Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aetiological Factors in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

  • Chapter
Book cover Epidemiology of Prostate Disease

  • 104 Accesses

Abstract

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is emerging as a significant public health problem as the high prevalence of the disease is becoming increasingly recognised. In order to minimise the morbidity, mortality and economic burden from BPH it is important to delineate its causal factors so that appropriate intervention is undertaken where feasible. The aetiology of BPH is not fully understood, and additional research at biochemical, pathological, clinical and epidemiological levels is required. This chapter outlines the contribution of epidemiology to elucidating the aetiological factors known to date. It begins with a general discussion on risk factors and disease causation. This is followed by a review of the important methodological difficulties encountered in the investigation of BPH. Finally, the evidence for individual risk factors is presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aldercreutz H (1988) Lignans and phytoestrogens. Possible preventive role in cancer. In: Rozen P, Hortwitz C (eds) Frontiers in gastrointestinal research. Karger, Basel, pp 165–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JT, Nordling J, Walter S (1979) Prostatism 1. The correlation between symptoms, cystometric and urodynamic findings. Scand J Urol Nephrol 13:229–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KE, Kappas A (1982) Hormones and liver function. In: Schiff L, Schiff ER (eds) Diseases of the liver. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 167–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Araki H, Watanabe H, Mishina T, Nakao H (1983) High-risk group for benign prostatic hypertrophy. Prostate 4:253–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armenian HK, Lilienfeld AM, Diamond EL, Bross IDJ (1975) Epidemiological characteristics of patients with prostatic neoplasms. Am J Epidemiol 102:47–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arrighi HM, Metter EJ, Guess HA, Fozzard JL (1991) Natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia and risle of prostatectomy. Urology 38[Suppl]:4–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arrighi HM, Guess HA, Metter EJ, Fozzard JL (1990) Symptoms and signs of prostatism as risk factors for prostatectomy. Prostate 16:253–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashley DJ (1966) Observations of the epidemiology of prostatic hyperplasia in Wales. Br J Urol 38:567–569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball AJ, Feneley RCL, Abrams PM (1981) The natural history of untreated prostatism. Br J Urol 53:613–616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes BA, O’Brien E, Comstock C, D’Arpa DG, Donahue CL (1985) Report on variation in rates of utilization of surgical services in the commonwealth of Massachusetts. JAMA 254:371–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes RW, Marsh C (1983) Progression of obstruction and symptoms. In: Hinman F Jr (ed) Benign prostatic hypertrophy. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 711–713

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Connor E (1990) Smoking and endogenous sex hormones in men and women. In: Wald N, Baron J (eds) Smoking and hormone related disorders. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 183–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Connor E, Khaw K-T (1987) Cigarette smoking and increased endogenous estrogen levels in men. Am J Epidemiol 126:187–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry MJ (1990) Epidemiology and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 17:495–507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry MJ, Boyle P, Garraway M et al (1993) Epidemiology and natural history of BPH. In: Cockett ATK, Khoury S, Aso Y et al (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). WHO, Geneva, pp 19–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry SJ, Coffey DS, Walsh PC, Ewing LL (1984) The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age. J Urol 132:474–479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkhoff JD, Wiederborn AR, Hamilton MC, Einssen HM (1976) Natural history of benign prostatic hypertrophy and acute urinary retention. Urology 7:48–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bostwick DG, Sole Balcells F, Cooner WH et al (1992) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer of the prostate. In: Cockett ATK, Aso Y, Chatelain C et al (eds) Proceedings of the International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). WHO, Geneva, pp 139–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourke JB, Griffin JP (1966) Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and blood groups in benign prostatic hypertrophy. Br J Urol 38:18–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle P, McGinn R, Maisonneuve P, La Vecchia C (1991) Epidemiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia: present knowledge and studies needed. Eur Urol 20[Suppl 2]:3–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford-Hill A (1965) The environment and disease: association or cause? Proc R Soc Med 58:295

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs MH (1973) Cigarette smoking and infertility in men. Med J Aust 1:616–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang HL, Char GY (1936) Benign hypertrophy of the prostate. Chin Med J 50:1707–1722

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra IJ, Tulchinsky D, Greenway FL (1973) Estrogen-androgen imbalance in hepatic cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 79:198–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chyou P-H, Nomura AMY, Stemmermann GN, Hankin JH (1993) A prospective study of alcohol, diet, and other lifestyle factors in relation to obstructive uropathy. Prostate 22:253–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke R (1937) The prostate and the endocrines. A control series. Br J Urol 9:254–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Craigen AA, Hickling JB, Saunders CR, Carpenter RJ (1969) Natural history of prostatic obstruction. J R Coll Gen Pract 18:226–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dai WS, Gutai JP, Kuller LH, Cauley JA, for the MRFIT Research Group (1988) Cigarette smoking and serum sex hormones in men. Am J Epidemiol 128:796–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Aunoy R, Schenken JR, Burns EL (1939) The relative incidence of hyperplasia of the prostate in white and coloured races in Louisiana. South Med J 32:47–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danieli HW (1993) Larger prostatic adenomas in obese men with no associated increase in obstructive uropathy. J Urol 149:315–317

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Torre B, Hedman M, Jensen F, Pedersen PH, Diczfaluzy E (1983) Lack of effect of vasectomy on peripheral gonadotrophins and steroid levels. Int J Androl 6:125–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derbes VDP, Leche Sm, Hooker CW (1937) The incidence of benign prostatic hypertrophy amongst the whites and negroes in New Orleans. J Urol 38:383–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Diokno AC, Brown MB, Goldstein N, Herzog AR (1992) Epidemiology of bladder emptying symptoms in elderly men. J Urol 148:1817–1821

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman P (1989) BPH epidemiology and risk factors. Prostate [Suppl] 2:23–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eldrup E, Lindholm J, Winkel P (1987) Plasma sex hormones and ischaemic heart disease. Clin Biochem 20:105–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farnsworth WE, Slaunwhite WR, Sharma M et al (1981) Interactions of prolactin and testosterone in the human prostate. Urol Res 9:79–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Wagner EH (1988) Clinical epidemiology. The essentials, 2nd edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Frea B, Annoscia S, Santa G, Lozzi C, Carmignani G (1987) Correlation between liver cirrhosis and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a morphological study. Urol Res 15:311–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garraway WM, Collins GN, Lee RJ (1991) High prevalence of benign prostatic hypertrophy in the community. Lancet 338:469–471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghose RR, Harindra V (1989) Unrecognised high pressure chronic retention of urine presenting with systemic arterial hypertension. BMJ 298:1626–1628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn RJ, Campion EW, Bouchard GR, Silbert JE (1985) The development of benign prostatic hyperplasia among volunteers in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 121:78–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon GG, Altman K, Southren AL, Rubin E, Lieber CS (1976) Effect of alcohol (ethanol) administration on sex-hormone metabolism in normal men. N Engl J Med 295:793–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gover M (1923) A statistical study of the etiology of benign hypertrophy of the prostate gland. John Hopkins Hosp Rep 21:231–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald P, Kirmass V, Polan AK, Dick VS (1974) Cancer of the prostate among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 53:335–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guess HA (1992) Benign prostatic hyperplasia: antecedents and natural history. Epidemiol Rev 14:131–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins C, Stevens R (1940) The effect of castration on benign hypertrophy of the prostate in man. J Urol 43:705–714

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JT, Coffey DS (1989) Etiology and disease process of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate [Suppl] 2:33–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobsen H, Torp PS, Juul N, Hald T (1988) The long term influence of vasectomy on prostatic volume and morphology in man. Prostate 13:57–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DA, George NJR, O’Reilly PH, Barnard RJ (1987) Reversible hypertension associated with unrecognised high-pressure chronic retention of urine. Lancet 1:1052–1054

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kambal A (1977) Prostatic obstruction in Sudan. Br J Urol 49:139–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee C, Jesik C (1983) Effects of castration, estrogen, and androgen administration. In: Hinman FH Jr (ed) Benign prostatic hypertrophy. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 229–334

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lissoos I (1973) Simple prostatic hyperplasia in the Bantu. S Afr Med J 47:389–391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lytton B (1983) Interracial incidence of benign prostatic hypertrophy. In: Hinman FH Jr (ed) Benign prostatic hypertrophy. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 22–26

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lytton B, Emery JM, Harvard BM (1968) The incidence of benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Urol 99:639–645

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzin H, Soloway MS (1993) Cigarette smoking: a review of possible associations with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Prostate 22:277–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeal JE (1978) Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement. Invest Urol 15:340–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McPherson K, Wennberg JE, Hovind OB, Clifford P (1982) Small-area variations in the use of common surgical procedures: an international comparison of New England, England and Norway. N Engl J Med 307:1310–1314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyhoff HH, Hald T (1979) Are doctors able to assess prostatic size? Scand J Urol Nephrol 13:229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyhoff HH, Ingeman L, Nordling J (1981) Accuracy in preoperative estimation of prostatic size: a comparative evaluation of rectal palpation, intavenous pyelography, urethral closure pressure profile recording and cystourethroscopy. Scand J Urol Nephrol 15:45–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore RA (1943) Benign hypertrophy of the prostate. A morphological study. J Urol 50:680–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison AS (1978) Prostatic hypertrophy in Greater Boston. J Chronic Dis 31:357–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison AS (1990) Smoking and prostatic hypertrophy. In: Wald N, Baron J (eds) Smoking and hormone related disorders. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 183–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison AS (1992) Risk factors for prostatic hypertrophy. Am J Epidemiol 135:974–980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movsas S (1966) Prostatic obstruction in the african and asiatic. Br J Surg 53:538–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura AMY, Kolonel LN (1991) Prostate cancer: a current perspective. Epidemiol Rev 13:200–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Partin AW, Oesterling JE, Epstein JI, Horton R, Walsh PC (1991) The influence of age and endocrine factors on the volume of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 145:405–409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters CA, Walsh PC (1987) The effects of nafarelin acetate, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, on benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 317:599–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierrepoint CG (1975) Does hormone transfer along the vas deferentia contribute of the control of prostatic function and could it be a factor in the etiology of prostatic hyperplasia? In: Goland M (ed) Normal and abnormal growth of the prostate. Thomas, Springfield, pp 517–529

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall A (1931) Surgical pathology of prostatic obstructions. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 11–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson IM (1964) Prostatic hyperplasia and social class. Br J Prev Soc Med 18:157–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roehrborn CG (1993) Objective and subjective response criteria to diagnose benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 24[Suppl 1]:2–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross RK, Bernstein L, Paganini-Hill A, Henderson BE (1990) Effects of cigarette smoking on hormone-related disease in a southern California retirement community. In: Wald N, Baron J (eds) Smoking and hormone related disorders. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 32–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitter WR, Barrett-Connor E (1992) Cigarette smoking, obesity, and benign prostatic hypertrophy: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 135:500–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaaraway M, Mahmoud KZ (1982) Endocrine profile and semen characteristics in male smokers. Fertil Steril 38:255–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidney S (1987) Vasectomy and the risk of prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Urol 138:795–797

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidney S, Quesenberry C Jr, Sadler MC, Lydick EG, Guess HA, Cattolica EV (1991a) Risk factors for surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia in a prepaid health care plan. Urology 38[Suppl 1]:13–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidney S, Quesenberry C Jr, Sadler MC, Guess HA, Lydick EG, Cattolica EV (1991b) Incidence of surgically treated benign prostatic hypertrophy and of prostate cancer among blacks and whites in a prepaid health care plan. Am J Epidemiol 134:825–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steele R, Lees REM, Kraus AS, Rao C (1971) Sexual factors in the epidemiology of cancer of the prostate. J Chronic Dis 24:29–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson WP, Chute CG, Guess HA, Schwartz S, Lieber M (1991) Incidence and outcome of surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia among residents of Rochester, Minnesota: 1980-1987. A population-based study. Urology 38[Suppl l]:32–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf HH, Wilens SL (1953) Inhibitory effects of portal cirrhosis of liver on prostatic enlargement. Arch Intern Med 91:304–309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syms AJ, Harper ME, Griffiths K (1985) The effect of prolactin on human BPH epithelial cell proliferation. Prostate 6:145–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teboul F, Ecochard R, Colin C, Matillon Y, Berger N, Urol College of Lyon (1991) Descriptive analysis of a series of operations for prostatic adenomas in inhabitants of Lyon, France, in 1988. Eur Urol 20[Suppl 2]:18–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner-Warwick RT, Whiteside CG, Arnold EP et al (1973) A urodynamic view of prostatic obsturction and the results of prostatectomy. Br J Urol 45:631–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh PC (1992) Benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED Jr (eds) Campbell’s urology, 6th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1009–1025

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh PC, Wilson JD (1976) The induction of prostatic hypertrophy in the dog with and— rostanediol. J Clin Invest 57:1093–1097

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe H, Date S, Ohe H (1980) A survey of 3000 examinations by transrectal ultrasonography. Prostate 1:271–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennberg JE, Barnes BA, Zubkoff M (1982) Professional uncertainty and the problem of supplier induced demand. Soc Sci Med 16:811–824

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennberg JE, Mulley AG Jr, Hanley D et al (1988) An assessment of prostatectomy for benign urinary tract obstruction. Geographic variations and the evaluation of medical care outcomes. JAMA 259:3027–3030

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1986) World health statistics annual. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JD (1980) The pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Med 68:745–756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. S. Shepherd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK

    Michael Garraway

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shepherd, S. (1995). Aetiological Factors in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. In: Garraway, M. (eds) Epidemiology of Prostate Disease. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78826-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78826-0_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-78828-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78826-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation