Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Causes of Arctic Plant Diversity: Origin and Evolution

  • Chapter
Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 113))

Abstract

The term biodiversity was coined rather recently as a shorthand reference to biological diversity, i.e., for the sum of all taxa of plants and animals (Wilson 1988), yet the study of biodiversity is the oldest branch of biology (Weber and Wittmann 1992). Today, frames of reference other than taxonomic ones have become important as we recognize the need for understanding diversity at various levels of organization, from inclusive to restrictive, from communities to genotypes. Whatever the level of our focus in the hierarchy, we must ultimately have a precise knowledge of the component taxa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bayer RJ (1990) Investigations into the evolutionary history of the Antennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) polyploid complex. Plant Syst Evol 169: 97–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer RJ (1991) Patterns of clonal diversity in geographically marginal populations of Antennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) from subarctic Alaska and Yukon Territory. Bot Gaz 152: 486–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer RJ, Purdy BG, Lebedyk DG (1991) Niche differentiation among eight sexual species of Antennaria Gaertner (Asteraceae: Inuleae) and A. rosea, their allopolyploid derivative. Evol Trends Plant 5: 109–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazzaz FA, Sultan SE (1987) Ecological variation and the maintenance of plant diversity. In: Urbanska KM (ed) Differentiation patterns in higher plants. Academic Press, London, pp 69–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennike O, Bøcher J (1990) Forest-tundra neighbouring the North Pole: plant and insect remains from the Plio-Pleistocene Kap København Formation, North Greenland. Arctic 43: 331–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Beschel RE (1970) The diversity of tundra vegetation. In: Fuller WA, Kevan PG (eds) Proc Conf on Productivity and conservation in northern circumpolar lands. Int Union Conserv Nat Publ 16: 85–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Billings DW (1987) Constraints to plant growth, reproduction, and establishment in arctic environments. Arct Alp Res 19: 357–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brochmann C (1993) Reproductive strategies of diploid and polyploid populations of arctic Draba (Brassicaceae). Plant Syst Evol 185: 55–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brochmann C, Elven R (1992) Ecological and genetic consequences of polyploidy in arctic Draba (Brassicaceae). Evol Trends Plant 6: 111–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Brochmann C, Soltis PS, Soltis DE (1992a) Recurrent formation and polyphyly of Nordic polyploids in Draba (Brassicaceae). Am J Bot 79: 673–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brochmann C, Soltis PS, Soltis DE (1992b) Multiple origins of the octoploid Scandinavian endemic Draba cacuminum: electrophoretic and morphological evidence. Nord J Bot 12: 257–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brochmann C, Stedje B, Borgen L (1992c) Gene flow across ploidal levels in Draba (Brassicaceae). Evol Trends Plant 6: 125–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Brochmann C, Borgen L, Stedje B (1993) Crossing relationships and chromosome numbers of Nordic populations of Draba (Brassicaceae), with emphasis on the D. alpina complex. Nord J Bot 13: 121–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapin FS III, Shaver GR (1985) Arctic. In: Chabot BF, Mooney HA (eds) Physiological ecology of North American plant communities. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 16–40

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chester AI, Shaver GR (1982) Reproductive effort in cotton grass tussock tundra. Holarctic Ecol 5: 200–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinnappa CC (1985) Biosystematics of the Stellaria longipes complex (Caryophyllaceae). J Cytol Genet 20: 46–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinnappa CC, Morton JK (1976) Studies on the Stellaria longipes Goldie complex — variation in wild populations. Rhodora 78: 488–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinnappa CC, Morton JK (1984) Studies on the Stellaria longipes complex (Caryophyllaceae) — biosystematics. Syst Bot 9: 60–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford RMM, Chapman HM, Abbott RJ, Balfour J (1993) Potential impact of climatic warming on arctic vegetation. Flora 188: 367–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Edlund SA, Alt BT (1989) Regional congruence of vegetation and summer climate patterns in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic 42: 3–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Engell K (1977) Morphology and cytology of Polygonum viviparum in Europe. Bot Tidsskr 72: 113–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Griggs RF (1934) The problem of arctic vegetation. J Wash Acad Sci 24: 153–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Grime JP (1979) Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedberg O (1992) Taxonomic differentiation in Saxifraga hirculus L. (Saxifragaceae) — a circumpolar arctic-boreal species of central Asiatic origin. Bot J Linn Soc 109: 377–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hultén E (1937) Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary period. Bokforlags Aktiebolaget Thule, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultén E (1958) The Amphi-Atlantic Plants. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenniskens M-JPJ, den Nijs JCM, Sterk AA (1985) Crossability and hybridization of taxa of Taraxacum section Taraxacum from central and western Europe. Proc K Ned Akad Wet C 88: 297–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson AW, Packer JG (1965) Polyploidy and environment in arctic Alaska. Science 148: 237–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson AW, Packer JG, Reese G (1965) Polyploidy, distribution, and environment. In: Wright HE, Frey DG (eds) The Quaternary of the United States. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 497–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelso S (1992) The genusPrimula sls a model for evolution in the Alaskan flora. Arct Alp Res 24: 82–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Löve A (1959) Problems of the Pleistocene and Arctic. Publ McGill Univ Mus 1: 82–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Löve A, Löve D (1967) Polyploidy and altitude: Mt. Washington. Biol Zentralbl 86: 307–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews JV Jr, Ovenden LE (1990) Late Tertiary plant macrofossils from localities in Arctic/Subarctic North America: a review of the data. Arctic 43: 364–392

    Google Scholar 

  • McGraw JB, Fetcher N (1992) Response of tundra plant populations to climatic change. In: Chapin FS III, Jefferies RL, Reynolds JF, Shaver GR, Svoboda J (eds) Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, New York, pp 359–376

    Google Scholar 

  • McJannet CL, Argus GW, Edlund S, Cayouette J (1993) The rare vascular plants in the Canadian Arctic. Canadian Museum of Nature. Sylloqeus 72: 1–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Molau U (1992) On the occurrence of sexual reproduction in Saxifraga cernua and S. foliolosa (Saxifragaceae). Nord J Bot 12: 197–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molau U (1993) Relationships between flowering phenology and life history strategies in tundra plants. Arc Alp Res 25: 391–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney HA, Billings WD (1961) Comparative physiological ecology of arctic and alpine populations of Oxyria digyna. Ecol Monogr 31: 1–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosquin T (1966) Reproductive specialization as a factor in the evolution of the Canadian flora. In: Taylor RL, Ludwig RA (eds) The evolution of Canada’s flora, Toronto University Press, Toronto, pp 43–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray DF (1981) The role of arctic refugia in the evolution of the arctic vascular flora-a Beringian perspective. In: Scudder GGE, Reveal JL (eds) Evolution today. Hunt Institute, Pittsburgh, pp 11–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray DF (1987) Breeding systems in the vascular flora of arctic North America. In: Urbanska KM (eds) Differentiation patterns in higher plants. Academic Press, London, pp 239–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray DF (1992) Vascular plant diversity in Alaskan arctic tundra. Northwest Environ J 8: 29–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray DF, Murray BM (1982) Bryological field guide Dalton Highway, Alaska, Yukon River to Prudhoe Bay. Univ Alaska Mus Stud 1: 1–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer JG (1969) Polyploidy in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Arc Alp Res 1: 15–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philipp M, Bocher J, Mattsson O, Woodell SRJ (1990) A quantitative approach to the sexual reproductive biology and population structure in some arctic flowering plants: Dryas integrifolia, Silene acaulis and Ranunculus nivalis. Medd Grønl Biosci 34: 1–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Pojar J (1973) Levels of polyploidy in four vegetation types of southwestern British Columbia. Can J Bot 51: 621–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polunin N (1951) The real Arctic: suggestions for its delimitation, subdivision, and characterization. J Ecol 39: 308–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rannie WF (1986) Summer air temperature and number of vascular species in arctic Canada. Arctic 39: 133–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards AJ (1986) Plant breeding systems. George Allen & Unwin, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Savile DBO (1972) Arctic adaptations in plants. Can Dep Agrie Monogr 6: 1–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith AC (1969) Systematics and appreciation of reality. Taxon 18: 5–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen T (1941) Temperature relations and phenology of the northeast Greenland flowering plants. Medd Grønl 125: 1–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins GL (1950) Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins GL (1984) Polyploidy and distribution of arctic-alpine flora: new evidence and a new approach. Bot Helv 94: 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins GL (1985) The origin and success of polyploids in the boreal circumpolar flora: a new analysis. Trans Bot Soc Edinburgh, 150th Anniv Suppl: 17–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins GL (1993) Concepts of species and genera. In: Flora of North America, vol 1. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 229–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Sultan SE (1987) Evolutionary implications of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Evol Biol 21: 127–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolmachev AI (1960) Der Autochthone Grundstock der arktischen Flora und ihre Beziehungen zu den Hochgebirgsfloren Nordund Zentralasiens. Bot Tidsskr 55: 269–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber WA (1965) Plant geography in the southern Rocky Mountains. In: Wright HE, Frey DG (eds) The Quaternary of the United States. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 453–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber WA (1987) Colorado Flora: Western Slope. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber WA, Wittmann RC (1992) Catalog of the Colorado Flora: a biodiversity baseline. University Press of Colorado, Niwot

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson EO (1988) Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Young SB (1971) The vascular flora of St. Lawrence Island with special reference to floristic zonation in the arctic regions. Contrib Gray Herb 201: 11–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurtsev BA, Tolmachev AI, Rebristaya OV (1978) The floristic delimitation and subdivision of the Arctic. In: Yurtsev BA (ed) The arctic floristic region. Nauka, Leningrad, pp 9–104 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Herbarium of the University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska, 99775-6960, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    D. F. Murray

Authors
  1. D. F. Murray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 94720-3140, Berkeley, CA, USA

    F. Stuart Chapin III

  2. Department of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstraße 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Christian Körner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Murray, D.F. (1995). Causes of Arctic Plant Diversity: Origin and Evolution. In: Chapin, F.S., Körner, C. (eds) Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences. Ecological Studies, vol 113. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78966-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78966-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-78968-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78966-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation