Abstract
The bony thoracic cage consists of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic spine, in addition to the humerus, clavicle, and scapula of the shoulder girdle. Also there are many small and one large (discovertebral) articulations in the thorax. These are the sternoclavicular, manubriosternal, and costosternal joints around the sternal manubrium; the acromioclavicular, glenohumeral, and coracoclavicular joints in the shoulder, and the discovertebral, apophyseal, and costovertebral joints in the spine. The thoracic cage may be affected with various disorders, including inflammation, infection, trauma, sports injury, tumors, tumorous conditions, arthritides, and a number of specific entities such as Tiezte’s disease, Freiberg’s disease, condensing osteitis of the clavicle, sterenocostoclavicular hyperostosis, and Paget’s disease.
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Bahk, YW. (1998). Bony Thoracic Cage. In: Nuclear Imaging of the Chest. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80387-1_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80387-1_14
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