Abstract
Life-form was said by Warming (1909) to represent the sum of adaptive characters in a species, and thus is an expression of the harmony between a plant and its environment. This colorful perspective, although too broad to be useful in classification, does highlight the essential point that life-form groupings should be ecologically relevant.
Structure without function is a corpse; function sans structure is a ghost. (Vogel 1972)
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Ewel, J.J., Bigelow, S.W. (1996). Plant Life-Forms and Tropical Ecosystem Functioning. In: Orians, G.H., Dirzo, R., Cushman, J.H. (eds) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes in Tropical Forests. Ecological Studies, vol 122. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79755-2_6
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