM, Tampe R, Peterson PA, Yang Y (1995) A viral inhibitor of peptide transporters for antigen presentation. Nature 375:415–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Germain RN (1995) MHC-associated antigen processing, presentation, and recognition. Adolescence, maturity and beyond. Immunologist 3:185–190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill A, Jugovic P, York I, Russ G, Bennink J, Yewdell J, Ploegh H, Johnson D (1995) Herpes simplex virus turns off the TAP to evade host immunity. Nature 375:411- 415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs SN, Kotwal GJ, Moss B (1992) Vaccinia virus complement control protein prevents antibody-dependent complement-enhanced neutralization of infectivity and contributes to virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:628–632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaraman S, Martin CA, Dorf ME (1990) Enhancement of in vivo cell-mediated immune responses by three distinct cytokines. J Immunol 144:942–951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ (1994) Purification of virokines using ultrafiltration. Am Biotech Lab 12:76–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ (1996) The great escape: immune evasion by pathogens. Immunologist 4/5:157–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ, Moss B (1988a) Vaccinia virus encodes a secretory polypeptide structurally related to complement control proteins. Nature 335:176–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ, Moss B (1988b) Analysis of a large cluster of nonessential genes deleted from a vaccinia virus terminal transposition mutant. Virology 167:524–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ, Moss B (1989) Vaccinia virus encodes two proteins that are structurally related to members of the plasma serine protease inhibitor superfamily. J Virol 63:600–696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ, Hugin AW, Moss B (1989) Mapping and insertional mutagenesis of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a 13,800-Da secreted protein. Virology 282:688–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ, Isaacs SN, McKenzie R, Frank MM, Moss B (1990a) Inhibition of the complement cascade by the major secretory protein of vaccinia virus. Science 250:827–830

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ, McKenzie R, Isaacs SN, Hugin AW, Frank MM, Moss B (1990b) Viral encoded molecules for evasion of host defense mechanisms. In: Marchalonis JJ, Reinisch CL (eds) Defense molecules. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 149–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal GJ, Blasco R, Isaacs SN, Moss B (1991) Serine protease inhibitors encoded by vaccinia virus inhibit tissue plasminogen activator activity. Proc 3rd Int Workshop on Molecular and Cell Biology of Plasminogen Activation. Elsinore, Denmark, 8–10 May 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisner A, Alvarez J, Liszewski MK, Atkinson DJ, Atkinson JP, Herrler G (1996) The N-glycan of the SCR 2 region is essential for membrane cofactor protein (CD46) to function as a measles virus receptor. J Virol 70:4973–4977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden G, Graham K, Ellison K, Barry M, Macen J, Schreiber M, Mossman K, Nash P, Lalani A, Everett H (1995) Interruption of cytokine networks by poxviruses: lessons from myxoma virus. J Leukoc Biol 57:731–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie R, Kotwal GJ, Moss B, Hammer CH, Frank MM (1992) Regulation of complement activity by vaccinia virus complement-control protein. J Infect Dis 166:1245–1250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meeusen E, Lee CS, Rickard MD, Brandon MR (1995) Cellular response during liver fluke infection in sheep and its evasion by the parasite. Parasite Immunol 17:37–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendis KN, David PH, Carter R (1991) Antigenic polymorphism in malaria: is it an important mechanism for immune evasion? Immunol Today 12:34–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller CG, Justus DE, Jayaraman S, Kotwal GJ (1995) Severe and prolonged inflammatory reponse to localized cowpox virus infection in footpads of C5-deficient mice: investigation of the role of host complement in poxvirus pathogenesis. Cell Immunol 162:326–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller CG, Shchelkunov SN, Kotwal GJ (1997) The cowpox virus homolog of the vaccinia virus complement control protein is an inflammation modulatory protein (IMP). Virology 229:126–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore PS, Boshoff C, Weiss RA, Chang Y (1996) Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science 274:1739–1744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss B (1996) Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Fields BN, Howley PM, Knipe DM (eds) Fundamental virology. Lipincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1163–1197

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss B, Elroy-Stein O, Mizukami T, Alexander WA, Fuerst TR (1990) New mammalian expression vectors. Nature 348:91–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy PM (1994) Viral imitations of host defense proteins: flattery that turns to battery. JAMA 271:1948–1952

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oldstone MBA (1987) Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. Cell 50:819–820

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson WR, Lipman DJ (1988) Improved tools for biological sequence comparison. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 85 (8): 2444–2448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickup DJ, Ink BS, Hu W, Ray CA, Joklik WK (1986) Hemorrhage in lesions caused by cowpox virus is induced by a viral protein that is related to plasma protein inhibitors of serine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 83:7698–7702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radolf JD (1994) Role of outer membrane architecture in immune evasion by Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi. Trends Microbiol 2:307–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray CA, Black RA, Kronheim SR, Greenstreet TA, Sleath PR, Salvesen GS, Pickup DJ (1992) Viral inhibition of inflammation: cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-ib converting enzyme. Cell 69:597–694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid KBM (1995) The complement system: a major effector mechanism in humoral immunity. Immunologist 3:206–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosengard AM, Turka LA, Korb LC, Baldwin WM, SanFillipo F, Ahearn JM (1996) Functional comparison of vaccinia virus complement-control protein and human CR1. Mol Immunol 33:67

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu A, Isaacs SN, Lambris JD (1996) Modulation of complement by recombinant vaccinia virus complement control protein. Mol Immunol 33:61

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler C, Darnell JE (1995) Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway. Annu Rev Biochem 64:621–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senkevich TG, Bugert JJ, Sisler JR, Koonin EV, Darai G, Moss B (1996) Genome sequence of a human tumorigenic poxvirus: prediction of specific host responseevasion genes. Science 273:813–816

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spriggs MK, Hruby DE, Maliszewski CR, Sims JE, Buller RML, VanSlyke J (1992) Vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode a novel secreted interleukin-i-binding protein. Cell 71:145–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spriggs MK, Armitage RJ, Comeau MR, Strockbine L, Farrah T, McDuf B, Ulrich D, Alderson MR, Mullberg J, Cohen JI (1996) The extracellular domain of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF2 protein binds the HLA-DR b chain and inhibits antigen presentation. J Virol 70:5557–5563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenssen CB, Welter J, Thaker SR, Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E (1997) Caninine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets as a model for testing morbillivirus vaccine strategies: NYVAC- and ALVAC-based CDV recombinants protect against symptomatic infection. J Virol 71:1506–1513

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutter G, Moss B (1992) Nonreplicating vaccinia vector efficiently expresses recombinant genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10847–10851

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Symons JA, Alcami A, Smith GL (1995) Vaccinia virus encodes a soluble type I interferon receptor of novel structure and broad species specificity. Cell 81:551–560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari M, Telford WG, Miller RA, Dixit VM (1995) CrmA, a poxvirus-encoded serpin, inhibits cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 270:22705–22708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Upton C, Macen JL, Schreiber M, McFadden G (1991) Myxoma virus expresses a secreted protein with homology to the tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family that contributes to viral virulence. Virology 184:370–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Upton C, Mossman K, McFadden G (1992) Encoding of a homolog of the IFN-γ receptor by myxoma virus. Science 258:1369–1372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisman HF, Bartow T, Leppo MK, Marsh, HC, Jr., Carson GR, Concino MF, Boyle MP, Roux KH, Weisfeldt ML, Fearon DT (1990) Soluble human complement receptor type 1: in vivo inhibitor of complement suppressing post-ischemic myocardial inflammation and necrosis. Science 249:146–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiertz EJHJ, Jones TR, Sun L, Bogyo M, Geuze HJ, Ploegh HL (1996) The human cytomegalovirus US11 gene product dislocates MHC class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Cell 84:769–777

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL (1995) Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 80:695–705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. J. Kotwal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Blasco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. G. Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. Kuntz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. Jayaraman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. N. Shchelkunov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Immunologie der Universität Wien, Borschkegasse 8 a, 1090, Wien, Austria

    Martha M. Eibl

  2. Abteilung Hämatologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101, Mainz, Germany

    Christoph Huber

  3. Abteilung für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany

    Hans H. Peter

  4. Pädiatrische Pneumologie und Immunologie, Universitäts-Klinikum Rudolf-Virchow Standort Charlottenburg, Heubnerweg 6, 14059, Berlin, Germany

    Ulrich Wahn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Kotwal, G.J., Blasco, R., Miller, C.G., Kuntz, S., Jayaraman, S., Shchelkunov, S.N. (1998). Strategies for Immunomodulation and Evasion by Microbes: Important Consideration in the Development of Live Vaccines. In: Eibl, M.M., Huber, C., Peter, H.H., Wahn, U. (eds) Symposium in Immunology VII. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80466-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80466-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-63360-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80466-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation