Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Human Fat and Their Potential Uptake by Dermal Resorption

  • Conference paper
Book cover Fragrances

  • 301 Accesses

Abstract

Animal fragrances have a long history of application by mankind. Musk is one of the most important and often used fragrances in perfumery. The odorous components in natural musk originate from the musk deer (Moschus moschiferus L.). Because of its thick, oily, jelly-like natural musk, the musk deer is the most desired, although untamed animal of Tibet and Siberia. Both the male and female deer have a musk gland (pod) under the tail; in addition, the adult male also has a pouch on the abdomen. Each musk pod contains about one ounce of liquid. The natural extracts contain macrocyclic ketones, alcohols and pyridine derivatives. Musk deers are still hunted for their musk, but not as much as in the past [1]. Moreover, due to the high cost and uncertainty of supply of natural musk and great expense and complexity involved in the chemical synthesis of the original musk compounds, natural musk has been replaced by synthetic musks with fragrance and other properties similar to those of the natural substances. The phenomenal growth demand for musk has created a world-wide synthetic musk industry. Today almost all of the musks used in cosmetics and fragrance products are synthetic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Barbetta L, Trowbridge T, Eldib IA (1988) Musk aroma chemical industry. Perfum Flavor 13:60–61

    Google Scholar 

  2. Baur A (1891) Studien über den künstlichen Moschus. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 24:2832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Qinghua Z (1993) China’s perfumery industry picks up. Perfum Flavor 18:47–48

    Google Scholar 

  4. Srinivasan SK, Om Reddy G (1993) GC-MS analysis of the nitration products in the preparation of the nitro musk. Indian Perfum 37:344–363

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yamagishi T, Miyazaki T, Horii S, Kaneko S (1981) Identification of musk xylene and musk ketone in freshwater fish collected from the Tama river, Tokyo. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 26:656–662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Yamagishi T, Miyazaki T, Horii S, Akiyama K (1983) Synthetic musk residues in biota and water from Tama river and Tokyo bay (lapan) Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 12:83–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Rimkus G, Wolf M (1993) Rückstände und Verunreinigungen in Fischen aus Aquakultur, 2. Mitteilung: Nachweis von Moschus Xylol und Moschus Keton in Fischen. Dtsch Lebensm Rundsch 89:71–175

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rimkus GG, Wolf M (1995) Nitro musk fragrances in biota from freshwater and marine environment. Chemosphere 30:641–651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rimkus GG, Butte W, Geyer HI (1997) Critical considerations on the analysis and bioaccumulation of musk xylene and other synthetic nitro musks in fish. Chemosphere (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Rimkus G, Wolf M (1993) Nachweis von Nitromoschusverbindungen in Frauenmilch und Humanfett. Dtsch Lebensm Rundsch 89:103–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rimkus G, Rimkus B, Wolf M (1994) Nitro musks in human adipose tissue and breast milk. Chemosphere 28:421–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rimkus GG (1995) Comments on the extraction of fat from human milk for analysis of contaminants. Answer to the letter to the editor from Prof. Dr. R. G. lensen. Chemosphere 31:4200–4202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Eschke HD, Traud I, Dibowski HI (1994) Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen polycyclischer Moschus-Duftstoffe in verschiedenen Umweltkompartimenten — Nachweis und Analytik mit GC/MS in Oberflächen-, Abwässern und Fischen (1. Mitteilung). UWSF-Z Umweltchem Ökotox 6:183–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Eschke HD, Dibowski HJ, Traud J (1995) Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen polycyclischer Moschus-Duftstoffe in verschiedenen Umweltkompartimenten. 2. Mitteilung: Befunde in Oberflächen-, Abwässern und Fischen sowie in Waschmitteln und Kosmetika. UWSF-Z Umweltchem Ökotox 7:131–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Eschke HD, Dibowski HJ, Traud J (1995) Nachweis und Quantifizierung von polycyclischen Moschus-Duftstoffen mittels Ion-Trap GC/MS/MS in Humanfett und Muttermilch. Dtsch Lebensm Rundsch 91:375–379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rimkus GG, Wolf M (1996) Polycyclic musk fragrances in human adipose tissue and human milk. Chemosphere 33:2033–2043

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Müller S, Schmid P, Schlatter C (1996) Occurrence of nitro and non-nitro benzenoid musk compounds in human adipose tissue. Chemosphere 33:17–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Liebl B, Ehrenstorfer S (1993) Nitro musks in human milk. Chemosphere 27: 2253–2260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hahn J (1993) Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Moschus-Xylol in Fischen. Dtsch Lebensm Rdsch 89:175–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kypke-Hutter K (1993) Schadstoffgehalte in Humanmilch aus Süddeutschland — Ursachen, Trends, Bewertung. In: Schlumpf M, Lichtensteiger W (eds) Kind und Umwelt — Humanmilch — Daten zur Belastung mit PCB, Dioxinen, Pestiziden und MoschusXylol, vol 2. pp 49–72

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ott M, Failing K, Georgii S, Brunn H (1997) Chlorinated pesticides and PCB congeners in human milk in Middle Hesse, Germany from 1984/85,1990/91,1995 and current contamination with nitro musks. Chemosphere (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Meier W, Sedlacek H (1993) Organochlorpestizide und PCB in Humanmilch — Analytik und Resultate 1992. In: Schlumpf M, Lichtensteiger W (eds) Kind und Umwelt — Humanmilch — Daten zur Belastung mit PCB, Dioxinen, Pestiziden und Moschus-Xylol, vol 2. pp 25–47

    Google Scholar 

  23. Helbling KS, Schmid P, Schlatter C (1994) The trace analysis of musk xylene in biological samples: problems associated with its ubiquitous occurrence. Chemosphere 29:477–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Angerer J, Käfferlein HU (1997) A GC/ECD method for the determination of musk xylene in human blood samples — biological monitoring of the general population. J Chromatogr B 693:71–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Rimkus G, Brunn H (1996) Synthetische Moschusduftstoffe — Anwendung, Anreicherung in der Umwelt und Toxikologie. Teil 1: Herstellung, Anwendung, Vorkommen in Lebensmitteln, Aufnahme durch den Menschen. Ernaehr Umschau 43:442–449

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kokot-Helbling K, Schmid P, Schlatter C (1995) Die Belastung des Menschen mit Moschus-Xylol — Aufnahmewege, Pharmakokinetik und toxikologische Bedeutung. Mitt Geb Lebensm Hyg 86:1–13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ford RA, Api AM, Newberne PM (1990) 90-Day dermal toxicity study and neurotoxicity evaluation of nitromusks in the albino rat. Food Chem Toxicol 28:55–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Brunn H, Rimkus G (1997) Synthetische Moschusduftstoffe — Anwendung, Anreicherung in der Umwelt und Toxikologie. Teil 2: Toxikologie der synthetischen Moschusduftstoffe und Schlußfolgerungen. Ernaehr Umschau 44:4–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Spencer PS, Bischoff-Fenton MC, Moreno OM, Opdyke DL, Ford RA (1984) Neurotoxic properties of musk ambrette. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 75:571–575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hood HL, Wicket RR, Bronaugh RL (1996) In vitro percutaneous absorption of the fragrance ingredient musk xylol. Food Chem Toxicol 34:483–488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Spencer PS, Sterman AB, Horoupian DS, Foulds MM (1979) Neurotoxic fragrance produces ceroid and myelin disease. Science 204:633

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hany J, Nagel R (1995) Nachweis von UV-Filtersubstanzen in Muttermilch. Dtsch Lebensm Rundsch 91:341–345

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Richtlinie 95/34/EG der Kommission vom 10. Juli 1995 zur Anpassung der Anhänge II, III, VI und VII der Richtlinie 76/768/EWG des Rates zur Angleichung der Rechtsvorschriften der Mitgliedstaaten über kosmetische Mittel an den technischen Fortschritt, ABl L 167:19–21

    Google Scholar 

  34. Liebl B, Ehrenstorfer S (1993) Nitromoschusverbindungen in der Frauenmilch. Gesund Wes 55:527–532

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ippen H (1994) Nitromoschus, Teil I. Bundesgesundhbl 37:255–260

    Google Scholar 

  36. Schlatter J, Hunyady G (1993) Moschus-Xylol in Lebensmitteln und Kosmetika. Bull BAG 30:546–549

    Google Scholar 

  37. Geyer HJ, Rimkus G, Wolf M, Attar A, Steinberg C, Kettrup A (1994) Synthetische Moschus-Duftstoffe und Bromocyclen — Neue Umweltchemikalien in Fischen und Muscheln bzw. Muttermilch und Humanfett. UWSF-Z Umweltchem Ökotox 6:9–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans (1996) Printing processes and printing inks, carbon black and some nitro compounds. 65:477–497

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. G. Rimkus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Städtische Kliniken Dortmund, Hautklinik and Department of Dermatology, University of Witten/Herdecke, Beurhausstraße 40, D-44137, Dortmund, Germany

    Peter J. Frosch

  2. Gentofte Hospital, Department of Dermatology, University of Copenhagen, Niels Andersen Vej 65, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark

    Jeanne Duus Johansen

  3. St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SEI 7EH, London, England

    Ian R. White

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Rimkus, G.G. (1998). Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Human Fat and Their Potential Uptake by Dermal Resorption. In: Frosch, P.J., Johansen, J.D., White, I.R. (eds) Fragrances. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80340-6_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80340-6_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-80342-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80340-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation