Abstract
Shift workers, including night workers in industry, hospitals, communication systems, surface transportation (railroad, bus and truck drivers), air transportation (pilots, flight attendants and passengers of transmeridian flights) are exposed to shift(s) of those environmental factors which synchronize human biologic rhythms. In this chapter we shall refer exclusively to a phase shift (ΔΦ) of synchronizers (or zeit- gebers) equal to or larger than 5 h, whether they result from a transmeridian flight across five time zones (e. g., Paris to New York) or a shift from a daytime to a night time work schedule. This qualification is related to two important facts: (a) synchronizing effects of environmental clue and cue are identical whether or not the geographical location has changed (Halberg and Reinberg 1967; Reinberg and Smolensky 1983). In other words, chronobiologic problems are similar for both the air hostess with a transmeridian flight and the nurse shifting from a day to night schedule, (b) A single ΔΦ≤ 5 h of synchronizers has either minor or more frequently no detectable chronobiologic effects (Halberg and Reinberg 1967; Klein and Wegmann 1979; Gundel and Wegmann 1989). A 1-h ΔΦ resulting, for example, transition to or from daylight saving time has no objectively demonstrable effect on either adults or schoolchildren (Reinberg et al. 1989a). Each organism exposed to a ΔΦ ≥ 5 h of environmental factors has to resynchronize its biologic time structure, which in practical terms implies that all its biologic clocks have to be reset to the “new” local time or adjusted to the “new” timing of work hours. We call this process “circadian adjustment of rhythms.”
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Åkerstedt T, Fröberg JE (1970) Individual differences in circadian patterns of catecholamine excretion body temperature, performance and subjective arousal. Biol Psychol 4: 277–292
Andlauer P, Carpentier J, Cazamian P (1977) Ergonomie du travail de nuit et des horaires alternants. Education permanente, Université de Paris I. Cujas, Paris
Andlauer P, Reinberg A, Fourré L, Battle W, Duverneuil G (1979) Amplitude of the oral temperature circadian rhythm and the tolerance of shift-work. J Physiol (Paris) 75: 507–512
Apfelbaum M, Reinberg A, Nillus P, Halberg F (1969) Rythmes circadiens de l’alternance veille-sommeil pendant l’isolement souterrain de 7 jeunes femmes. Presse Med 77: 879–882
Arendt J (1989) Melatonin and the pineal gland. In: Arendt J, Minors DS, Waterhouse JM (eds) Biological rhythms in clinical practice. Wright, London, pp 184–206
Arendt J, Aldhous M, Marks V (1986a) Alleviation of jet lag by melatonin: preliminary results of controlled double blind trial. Br Med J 292:1170
Arendt J, Aldhous M, Marks V (1986b) Alleviation of jet lag by melatonin. Annu Rev Chronopharmacol 3: 49–51
Aschoff J (1978) Features of circadian rhythms relevant for the design of shift schedules. Ergonomics 39: 739–754
Aschoff J, Wever R (1981) The circadian system of man. In: Aschoff J (ed) Handbook of behavioural neurobiology. Plenum, London, pp 311–331
Aschoff J, Fatranska M, Gerecke U, Giedke H (1974) Twenty-four hour rhythms of rectal temperature in humans: effects of sleep-interruptions and of test-sessions. Pflugers Arch 346: 215–222
Aschoff J, Hoffmann K, Pohl H, Wever R (1975) Reentrain-ment of circadian rhythms after phase-shifts of the Zeitgeber. Chronobiologia 2:23–78
Benoît O (1992) Le sommeil humain. Masson, Paris
Bicakova-Rocher A, Gorceix A, Reinberg A (1981) Possible circadian rhythm alterations in certain healthy human adults (effects of placebo). In: Reinberg A, Vieux N, Andlauer P (eds) Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 297–310
Bicakova-Rocher A, Gorceix A, Nicolaï A (1984) Circadian and ultradian rhythm period alteration in apparently healthy subjects with and without placebo. Annu Rev Chronophar-macol 1:169–171
Bicakova-Rocher A, Reinberg A, Gorceix A, Nouguier J, Nou-guier-Soulé J (1989) Rythmes de la température axillaire: prédominance d’une période ultradienne lors de troubles affectifs majeurs. CR Acad Sci [III] 309: 331–335
Blom DHJ, Pokorny MLI (1985) Accidents of bus drivers. An epidemiological approach. Instituut voor Praeventieve Ge-zondheidszorg TNO, Leiden (Publ no 85023
Colquhoun P, Folkard S, Knauth P, Rutenfranz J (1975) Experimental studies of shift-work. Westdeutscher Verlag, Op-laden
Costa G, Gaffuri E (1983) Circadian rhythms, behavior characteristics and tolerance to shift work. Chronobiologia 10: 395
Czeisler CA, Allan JA, Strogatz SH, Ronda JM, Sanchez R, Rios CD, Freitag WO, Richardson GS, Kronauer RE (1986) Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Science 233: 667–671
Czeisler CA, Johnson MP, Duffy JF, Brown EN, Ronda JM, Kronauer RE (1990) Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night work. N Engl J Med 322:1253–1259
Daan S, Lewy AJ (1984) Scheduled exposure to day-light. A potential strategy to reduce jet lag following transmeridian flight. Psychopharmacol Bull 20: 566–568
Ehret CF (1981) New approaches to chronohygiene for the shift worker in the nuclear power industry. In: Reinberg A, Vieux N, Andlauer P (eds) Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 26–30-270
Ehret CF, Potter VR, Dobra KW (1975) Chronotypic action of theophylline and of pentobarbital as circadian Zeitgebers in the rat. Science 188:1212–1215
Ehret CF, Groh KH, Meinert JC (1980) Consideration of diet on alleviating jet lag. In: Scheving LE, Halberg F (eds) Chro-nobiology. Principles and applications to shifts in schedules. Sijthoff and Nordhoff, Amsterdam
Folkard S, Monk TA (1985) Hours of work: temporal factors in work scheduling. Wiley, Chichester
Forät J, Benoît O, Merle B (1981) Circadian profile of long and short sleepers. In: Johnson LC, Tepas DI, Colquhoun WP, Colligan MJ (eds) Biological rhythms, sleep and shift work. Spectrum, New York, pp 499–511
Fröberg J, Karlsson CG, Lévi L, Lidberg L (1972) Circadian variations in performance, psychological ratings, catecholamine excretion and diuresis during prolonged sleep deprivation. Int J Physiol 2: 23–36
Goetz F, Bishop J, Halberg F, Sothern RB, Brunning R, Senske B, Greenberg B, Minors D, Stoney P, Smith FD, Rosen GD, Haus E, Apfelbaum M (1976) Timing of single daily meal influence relations among human circadian rhythms in urinary cyclic AMP and hemic glucagon, insulin and iron. Experien-tia 32:1081–1084
Gundel A, Wegmann HM (1989) Transition between advance and delay response to eastbound transmeridian flights. Chro-nobiol Int 6:147–156
Haider M, Koller M, Cervinka R (1985) Night and shift-work: long term effects and their prevention. Lang, Frankfort
Halaris A (ed) (1987) Chronobiology and psychiatric disorders. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Halberg F, Reinberg A (1967) Rythmes circadiens et rythmes de basse fréquence en physiologie humaine. J Physiol (Paris) 59:117–200
Härmä M, Knauth P, Ilmarinen J, Ollila H (1990) The relation of age to the adjustment of the circadian rhythm of oral temperature and sleepiness to shiftwork. Chronobiol Int 7: 227–233
Harris W (1977) Fatigue, circadian rhythm, and truck accidents. In: Mackie R (ed) Vigilance, theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates. Plenum, New York, pp 1033–1046
Haus E, Halberg F, Nelson W, Hillman (1968) Shifts and drifts in phase of human circadian system following intercontinental flights and in isolation. Fed Proc 27: 224
Hildebrandt G, Rohmert W, Rutenfranz J (1974) 12 and 24 h rhythms in error frequency of locomotive drivers and the influence of tiredness. Int J Chronobiol 2:175–180
Home JA, Östberg O (1976) A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol 4: 97–110
Johnson LC, Tepas DI, Colquhoun P, Colligan MJ (1981) Biological rhythms, sleep and shift-work. Adv Sleep Res 7
Kerkhof GA (1985) Interindividual differences in the human circadian system, a review. Biol Psychol 20: 83–112
Klein KE, Wegmann HM (1980) Significance of circadian rhythms in aerospace operations. NATO-AGARD, Neuilly-sur-Seine (AGARDograph no 247
Knauth P, Rutenfranz J (1982) Development of criteria for the design of shiftwork systems. J Hum Ergol [Suppl] 11:337–367
Kripke DF (1981) Phase advance theories for affective illnesses. In: Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (eds) Biological rhythms and psychiatry. Boxwood, Pacific Grove, pp 41–70
Kripke DF (1984) Critical interval hypotheses for depression. Chronobiol Int 1: 73–80
Leonard R (1981) Amplitude of the temperature circadian rhythm and tolerance to shift-work. In: Reinberg A, Vieux N, Andlauer A (eds) Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 323–329
Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Singer CM (1984) Assessment and treatment of chronobiologic disorders using plasma melatonin levels and bright light exposure: the clock-gate model and the phase response curve. Psychopharmacol Bull 20: 561–565
Michel-Briand C, Chopard JL, Guiot A, Paulmier M, Studer G (1981) The pathological consequences of shift work in retired workers. In: Reinberg A, Vieux N, Andlauer P (eds) Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 399–407
Minors DS, Waterhouse JM (1981) Anchorsleep as a synchronizer of rhythms on abnormal routines. In: Johnson LC, Tepas DI, Colquhoun WP, Colligan MJ (eds) Biological rhythms, sleep and shift work. Spectrum, New York, pp 399–414 (Advances on sleep researchs)
Minors DS, Waterhouse JM (1989) Circadian rhythms in general practice and occupational health. In: Arendt J, Minors DS, Waterhouse JM (eds) Biological rhythms in clinical practice. Wright, London, pp 207–224
Monk T, Weitzman ED, Fookson JE, Moline ML (1984) Circadian rhythms in human performance efficiency under free-running conditions. Chronobiologia 11: 343–354
Moore-Ede M, Sulzman FM, Fuller CA (1982) The clocks that time us. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Motohashi Y (1989) Desynchronization of oral temperature and grip strength circadian rhythms in healthy subjects with irregular sleep wake-behavior. Chronobiologia 16:162–163
Motohashi Y, Reinberg A, Lévi F, Nouguier J, Benoît O, Forêt J (1987) Axillary temperature: a circadian marker rhythm for shift workers. Ergonomics 30:1235–1247
Pflug B, Johnsson A, Martin W (1983) Alterations in the circadian temperature rhythms in depressed patients. In: Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (eds) Biological rhythms and psychiatry. Boxwood, Pacific Grove, pp 71–76
Price WJ, Holley DC (1981) The last minutes of flight 2860. In: Reinberg A, Vieux N, Andlauer P (eds) Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 287–294
Reinberg A (1979) Chronobiological field studies of oil refinery shift workers. Chronobiologia [Suppl] 1
Reinberg A (1983) Biological rhythms and nutrition. In: Biological rhythms and medicine. Reinberg A, Smolensky M (eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Reinberg A, Smolensky M (eds) (1983) Biological rhythms and medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Reinberg A, Vieux N, Ghata J, Chaumont A, Laporte A (1978a) Is the rhythm amplitude related to the ability to phase-shift circadian rhythms of shift workers? J Physiol (Paris) 74: 405–409
Reinberg A, Vieux N, Ghata J, Chaumont AJ, Laporte A (1978b) Circadian rhythm amplitude and individual ability to adjust to shift work. Ergonomics 21: 763–766
Reinberg A, Migraine C, Apfelbaum M, Brigant L, Ghata J, Vieux N, Laporte E, Nicolaï A (1979) Circadian and ultra-dian rhythms in the feeding behaviour and nutrient intakes of oil refinery operators with shift-work every 3–4 days. Diabete Metab 5: 33–42
Reinberg A, Andlauer P, Guillet P, Nicolaï A (1980) Oral temperature, circadian rhythm amplitude, ageing and tolerance to shift work. Ergonomics 23: 55–64
Reinberg A, Vieux N, Andlauer P (eds) (1981) Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects. Pergamon, Oxford
Reinberg A, Andlauer P, Bourdeleau P, Lévi F, Bicakova-Rocher A (1984a) Rythme circadien de la force des mains droites et gauches: désynchronisation chez certains travail-leurs postés. C R Acad Sci [III] 299: 633–636
Reinberg A, Andlauer P, de Prins J, Malbecq W, Vieux N, Bourdeleau P (1984b) Desynchronization of the oral temperature circadian rhythms and intolerance to shift work. Nature 308: 272–274
Reinberg A, Brossard T, André MF, Joly D, Malaurie J, Lévi F, Nicolaï A (1984c) Interindividual differences in a set of biological rhythms documented during the high arctic summer (79°N) in three healthy subjects. Chronobiol Int 1:127–138
Reinberg A, Lévi F, Bicakova-Rocher A, Blum JP, Ouechni MM, Nicolaï A (1984d) Biologic time related changes in antihistamine and other effects of chronic administration of mequitazine in healthy adults. Annu Rev Chronopharmacol 1: 61–64
Reinberg A, Andlauer P, Lévi F (1986) Chronobiologie et travail posté. Encycl Med Chir (Paris) 16785:1–5
Reinberg A, Motohashi Y, Bourdeleau P, Andlauer P, Lévi F, Bicakova-Rocher A (1988a) Alteration of period and amplitude of circadian rhythms in shift workers. Eur J Appl Physiol 57:15–25
Reinberg A, Smolensky M, Labrecque G (1988b) The hunting of a wonder pill for resetting all biological clocks. Annu Rev Chronopharmacol 4:171–208
Reinberg A, Di Costanzo G, Guérin N, Boulenguiez S, Guran P (1989a) Heure d’été, heure d’hiver: nos horloges biolo-giques supportent bien. Recherche 20:1396–1397
Reinberg A, Motohashi Y, Bourdeleau P, Touitou Y, Nouguier J, Nouguier J, Lévi F, Nicolaï A (1989b) Internal desynchronization of circadian rhythms and tolerance of shift work. Chronobiologia 16: 21–34
Rybak J, Ashkenazi IE, Klepfish A, Avgar D, Tall J, Kallner B, Noyman Y (1983) Diurnal rhythmicity and air force flight accidents due to pilot error. Aviat Space Environ Med 54:1096–1099
Rutenfranz J, Knauth P, Colquhoun WP (1976) Hours of work and shiftwork Ergonomics 19: 331–340
Scherrer J (1981) Man’s work and circadian rhythm through the age. In: Reinberg A, Vieux N, Andlauer P (eds) Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 1–10
Seidel WF, Roth T, Roehrs T, Zorik F, Dement WC (1984) Treatment of a 12-hour shift of sleep schedule with benzodiazepine. Science 224:1262–1274
Smolensky MH, Paustenbach DT, Scheving LE (1985) Biological rhythms, shift-work and occupational health. In: Cralley L, Cralley L (eds) Biological responses. Wiley, New York, pp 175–312 (Industrial hygiene and toxicology, vol3B, 2nd edn)
Touitou Y, Motohashi Y, Reinberg A, Touitou C, Bourdeleau P, Bogdan A, Auzéby A (1990) Effect of shift work on the night time secretory patterns of melatonin, prolactin, Cortisol and testosterone. Eur J Appl Physiol 60: 288–292
Turek FW (1983) Neurobiology of circadian rhythms in mammals. Bioscience 33: 439–444
Turek FW, Losee-Olson S (1986) A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia phase shifts the mammalian circadian clock. Nature 321:167–168
Walsh JK, Muehlbach MJ, Sweitzer PK (1984) Acute administration of triazolam for the daytime sleep of rotating shift workers. Sleep 7: 223–229
Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (eds) (1983) Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Boxwood, Pacific Grove
Weitzman ED, Czeisler CA, Moore-Ede M (1979) Sleep-wake, neuroendocrine and body temperature circadian rhythm under entrained and non-entrained (free-running) conditions in man. In: Suda M, Hayaishi P, Nakagawa H (eds) Biological rhythms and their central mechanism. Elsevier/North-Hol-land, Amsterdam, pp 199–227
Wever R (1979) The circadian system of man. Results of experiments under temporal isolation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reinberg, A.E., Smolensky, M.H. (1992). Night and Shift Work and Transmeridian and Space Flights. In: Touitou, Y., Haus, E. (eds) Biologic Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78734-8_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78734-8_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-78736-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78734-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive