Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Scanning Tunneling Microscope in Biology

  • Chapter
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy II

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Surface Sciences ((SSSUR,volume 28))

Abstract

Since its beginning the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has stirred up excitement amongst biologists. The prospect of peering into the finest details of biomolecular structures with a method thought to be non-damaging is, of course, exhilarating.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. D.F. Parsons: Science 186, 407 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. K.A. Taylor, R.M. Glaeser: J. Ultrastruct. Res. 55, 448 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. Dubochet, M. Adrian, J.-J. Chang, J.-C. Homo, J. Lepault, A.W. McDowall, P. Schultz: Quart. Rev. of Biophys. 21, 129 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  4. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer: Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 615 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, in Trends in Physics, ed. by J. Janta, J. Pantollicek (European Physical Society, The Hague 1984) pp. 38–46

    Google Scholar 

  6. A.M. Baro, R. Miranda, J. Alaman, N. Garcia, G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, J.L. Carrascosa: Nature 315, 253 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. B. Drake, C.B. Prater, A.L. Weisenhorn, S.A.C. Gould, T.R. Albrecht, C.F. Quate, D.S. Cannell, H.G. Hansma, P.K. Hansma: Science 243, 1586 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Engel: Ann. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 20, 79 (1991)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. K. Besocke: Surf. Sci. 181, 145 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. D.W. Pohl: Surf. Sci. 181, 174 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. R. Emch, P. Descouts, Ph. Niedermann: J. Microsc. 152, 85 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  12. R. Guckenberger, C. Kösslinger, W. Baumeister: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A6, 383 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Guckenberger, C. Kösslinger, R. Gatz, H. Breu, N. Levai, W. Baumeister: Ultramicroscopy 25, 111 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. Stemmer, A. Engel, R. Häring, R. Reichelt, U. Aebi: Scanning tunneling microscopy of biomacromolecules, in Proc. 45th Ann. Meeting EMSA, ed. by G.W. Bailey (San Francisco Press, San Francisco, 1987) 444 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ch. Gerber, G. Binnig, H. Fuchs, O. Marti, H. Rohrer: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 57, 221 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. H. Fuchs, R. Laschinski: Scanning 12, 126 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  17. A. Stemmer, R. Reichelt, R. Wyss, A. Engel: Ultramicroscopy 35, 255 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  18. J.A. Panitz: A TEM study of electron tunneling in biological macromolecules, in Proc. 45th Ann. Meeting EM SA, ed. by G.W. Bailey (San Francisco Press, san Francisco 1987) pp. 140–141

    Google Scholar 

  19. J.C.H. Spence: Ultramicroscopy 25, 165 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  20. A. Stemmer, A. Hefti, U. Aebi, A. Engel: Ultramicroscopy 30, 263 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  21. R. Guckenberger, W. Wiegräbe, A. Hillebrand, T. Hartmann, Z. Wang, W. Baumeister: Ultramicroscopy 31, 327 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  22. R. Guckenberger, B. Hacker, T. Hartmann, T. Scheybani, Z. Wang, W. Wiegräbe, W. Baumeister: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1227 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  23. See the various articles in: Single-Channel Recording, ed. by B. Sakmann, E. Neher (Plenum, New York 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  24. R.J. Hamers, R.M. Tromp, J.E. Demuth: Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1972 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Bräuer, B. Krämer, H. Pagnia, N. Sotnik, K.-H. Vetter, W. Wirth: Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 333, 3409 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  26. S. Hosaka, T. Hasegawa, S. Hosoki, K. Takata: Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 138 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. A. Bryant, D.P.E. Smith, C.F. Quate: Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 832 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. M.H. Jericho, B.L. Blackford, D.C. Dahn: J. Appl. Phys. 65, 5237 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. M.H. Jericho, B.L. Blackford, D.C. Dahn, C. Frame, D. Maclean: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A8, 661 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. K. Haya, E. Tomita: Surf. Sci. 201, L507 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  31. S.M. Lindsay: EMSA Bull. 19, 60 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  32. R. Sonnenfeld, J. Schneir, P.K. Hansma: Scanning tunneling microscopy: a natural for electrochemistry in Modern Aspects of ElectrochemistryNo. 21ed. by R.E. White, J.O’M. Bockris, B.E. Conway (Plenum Publishing Corporation 1990) pp. 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  33. H. Siegenthaler, R. Christoph: In-situ scanning tunneling microscopy in electrochemistry, in Scanning tunneling microscopy and related methods, ed. by R.J. Behm, N. Garcia, H. Rohrer, NATO ASI Series E: Appl. Sei., Vol. 184 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1990) pp. 315–333

    Google Scholar 

  34. A. Gewirth, D. Craston, A.J. Bard: J. Electroanal. Chem. 261, 477 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  35. L.A. Nagahara, T. Thundat, S.M. Lindsay: Rev. Sci. Instr. 60, 3128 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. R. Henderson, J.M. Baldwin, K.H. Downing, J. Lepault, F. Zemlin: Ultramicroscopy 19, 147 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Z. Wang, T. Hartmann, W. Baumeister, R. Guckenberger: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87, 9343 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. W.O. Saxton, J. Frank: Ultramicroscopy 2, 219 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  39. W.O. Saxton, W. Baumeister: J. Microsc. 127, 127 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  40. I. Wildhaber, H. Gross, A. Engel, W. Baumeister: Ultramicroscopy 16, 411 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. Klug, D.J. DeRosier: Nature (London) 212, 29 (1966)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. J. Frank, A. Verschoor, M. Boublik: Science 214, 1353 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. M. Amrein, H. Gross, Z. Wang, R. Guckenberger: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1276 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  44. G. Travaglini, H. Rohrer, M. Amrein, H. Gross: Surf. Sci. 181, 380 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Salmeron, T. Beebe, J. Odriozola, T. Wilson, D.F. Ogletree, W. Siekhaus: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 635 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. R. Coratger, A. Chahboun, F. Ajustron, J. Beauvillain, M. Erard, F. Amalric: Ultramicroscopy 34, 141 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  47. W.M. Heckl, K.M.R. Kallury, M. Thompson, Ch. Gerber, H.J.K. Hörber, G. Binnig: Langmuir 5, 1433 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  48. M. Hara, Y. Iwakabe, K. Tochigi, H. Sasabe, A.F. Garito, A. Yamada: Nature 344, 228 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. L. Eng, H.R. Hidber, L. Rosenthaler, U. Staufer, R. Wiesendanger, H.J. Güntherodt: J. Vac. Sci. Technol A 6, 358 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. R. Möller, R. Coenen, A. Esslinger, B. Koslowski: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 659 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. V.M. Hallmark, S. Chiang, J.F. Rabolt, J.D. Swalen, R.J. Wilson: Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2879 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. A. Aviram, C. Joachim, M. Pomerantz: Chem. Phys. Lett. 146, 490 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. R.G. Nuzzo, D.L. Allara: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 4481 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  54. P.H. Lippel, R.J. Wilson, M.D. Miller, Ch. Woll, S. Chiang: Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 171 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. H. Ohtani, R.J. Wilson, S. Chiang, C.M. Mate: Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 2398 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. K. Sakamaki, S. Matsunaga, K. Itoh, A. Fujishima, Y. Gohshi: Surf. Sci. 219, 531 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  57. W. Baumeister, M. Hahn: Specimen Supports, in Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy, Vol. 8 (“Biological applications”), ed. by M.A. Hayat (Van Nostrand Reinhold, new York 1978) pp. 1–112

    Google Scholar 

  58. U. Aebi, T.D. Pollard: J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 7, 29 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  59. R.M. Glaeser, A. Zilker, M. Radmacher, H.E. Gaub, T. Hartmann, W. Baumeister: J. Microsc. 161, 21 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  60. H.-J. Butt, D.N. Wang, P.K. Hansma, W. Kühlbrandt: Ultramicroscopy 36, 307 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  61. A. Hillebrand, T. Scheybani, W. Wiegräbe, R. Guckenberger: Ultramicroscopy (1992), in press (STM’ 91 proceedings)

    Google Scholar 

  62. J.G. Mantovani, D.P. Allison, R.J. Warmack, T.L. Ferrell, J.R. Ford, R.E. Manos, J.R. Thompson, B.B. Reddick, K.B. Jacobson: J. Microsc. 158, 109 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  63. M. Suzuki, T. Maruno, F. Yamamoto, K. Nagai: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 631 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. R. Emch, X. Clivaz, C. Taylordenes, P. Vaudaux, P. Descouts: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 655 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. P. Fromherz: Nature 231, 267 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. S.A. Darst, H.O. Ribi, D.W. Pierce, R.D. Kornberg: J. Mol. Biol. 203, 269 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  67. A.M. Edwards, S.A. Darst, W.J. Feaver, N.E. Thompson, R.R. Burgess, R.D. Koraberg: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 2122 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. E.E. Uzgiris, R.D. Kornberg: Nature 301, 125 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. M. Ahlers, R. Blankenburg, D.W. Grainger, P. Meller, H. Ringsdorf, C. Salesse: Thin Solid Films 180, 93 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. M. Radmacher, B.M. Goettgens, R.W. Tillmann, H.G. Hansma, P.K. Hansma, H.E. Gaub: Morphology of polymerized membranes on an amorphous substrate at molecular resolution by AFM, in Scanned Probe Microscopyed. H.K. Wickramasinghe, AIP Conference Proceedings 241 (AIP, New York 1992) pp. 144–153

    Google Scholar 

  71. M. Ahlers, W. Müller, A. Reichert, H. Ringsdorf, J. Venzmer: Angew Chem. (Int. Ed.) 29, 1269-1285 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  72. S.M. Lindsay, B. Barns: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6, 544 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. L.A. Nagahara, T. Thundat, P.I. Oden, S.M. Lindsay, R.L. Rill: Ultramicroscopy 33, 107 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  74. T. Thundat, L.A. Nagahara, P. Oden, S.M. Lindsay: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A8, 645 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. M.J. Allen, R.J. Tench, J.A. Mazrimas, M. Balooch, W.J. Siekhaus, R. Balhorn: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B9, 1272 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  76. J.L. Finney: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 278, 3 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. K.D. Watenpaugh, T.N. Margulis, L.C. Sieker, L.H. Jensen: J. Mol. Biol. 122, 175 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  78. H.B. Bull: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66, 1499 (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  79. S. Hameroff, Y. Simic-Krstic, L. Vernetti, Y.C. Lee, D. Sarid, J. Wiedmann, V. Elings, K. Kjoller, R. McCuskey: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A8, 687 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. E. Kellenberger: The response of biological macromolecules and supramolecular structures to the physics of specimen cryopreparation, in Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopyed. by R.A. Steinbrecht, K. Zierold (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  81. I. Wildhaber, H. Gross, H. Moor: Ultrastructure Res. 80, 367 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  82. I. Wildhaber, R. Hegerl, M. Barth, H. Gross, W. Baumeister: Ultramicroscopy 19, 57 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  83. D.E. Chandler: J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 3, 305 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  84. H. Gross, T. Müller, I. Wildhaber, H. Winkler: Ultramicroscopy 16, 287 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  85. W. Baumeister, R. Guckenberger, H. Engelhardt, C.F. Woodcock: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 483, 57 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. L. Bachmann, S. Weinkauf, W. Baumeister, I. Wildhaber, A. Bacher: J. Mol. Biol. 207, 575 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  87. S. Weinkauf, A. Bacher, W. Baumeister, R. Ladenstein, R. Huber, L. Bachmann: J. Mol. Biol. 221, 637 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  88. M. Amrein, A. Stasiak, H. Gross, E. Stoll, G. Travaglini: Science 240, 514 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. R. Wepf, M. Amrein, U. Bürkli, H. Gross: J. Microscopy 163, 51 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  90. J.A.N. Zasadzinski, J. Schneir, J. Gurley, V. Elings, P.K. Hansma: Science 239, 953 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  91. K.A. Fisher: J. Electr. Microsc. Tech. 13, 355 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  92. H. Hatano, T. Fujihara, S. Kurata, H. Negishi: Anal. Lett. 23, 47 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  93. R.O. Kelley, R.A.F. Dekker, J.G. Bluemink: J. Ultrastructure Research 45, 254 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  94. A. Kubotsu, M. Ueda: J. Electron Microsc. 29, 45 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  95. J.S. Hanker, A.R. Seaman, L.P. Weiss, H. Ueno, R.A. Bergman, A.M. Seligman: Science 146, 1039 (1964)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. Human Genome 1989-90 Program Report, published by: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research; Washington, D.C. 20585; March 1990

    Google Scholar 

  97. A.K. Kleinschmidt: Monolayer techniques in electron microscopy of nucleic acid molecules, in Methods in Enzymology, ed. by S.P. Colowick, N.O. Kaplan, Vol. XIIB (Academic, New York 1968) pp. 361–377

    Google Scholar 

  98. A.K. Kleinschmidt, P.K. Zahn: Z. Naturforsch. B14, 770 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  99. B.P. Ulanov, L.F. Malysheva, Yu.Sh. Moshkovskii: Biofizika 12(2), 326 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  100. E.N. Moudrianakis, M. Beer: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 53, 564 (1965)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. P.J. Highton, B.L. Murr, F. Shafa, M. Beer: Biochemistry 7(2), 825 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  102. M. Beer, J.W. Wiggins, D. Tunkel, Ch.J. Stoeckert: Chemica Scripta, 14, 263 (1978-79)

    Google Scholar 

  103. R.F. Whiting, F.P. Ottensmeyer: J. Mol. Biol. 67, 173 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  104. A.M. Fiskin, M. Beer: J. Mol. Biol. 86, 865 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  105. F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, A.R. Carlson: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5463 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. A.M. Maxam, W. Gilbert: Methods Enzymol. 65, 494 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  107. S.M. Lindsay, L.A. Nagahara, T. Thundat, U. Knipping, R.L. Rill, B. Drake, C.B. Prater, A.L. Weisenhorn, S.A.C. Gould, P.K. Hansma: J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 7, 279 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  108. S.M. Lindsay, L. Nagahara, T. Thundat, P. Oden: J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 7, 289 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  109. S.M. Lindsay, T. Thundat, L. Nagahara, U. Knipping, R. Rill: Science 244, 1063 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. G. Lee, P.G. Arscott, V.A. Bloomfield, D.F. Evans: Science 244, 475 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. A. Cricenti, S. Selci, A.C. Felici, R. Generosi, E. Gori, W. Djaczenko, G. Chiarotti: Science 245, 1226 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. S. Selci, A. Cricenti, A.C. Felci, R. Generosi, E. Gori, W. Djaczenko, G. Chiarotti: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 642 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. T.P. Beebe, Jr., T.E. Wilson, D.F. Ogletree, J.E. Katz, R. Balhorn, M.B. Salmeron, W.J. Siekhaus: Science 243, 370 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. D. Keller, C. Bustamante, R.W. Keller: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5356 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. C. Bendixen, F. Besenbacher, E. Laegsgaard, I. Stensgaard, B. Thomsen, O. Westergaard: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 703 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. R.J. Driscoll, M.G. Youngquist, J.D. Baldeschwieler: Nature 346, 294 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. B. Barris, U. Knipping, S.M. Lindsay, L. Nagahara, T. Thundat: Biopolymers 27, 1691 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  118. D.D. Dunlap, C. Bustamante: Nature 342, 204 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. P.G. Arscott, G. Lee, V.A. Bloomfield, D.F. Evans: Nature 339, 484 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. M.J. Allen, M. Balooch, S. Subbiah, R.J. Tench, W. Siekhaus, R. Balhorn: Scanning Microscopy 5, 625 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  121. M. Amrein, R. dürr, H. Winkler, G. Travaglini, R. Wepf, H. Gross: J. Ultrastruct. Mol. Struct. Res. 102, 170 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  122. R. Guckenberger, W. Wiegräbe, W. Baumeister: J. Microscopy 152, 795 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  123. B.L. Blackford, M.O. Watanabe, D.C. Dahn, M.H. Jericho, G. Southam, T.J. Beveridge: Ultramicroscopy 27, 427 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  124. P.R. Smith, J. Kistler: J. Ultrastr. Res. 61, 124 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  125. R. Guckenberger: Ultramicroscopy 16, 357 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  126. K.A. Fisher, S.L. Whitfield, R.E. Thomson, K.C. Yanagimoto, M.G.L. Gustafsson, J. Clarke: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1023, 325 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  127. R.D. Edstrom, X. Yang, G. Lee, D.F. Evans: FASEB J. 4, 3144 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  128. R.D. Edstrom, M.H. Meinke, X. Yang, R. Yang, V. Elings, D.F. Evans: Biophys. J. 58, 1437 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  129. R.D. Edstrom, M.H. Meinke, X. Yang, R. Yang, D.F. Evans: Ultramicroscopy 33, 99 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  130. M. Amrein, R. Dürr, A. Stasiak, H. Gross, G. Travaglini: Science 243, 1708 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. M.J. Miles, H.J. Carr, T.C. McMaster, K.J. I’Anson, P.S. Belton, V.J. Morris, J.M. Field, P.R. Shewry, A.S. Tatham: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 68 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. T.J. McMaster, H. Carr, M.J. Miles, P. Cairns, V.J. Morris: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 648 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. D.P.E. Smith, H. Hörber, Ch. Gerber, G. Binnig: Science 245, 43 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. G.C. McGonigal, R.H. Bernhardt, D.J. Thomson: Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 28 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. D.P.E. Smith, A. Bryant, C.F. Quate, J.P. Rabe, Ch. Gerber, J.D. Swalen: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 969 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. G.L. Gaines: Insoluble Monolayers at Liquid-Gas Interfaces (Wiley, New York 1966)

    Google Scholar 

  137. G. Roberts (ed.): Langmuir-Blodgett Films (Plenum, New York 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  138. C.A. Lang, J.K.H. Hörber, T.W. Hänsch, W.M. Heckl, H. Möhwald: J. Vac. Sci. Technol A 6, 368 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. H. Fuchs, S. Akari, K. Dransfeld: Z. Phys. B 80, 389 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. J.K.H. Hörber, C.A. Lang, T.W. Hänsch, W.M. Heckl, H. Möhwald: Chem. Phys. Lett. 145, 151 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. W. Mizutani, M. Shigeno, K. Saito, K. Watanabe, M. Sugi, M. Ono, K. Kajimura: Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 27, 1803 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. H.G. Braun, H. Fuchs, W. Schrepp: Thin Solid Films 159, 301 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. H. Fuchs, W. Schrepp, H. Rohrer: Science 181, 391 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  144. C. Luo, C. Zhu, L. Ruan, G. Huang, C. Dai, Z. Cheng, C. Bai, Y. Su, S. Xu, K. Lin, J.D. Baldeschwieler: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 684 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. S. Ya-Xian, J. Yue-Kan, X. San-Duo, Y. Jun-En, L. Ke-Chun: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 695 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. A. Stemmer, R. Reichelt, A. Engel, J.P. Rosenbusch, M. Ringger, H.R. Hidber, H.-J. Güntherodt: Surf. Sci. 181, 394 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. D. Oesterhelt, W. Stoeckenius: Nature New Biol. 233, 149 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  148. D.-Ch. Neugebauer, H.P. Zingsheim: J. Mol. Biol. 123, 115 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  149. K.A. Fisher, K. Yanagimoto, W. Stoeckenius: J. Cell Biol. 77, 611 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  150. J.M. Baldwin, R. Henderson, E. Beckman, F. Zemlin: J. Mol. Biol. 202, 585 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  151. R. Henderson, J.M. Baldwin, T.A. Ceska, F. Zemlin, E. Beckmann, K.H. Downing: J. Mol. Biol. 213, 899 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  152. H.J. Butt, K.H. Downing, P.K. Hansma: Biophys. J. 58, 1473 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  153. R. Henderson: J. Mol. Biol. 93, 123 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  154. A.E. Blaurock: J. Mol. Biol. 93, 139 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  155. G. Travaglini, M. Amrein, B. Michel, H. Gross: Imaging and conductivity of biological and organic materials, in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, ed. by R.J. Behm, N. Garcia, H. Rohrer, NATO ASI Series E: Appl. Sei., Vol. 184 (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1990) pp. 335–347

    Google Scholar 

  156. M. Amrein, R. Dürr, A. Stasiak, H. Gross, G. Travaglini: Science 243, 1708 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  157. W.M. Heckl, D.P.E. Smith, G. Binnig, H. Klagges, T.W. Hänsch, J. Maddocks: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8003 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  158. S.M. Lindsay, T. Thundat, L. Nagahara: J. Microscopy 152, 213 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  159. M.E. Weiland, M.J. Miles, N. Lambert, Y.J. Morris, J.H. Coombs, J.B. Pethica: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 11, 29 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  160. W. Mizutani, Y. Sakakibara, O. Masatoshi, S. Tanishima, K. Ohno, N. Toshkna: Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 28, 1460 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  161. W. Mizutani, M. Shigeno, Y. Sakakibara, K. Kajimura, M. Ono, S. Tanishima, K. Ohno, N. Toshima: J. Vac. Sci. Techn. A 8, 675 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. D.A. Bonneil, M. Angelopoulos: Synthetic Metals 33, 301 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  163. B. Michel, G. Travaglini, H. Rohrer, C. Joachim, M. Amrein: Z. Phys. B 76, 99 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  164. J.G. Simmons: J. Appl. Phys. 34, 1793 (1963)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  165. R. Garcia, N. Garcia: Chem. Phys. Lett. 173, 44 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  166. B. Rosenberg: Nature 193, 364 (1962)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. S. Bone, R. Pethig: Electronic and dielectric properties of protein-methylgloxal complexes, in Symposium on Submolecular Biology and Cancer, London 1978 (Ciba foundation Symposium 67, North Holland, Amsterdam 1979) pp. 83–105

    Google Scholar 

  168. S.L. Mayo, W.R. Ellis, Jr., R.J. Crutchley, H.B. Gray: Science 233, 948 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. Y. Nakahara, K. Kimura, H. Inokuchi: Chem. Phys. Lett. 47, 251 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. E.E. Polymeropoulos: J. Appl. Phys. 48, 2404 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  171. M. Sugi, K. Nembach, D. Möbius, H. Kuhn: Solid State Commun. 15, 1867 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. H. Kuhn: J. Photochem. 10, 111 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  173. K.V. Mikkelsen, M.A. Ratner: Chem. Rev. 87, 113 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  174. E.E. Polymeropoulus, J. Sagiv: J. Chem. Phys. 69, 1836 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  175. J.M. Pitarke, P.M. Echenique, F. Flores: Surf. Sci. 217, 267 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  176. Ch. Joachim, P. Sautet: Electronic tunneling through a molecule, in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, ed. by R.J. Behm, N. Garcia, H. Rohrer, NATO ASI Series E: Appl. Sei., Vol. 184 (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1990) pp. 377–389

    Google Scholar 

  177. S.M. Lindsay, O.F. Sankey, Y. Li, C. Herbst, A. Rupprecht: J. Phys. Chem. 94, 4655 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  178. J.L. Brédas, R.R. Chance, R. Silbey: Physic. Rev. B 26, 5843 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  179. T. Mitzutani, Y. Takai, T. Osawa, M. Ieda: J. Phys. D. 9, 2253 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  180. Y. Murata: Jap. J. Appl. Phys 18, 1 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  181. V.N. Kharkyanen, E.G. Petrov, I.I. Ukrainskii: J. theor. Biol. 73, 29 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  182. J. Jahanmir, P.E. West, T.N. Rhodin: Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 2086 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  183. P.R. Emtage, W. Tantraporn: Phys. Rev. Lett. 8, 267 (1962)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  184. S.R. Hameroff, J. Simic-Krstic, M.F. Kelley, M.A. Volker, J.D. He, E.L. Dereniak, R.S. McCuskey, C.W. Schneiker: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 7, 2890 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  185. P.R. Antoniewicz: Surf. Sci. 52, 703 (1975)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  186. J.K. Spong, H.A. Mizes, L.J. LaComb, M.M. Dovek, J.E. Frommer, J.S. Foster: Nature 338, 137 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  187. W. Baumeister: Ultramicroscopy 25, 103 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  188. D.P.E. Smith, M.D. Kirk, C.F. Quate: J. Chem. Phys. 86, 6034 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  189. P.K. Hansma, B. Drake, O. Marti, S.A.C. Gould, C.B. Prater: Science 243, 641 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  190. J.A. Bard, G. Denuault, Ch. Lee, D. Mandler, D.O. Wipf: Acc. Chem. Res. 23, 357 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  191. D.W. Pohl: Adv. Opt. Electron Microsc. 12, 243 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  192. A. Stemmer, A. Engel: Ultramicroscopy 34, 129 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  193. C.R. Clemmer, T.P. Beebe Jr.: Science 251, 640 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. Guckenberger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. Hartmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. Wiegräbe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. W. Baumeister
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Applied Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355, Hamburg, Germany

    Roland Wiesendanger

  2. Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Hans-Joachim Güntherodt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Guckenberger, R., Hartmann, T., Wiegräbe, W., Baumeister, W. (1995). The Scanning Tunneling Microscope in Biology. In: Wiesendanger, R., Güntherodt, HJ. (eds) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy II. Springer Series in Surface Sciences, vol 28. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79366-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79366-0_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-58589-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-79366-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation