Abstract
Microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae, moulds and others, are ruptured by sonication, by passage through a French press [1, 2] (Fig. 2.1) or a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer [3], by blending with glass beads [4], or by digesting the cell walls enzymically [5]. Extract preparation is preferably performed in the cold (+4 °C).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cooper TG (1977) Tools in biochemistry. Wiley, New York, pp 355–405
Evans WH (1979) Preparation and characterization of mammalian plasma membranes. In: Work TS, Work E (eds) Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology, vol 7. Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 11–44
Hetherington PJ, Follows M, Dunnill P, Lilly MD (1971) Trans Inst Chem Eng 49:142–148
Kemmerer V, Griffin CC, Brand L (1975) Phosphofructokinase from Escherichia coli. In: Wood WA (ed) Methods in enzymol vol 42 Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, PP 91–98
South DJ, Reeves RE (1975) Pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase fromBacteroides symbiosus (1975). In: Wood WA (ed) Methods in enzymol vol 42 Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, pp 187–191
Suelter CH (1985) A practical guide to enzymology, Biochemistry: A series of monographs. John Wiley 8c Sons, New York, pp 64–132
Follows M, Hetherington PJ, Dunnill P, Lilly MD (1971) Biotechnol Bioeng 13:549–560
Durchschlag H, Biedermann G, Egger H (1981) Eur J Biochem 114:255–262
Dethmers JK, Ferguson-Miller S, Margoliash EJ (1979) Biol Chem 254: (23) 11973–11981
Brewer GJ, Sing CF (1970) An introduction to isozyme techniques. Academic Press, New York, pp 53–61
Warburg O, Christian W (1941) Biochem Z 310:384–421
Taylor BL, Utter MF (1974) Anal Biochem 62:588–591
Thorner JW (1975) Glycerol kinase. In: Wood WA (ed) Methods in enzymol vol 42 Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, pp 148–156
Achstetter T, Ehmann C, Wolf DH (1981) Arch Biochem Biophys 207:445–454
Barrett AJ (1977). Introduction to the history and classification of tissue proteinases. In: Barrett AJ (ed) Proteinases in mammalian cells and tissues, Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, PP 1–55
Volkova AP, Grin NR (1967) Tr Tseuntr Nauchno-Issled Dezinfekp Inst, 16–21. In: Chem Abstr 70:10,606 m
Reuber MD (1981) Clin Toxicol 18:47–84
Braid PE, Nix M (1969) Can J Biochem 47:1–6
Knight CG, Barrett AJ (1976) Biochem J155:117–125
James GT (1978) Anal Biochem 86:574–579
Sekar V, Hageman JH (1979) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 89:474–478
Beaty NB, Lane MD (1982) J Biol Chem 25:924–929
Laura R, Robison DJ, Bing DH (1980) Biochemistry 19:4859–4864
Westkaemper RB, Abeles RH (1983) Biochemistry 22:3256–3264
Umezawa H (1976) Structures and activities of protease inhibitors of microbial origin In: Methods in enzymol vol 45 Academic Press, New York San Francisco London pp 678–695
Birk Y (1976) Proteinase inhibitors from plant sources In: Methods in enzymol vol 45 Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, pp 695–697
Brand K, Hess B (1983) Cell and tissue disintegration. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis 3rd edition vol II (samples, reagents, assessment of results) Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Deerfield Beach, Florida, Basel, pp 26–49
Crabtree B, Leech AR, Newsholme EA (1979) Measurement of enzyme activities in crude extracts of tissues. In: Pogson C (ed) Techniques in metabolic research, B 211. Elsevier North- Holland, Amsterdam, pp 1–37
Bartels H (1960) Planta, 55:573–597
Read G, Crabtree B, Smith GH (1977) Biochem J164:49–355
Pette D (1968) Aktivitätsmuster und Ortsmuster von Enzymen des energieliefernden Stoffwechsels. In: Schmidt FW (ed) Praktische Enzymologie. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart, pp 15–51
Pette D, Lüh W, Bücher Th (1962) Biochem Biophys Res Comm 7:419–424
Fishman L (1974) Biochem Medicine 10:309–315 68 2 Extraction of Enzymes from Tissues, Cells and Cell-Organelles
Esterbauer H, Grill D, Beck G (1975) Phyton (Austria), 17: 87–99
Pitel JA, Cheliak WM (1985) Physiol Plantarum 65:129–134
Martin B, Bassham JA (1980) Physiol Plantarum 48:213–220
Weimar M, Rothe GM (1986) Physiol Plantarum 69: 692–698
Bucher-Wallin IK, Bernhard L, Bucher JB (1979) Europ J For Pathol 9: 6–15
Imbert MP, Wilson LA (1972) Phytochemistry 11:29–36
Hoyle MC, Routley DG (1974). Promotion of the IAA oxidase-peroxidase complex enzyme in yellow birch. In: Bieleski RL, Ferguson A, Cresswell R (eds) Mechanisms of regulation of plant growth. R Soc NZ Bull vol 12. Wellington, pp 743–750
Schnarrenberger C, Oeser A, Tolbert NE (1973) Arch Biochem Biophys 154:438–448
Rothe GM, Hengst G, Mildenberger I, Scharer H, Utesch D (1983) Planta, 157:358–366
Wendel JF, Parks CR (1982) J Heredity 73:197–204
Rothe GM (1988) Electrophoresis 9:307–316
Schneider V, Hallier UW (1970) Planta 94:134–139
Andersen RA, Sowers JA (1968) Phytochemistry 7:293–301
Anderson JW (1968) Phytochemistry 7:1973–1988
Haard NF, Tobin CL (1971) J Food Sei 36: 854–857
Cheliak WM, Pitel JA (1984) J Heredity 75 34–40
Hoyle MC (1978) Physiol Plantarum 42:315–320
Kelley WA, Adams RP (1977) Phytochemistry 16:513–516
King EE (1971) Phytochemistry 10: 2337–2341
Feret PP (1971) Silvae Genetica 20:46–50
Pierpoint WS (1966) Biochem J 98:567–580
Craker LE, Gusta LV, Weiser CJ (1969) Can J Plant Sei 49:279–286
Drawert F, Lessing V, Leupold G (1977) Chem Mikrobiol Technol Lebensmittel 5: 65–70
Maresh GA, Dunbar BS (1988) Electrophoresis 9:54–57
Husain SS, Lipinski B, Gurewich V (1981) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 78:4265–4269
Böhme H-J, Kopperschläger G, Schulz J, Hofmann E (1972) J Chromatogr 69: 209–214
Anonymus. Affinity Chromatography, Principles and Methods. Pharmacia, Laboratory Separation Division, Uppsala.
Stellwagen E, Baker B (1976) Nature 261:719–720
Thompson ST, Cass KH, Stellwagen E (1975) Proc Nat Acad Sei USA 72: 669–672
Easterday RL, Easterday I (1974). In: Dunlap RB (ed) Immobilized biochemicals and affinity Chromatography. Plenum Press, New York, pp 123–134
Lamkin GE, King EE (1976) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 72:560–565
Mol JG, Piskiewicz D (1976) FEBS Lett 72:147–150
Yoshino M, Kawamura Y, Ogasawara N (1974) Biochem (Tokyo) 75:1391–1393
Witt JJ, Roskoski R (1975) Biochemistry 14:4503–4507
Marshall J (1970) J Chromatogr 53:379–380
Ahmad A, Surolia A, Bachhawat BK (1977) Biochim Biophys Acta 481:542–548
Baxter A, Curry LM, Durham JP (1978) Biochem J173:1005–1008
Staal GEJ, Visser J, Veeger C (1969) Biochim Biophys Acta 185:39–48
Uotila L, Koivusalo M (1975) Eur J Biochem 52:493–503
Tormanen CD, Redd WL, Srikantaiah MV, Scallen TJ (1976) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 68: 754–762
Heyns W, De Moor P (1974) Biochim Biophys Acta 358:1–13
Seelig GF, Colman RF (1977) J Biol Chem 252:3671–3678
Solomonson LP (1975) Plant Physiol 56: 853–855
Cheng Y-C, Domin B (1978) Anal Biochem 85:425–429
Oka J, Ueda K, Haynaishi O (1978) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 80: 841–848
Nichols BP, Lindeil TD, Stellwagen E (1978) Biochim Biophys Acta 526:410–417
Pai S-H, Ponta H, Rahmsdorf H-J, Hirsch-Kauffmann Herrlich P, Schweiger M (1975) Eur J Biochem 55: 299–304
Baksi K, Rogerson DL, Rushinsky GW (1978) Biochemistry 17:4136–4139
White H, Jencks WP (1976) J Biol Chem 251:1708–1711
Adinolfi A, Hopkinson DA (1978) Ann Human Genet 41:399–407
Grunbaum BW, Crim M (1981) Handbook for forensic individualization of human blood and bloodstains. Sartorius GmbH, Gottingen, Germany, Hayward California USA,pp 55–161
Ulmer AJ, Flad H-D (1979) J Immunol Methods 30: 1–10
Dulbecco R, Vogt M (1954) J Exp Med 99: 167–175
Earle WR (1943) J Nat Cancer Inst 4: 165–212
Hanks JH, Wallace RE (1949) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 71: 196–203
Harris H, Hopkinson DA (1976) Handbook of enzyme electrophoresis in human genetics. Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam Oxford, pp 3–4
Harris R, Ukaejidfo EO (1970) Brit J Haemat 18: 229–235
Boyum A (1968) Scand J Clin Lab Invest 21: Suppl. 97,77–89
Boyum A (1968) Scand J Clin Lab Invest 21:Suppl. 97,31–50
Boyum, A (1976) Scand J Immunol s:Suppl. 5, 9–15
Chi DS, Harris NS (1978) J Immunol Methods 19: 167–172
Ho CK,Babiuk LA (1978) Immunol js: 733–740
Taylor DW,Marchette NJ, Siddiqui WA (1978) Develop Comp Immunol z: 539–546
Pearson TW, Roelants GE,Ludin LB (1979) J Immunol Methods 26: 271–282
Yang TJ, Jantzen PA,Williams LF (1979) J lmmunol js: 85–93
Musson RA, Henson PM (1979) J Immunol izz: 2026–2031
Huesco P,Rocha M (1978) Rev Esp Fisiol ja: 339–344
Wittman G (1980) Zbl Vet Med B27: 253–256
Blaxhall PC (1981) J Fish Bioi 18: 177–181
Gutierrez C, Bernabe RR, Vega J, Kreisler M (1979) J Immunol Methods 29: 57–63
Kurnick JT, Ostberg L, Stegagno M, Kimura AK,Om A, Sjoberg O (1979) Scand J Immunol io: 563–573
Morgan JF,Morton HJ, Parker RC (1950) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 73: 1–8
Morton HJ (1970) In vitro 6: 89–108
Hutchins D, Steel CM (1979) Separation of human lymphocytes on the basis of volume and density. In: Peeters H (ed) Separation of cells and subcellular elements. Pergamon Press, Oxford New York, pp 77–82
Saksela E, Timonen T, Ranki, A (1979) Immunological Review 44: 71–123
Anonymous. Percoll, methodology and applications, Density marker beads for calibration of gradients of Percoll. Pharmacia, Uppsala
Rennie C, Thompson S, Parker A (1979) Clin Chim Acta 98: 119–125
Buitrago A, Gylfe E, Henriksson Ch, Pertoft H (1977) Biophys Res Comm 79: 823–828
Jenkins WJ, Clarkson E, Milsom J, Sherlock S (1979) Clin Sci 57: 29 P
Osmundsen H, Neat CE (1979) FEBSLett 107: 81–85
Pertoft H, Laurent TC (1977) Isopycnic separation of cells and cell organelles by centrifugation in modified colloidal silicia gradients. In: Catsimpoolas N (ed) Methods of cell separation vol 1. Plenum Press, New York, pp 25–65
Perret B, Chap H-J, Douste-Blazy L. (1979) Biochim Biophys Acta 556: 434–446
Terland O, Flatmark T, Kryvi H (1979) Biochim Biophys Acta 553: 460–468
Price N, Stevens L (1982) Fundamentals of enzymology. Oxford University Press Oxford, New York, pp 309–362
More DJ (1971) Isolation of golgi apparatus. In: [akoby WB (ed) Method in Enzymology, XXII. Academic Press, New York, pp 130–144
Sims NR (1990) J Neurochem 55: 689–707
Obrink B,Warmegard B, Pertoft H (1977) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 77: 665–670
Perret B, Chap HJ, Douste-Blazy L (1979) Biochem Biophys Acta 556: 434–446
Pertoft H, Warmegard B, Hook M (1978) Biochem J 174:309–317
Lindahl U, Pertoft H, Seljelid R (1979) Biochem J 182: 189–193
Siebert G (1968) Nucleus. In: Florkin M, Stotz EH (eds) Comprehensive biochemistry vol 23 Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–32
Reijnagoud D-J, Tager JM (1977) Biochim Biophys Acta 472: 419–449
Dean RT,Barrett AJ (1976) Essays Biochem 12:1–40
De Duve C, Wattiaux R (1966) A Rev Physiol 28: 435–492
Leegood RC, Walker DA (1983) Chloroplasts. In: Hall DO, Moore AC (eds) Isolation of membranes and organelles from plant cells. Academic Press, London, pp 185–210
Morgenthaler J-J, Marsden MPF, Price CA (1975) Arch Biochem Biophys 168:289–301
Lilley RMc, Walker DA (1974) Biochim Biophys Acta 358: 226–229
Heidt HW, Flügge UI, Stitt M (1986) Biologie in unserer Zeit 4:97–105
Avron M, Jagendorf A (1956) Arch Biochem Biophys 65:475–490
Joyard J, Douce R (1975) FEBS Letter 51:35–340
Jackson Ch, Dench JE, Hall DO, Moore AL (1979) Plant Physiol 64:150–153
Mills WR, Joy KW (1980) Planta 148:75–83
Nagata T, Ishii S (1979) Can J Bot 57:1820–1823
Edwards GE, Lilley R, McCraig S, Hatch MD (1979) Plant Physiol 63: 821–927
Edwards GE, Robinson SP, Tyler NJC, Walker DA (1978) Plant Physiol 62:313–317
Edwards GE, Robinson SP, Tyler NJC, Walker DA (1978) Arch Biochem Biophys 190:421–433
Spalding MH, Schmitt MR, Ku SB, Edwards GE (1979) Plant Physiol 63:738–743
Shahak Y, Crowther D, Hind D (1980) FEBS Letter 114:73–78
Spalding MH, Edwards GE (1980) Plant Physiol 65:1044–1048
Kanai R, Edwards GE (1973) Plant Physiol 52:484–490
Jackson C, Moore AL (1979) Isolation of intact higher-plant mitochondria. In: Reid E (ed) Plant organelles. Ellis Horwood, New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto, pp Ai 1–12
Bonner JWD (1967) A general method for the preparation of plant mitochondria. In: Estabrook RW, Pullman ME (eds) Methods in enzymology X, pp 126–133
Laties G (1974) Isolation of mitochondria from plant material. In: Fleischer S, Packer L (eds) Methods in enzymology vol 31A. Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, pp 589–600
Day DA, Hanson JB (1977) Plant Sei Lett 11:99–104
Douce R, Moore AL, Neuburger M (1977) Plant Physiol 60: 625–628
Gardeström P, Ericson I, Larsson C (1978) Plant Sei Lett 13: 231–239
Ku H-S, Pratt HK, Spurr AR, Harris WM (1968) Plant Physiol 43:883–887
Stinson RA, Spencer M (1969) Canad J Biochem 48:541–546
Milr PD, Cotton DWK (1966) Nature 209:1022–1023
Dallner G (1974) Isolation of rough and smooth microsomes - General. In: Fleischer S, Packer L (eds) Methods in Enzymol vol 31 A. Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, pp 191–20
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rothe, G.M. (1994). Extraction of Enzymes from Tissues, Cells and Cell-Organelles. In: Electrophoresis of Enzymes. Springer Labmanual. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79069-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79069-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-79071-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-79069-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive