Zusammenfassung
Zum Darmimmunsystem gehören Lymphozyten in den Peyer-Platten (PP), in der Lamina propria und im Epithel der Schleimhaut. Die Wanderung dieser großen Zellpopulationen wird durch unterschiedliche Mechanismen reguliert.
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• In die PP können die Lymphozyten über Venulen mit hohem Endothel einwandern. Dieser Prozeß wird durch Adhäsionsmoleküle reguliert. Es kommt zwischen den Lymphozyten und dem Endothel zu einer Folge von verschiedenen Reaktionen, die zuerst den Lymphozyten aktivieren. Danach adhäriert die Zelle am Endothel und migriert in das lymphatische Gewebe. Für die Auswanderung der Lymphozyten über die Lymphgefäße sind bisher keine genaueren Mechanismen wie z.B. Adhäsionsmoleküle beschrieben worden.
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• Lymphozyten wandern ständig in die Lamina propria der Schleimhaut ein, bisher ist es trotz der großen Zahl gut charakterisierter Adhäsionsmoleküle fraglich, in welchem Umfang an dieser Migration Adhäsionsmoleküle der verschiedenen Gruppen beteiligt sind.
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• Eine Einwanderung von Lymphozyten in das Epithel der Schleimhaut ist seltener als in die Lamina propria. Trotzdem ist davon auszugehen, daß auch in dieses Kompartiment Lymphozyten einwandern, denn bei Neugeborenen findet man dort kaum lymphatische Zellen und die Anzahl intraepithelialer Lymphozyten steigt mit dem Alter um ungefähr das 10fache an. Dieser Anstieg beruht wahrscheinlich auf Proliferation der Lymphozyten im Epithel und auf der Einwanderung.
Für das Verständnis der Lymphozytenmigration im Darmimmunsystem ist es notwendig, daß einerseits die molekularen Grundlagen der Interaktion der Adhäsionsmoleküle weiter untersucht werden. Die unterschiedliche Expression dieser Moleküle auf den Endothelzellen und den Lymphozyten im gesunden und im entzündlich veränderten Darm ist in Zukunft möglicherweise ein wichtiger Hinweis auf den Verlauf einer Darmerkrankung. Dabei müssen weitere Untersuchungen auch die Migrationsvorgänge in den Blutgefäßen der Lamina propria berücksichtigen. Neben der Analyse der Adhäsionsmoleküle, die an Biopsiematerial vom Menschen durchgeführt werden kann, ist es notwendig, im Tierexperiment das Ausmaß der Lymphozytenwanderung weiter zu analysieren und Möglichkeiten herauszufinden, die Wanderung in vivo zu beeinflussen. Durch eine gezielte Stimulation der Zellmigration könnten möglicherweise effektivere Methoden zur oralen Immunisierung gegen verschiedene Erkrankungen der Schleimhaut des Darmtraktes, des Bronchialtrakts und der Genitalorgane entwickelt werden.
Summary
Three large lymphocyte populations belong to the gut immune system: Lymphocytes in the Peyer’s patches (PP) and in the lamina propria and the epithelium of the gut mucosa. Migrating lymphocytes connect these compartments.
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1.
Lymphocytes migrate into the lymphoid tissue of the PP via venules with high endothelium. The migration is regulated by adhesion molecules. At least three steps of interaction of the migrating cells with the endothelium are necessary to activate the lymphoid cell and to induce adherence and migration through the endothelium. The mechanisms regulating the exit of lymphocytes via lymph vessels e.g. expression of adhesion molecules are not known yet.
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2.
There is a population of lymphocytes migrating to the lamina propria of the mucosa. Despite the large number of well characterized adhesion molecules it is so far unclear, which adhesion molecules mediate this migration process and to what extent.
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3.
Immigration of lymphocytes into the epithelium of the gut wall is a rare event. However, the 10fold increase of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the postnatal period shows that in addition to lymphocyte proliferation in the epithelium lymphocytes migrate to this compartment.
Further studies on the molecular basis of the interaction of the adhesion molecules are necessary to understand the migration of lymphocytes in the gut immune system. The expression of adhesion molecules in normal and inflamed gut may in future be a criterium for the prognosis of inflammatory bowel diseases. These experiments should include the blood vessels of the lamina propria of the mucosa. The expression of adhesion molecules can be studied in biopsies collected from patients, however animal experiments are needed to study the extent of the lymphocyte migration and to find methods to influence this process in vivo, e.g. for efficient oral immunization protocols for diseases of the mucosa of the intestine, the bronchi and the genital organs.
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Rothkötter, HJ., Pabst, R. (1995). Quantitative und qualitative Aspekte der Lymphozytenmigration im Darmimmunsystem (Homing). In: Beger, H.G., Manns, M.P., Greten, H. (eds) Molekularbiologische Grundlagen der Gastroenterologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79782-8_32
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