Abstract
The encephalopathy associated with HIV infection consists of a constellation of histopathological abnormalities including gliosis, multinucleated giant cell encephalitis, vacuolar myelopathy and white matter pallor, each of which may be evident singly or in combination in different individuals (Kure et al. 1990; Budka 1986). In infants, the lesions are more severe and include degeneration and mineralization in the basal ganglia, necrotizing encephalitis in cortical and subcortical structures and acquired microcephaly (Sharer et al. 1986), reflecting the massive loss of brain substance that occurs during infection in the brain. These changes are accompanied by production of β2-microglobulin, neopterin and quinolinic acid which are markers of immune activation, especially of macrophages (Brew et al. 1990, 1992; Heyes et al. 1991). Histological changes in such brains are marked by nodular accumulations of microglial cells, activation of perivascular macrophages and microglia, many of which express MHC II antigens, and activation and proliferation of astrocytes. Paradoxically, these signs of immune activation in the brain occur on a background of severe immunosuppression in the affected persons (Navia et al. 1986; Price 1994).
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Narayan, O., Joag, S.V., Stephens, E.B. (1995). Selected Models of HIV-Induced Neurological Disease. In: Oldstone, M.B.A., Vitković, L. (eds) HIV and Dementia. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 202. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79657-9_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79657-9_11
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