Skip to main content

Antiplatelet Drugs

  • Chapter
Coronary Artery Graft Disease
  • 64 Accesses

Abstract

Thrombus and platelet deposition in vein grafts begins intraoperatively as soon as blood begins to flow through the graft [1]. This knowledge led to antithrombotic therapy being started perioperatively and to the first convincing platelet inhibitor trial in coronary bypass graft operations [2, 3]. Prior studies had started the same therapy several days after operation when thrombus had already formed, and thus they were unsuccessful [4]. In the first several months after operation, occlusion is related to thrombosis that is, in part, due to vein graft injury, technical problems, and associated coronary artery disease with small coronary arteries and low vein-graft blood flow [1-3, 5-7]. Asymptomatic mural thrombosis within vein grafts appears considerable, is probably underestimated at angiography, and is only recognized in its most extensive form (Fig. 1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fuster V, Dewanjee MK, Kaye MP, Josa M, Metke MP, Chesebro JH (1979) Noninvasive radioisotopic technique for detection of platelet deposition in coronary artery bypass grafts in dogs and its reduction with platelet inhibition. Circulation 60: 1508–1512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Chesebro JH, Clements I, Fuster V, Elveback LR, Smith HC, Bardsley WT, Frye RL, Holmes DR, Vliestra RE, Pluth JR, Wallacd RB, Puga FJ, Orszulak TA, Piehler JM, Schaff HV (1982) A platelet-inhibitor drug trial in coronary-artery bypass operations: benefit of perioperative dipyridamole and aspirin therapy on early postoperative vein-graft patency. N Engl J Med 307: 73–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Chesebro JH, Fuster V, Elveback LR, Clements I, Smith HC, Holmes DR, Bardsley WT, Pluth JR, Wallace RB, Orszulak TA, Piehler JM, Danielson GK, Schaff HV, Frye RL (1984) Effect of dipyridamole and aspirin on late vein-graft patency after coronary bypass operations. N Engl J Med 310: 209–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pantely GA, Goodnight SH Jr, Rahimtoola SH, Rahimtoola SH, Harlan BJ, DeMots H, Calvin L, Rosch J (1979) Failure of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy to improve patency of grafts after coronary-artery bypass. N Engl J Med 301: 962–966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Grundfest WS, Litvack F, Sherman T, Carroll R, Lee M, Chaux A, Kass R, Matloff J, Berci G, Swan JHC, Morganstern L, Forrester J (1985) Delineation of peripheral and coronary detail by intraoperative angioscopy. Ann Surg 202: 394–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Josa M, Lie JT, Bianco RL, Kaye MP (1981) Reduction of thrombosis in canine coronary bypass vein grafts with dipyridamole and aspirin. Am J Cardiol 47: 1248–1254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Uni KK, Kottke BA, Titus JL, Frye RL, Wallace RB, Brown AL (1974) Pathologic changes in aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts. Am J Cardiol 34: 526–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chesebro JH, Goldman S (1992) Coronary artery bypass surgery; antithrombotic therapy. In: Fuster V, Verstraete M (eds) Thrombosis and cardiovascular disorders. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 375–388.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Tschoop TB (1977) Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation on, but not adhesion to, collagen fibrils: an assessment of platelet adhesion and deposited platelet mass by morphometry and 51Cr-labeling. Thromb Res 11: 619–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Roth GL, Majerus PW (1975) The mechanism of the effect of aspirin on human platelets. I. Acetylation of a particulate fraction protein. J Clin Invest 56: 624–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kyrie PA, Eichler HG, Jager U, Lechner K (1987) Inhibition of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 generation by low-dose aspirin at the site of plug formation in man in vivo. Circulation 75: 1025–1029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Clarke RJ, Mayo G, Price P, Fitzgerald GA (1991) Suppression of thromboxane A2 but not of systemic prostacyclin by controlled-release aspirin. N Engl J Med 325: 1137–1141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lam JYT, Chesebro JH, Steele PM, Heras M, Webster MWI, Badimon L, Fuster V (1991) Antithrombotic therapy for arterial injury by angioplasty: Efficacy of common platelet inhibitors versus thrombin inhibition in pigs. Circulation 84: 814–820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lewis HD, Davis JW, Archibald DG, Steinke WE, Smitherman TC, Doherty JE III, Schnaper HW, LeWinter MM, Linares E, Pouget JM, Sabharwal SC, Chesler E, DeMots H (1983) Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina: results of a Veterans Administration cooperative study. N Engl J Med 309: 396–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. UK-TIA Study Group (1988) United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack (UK-TIA) Aspirin Trial: interim results. Br Med J 296: 316–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988) Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2 Lancet 2: 349–360.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Turpie AGG, Gent M, Laupacis A, Latour Y, Gunstensen J, Basile F, Klimek M, Hirsh J (1993) A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement. N Engl J Med 329: 524–529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Graham DY, Smith LJ (1986) Aspirin and the stomach. Ann Intern Med 104: 390–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cohen M, Parry G, Xiong J, Adams P, Chamberlain D, Fox K, Wieczorek I, McBride R, Chesebro J, Strain J, Fuster V, for ATACS (1993) Double blind randomized trial of a prostacyclin sparing aspirin formulation in rest angina and non-Q wave infarction (abstr). J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 269A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Cohen M, Parry G, Xiong J, Adams P, Chamberlain D, Fox K, Wieczorek I, McBride R, Chesebro J, Strain J, Lancaster G, Fuster V, for ATACS (1993) Combination antithrombotic therapy reduces recurrent ischemia in unstable angina and non-Q wave infarction (abstr). J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 270A.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Roux S, Christeller S, Ludin E (1992) Effects of aspirin on coronary reocclusion and recurrent ischemia after thrombolysis: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 19: 671–677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chesebro JH, Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V (1993) Anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes and atrial fibrillation. Cardiol Rev 1: 167–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators (1993) The effects of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, or both on coronary-artery patency, ventricular function, and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 329: 1615–1622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. United States Pharmacopeial Convention (1993) Drug information for the health care professional, USP-DI-I, The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Moncada S, Korbut R (1978) Dipyridamole and other phophodiesterase inhibitors act as antithrombotic agents by potentiating endogenous prostacyclin. Lancet 1: 1286–1289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Crutchley DJ, Ryan US, Ryan JW (1980) Effects of aspirin and dipyridamole on the degradation of adenosine diphosphate by cultured cells derived from bovine pulmonary artery. J Clin Invest 66: 29–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. FitzGerald GA (1987) Dipyridamole. N Engl J Med 316: 1247–1257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hanson SR, Harker LA, Bjornsson TD (1985) Effect of platelet-modifying drugs on arterial thromboembolism in baboons: aspirin potentiates the antithrombotic actions of dipyridamole and sulfinpyrazone by mechanism(s) independent of platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition. J Clin Invest 75: 1591–1599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. The Persantine-Aspirin Reinfarction Study Group (1980) Persantine and aspirin in coronary heart disease. Circulation 62: 449–461.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Brown BG, Cukingnan RA, DeRouen T, Goeded LV, Wong M, Fee HJ, Roth JA, Carey JS (1985) Improved graft patency in patients treated with platelet-inhibiting therapy after coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 72: 138–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Goldman S, Copeland J, Moritz T, Henderson W, Zadina K, Ovitt T, Doherty J, Read R, Chesler E, Sako Y, Lancaster L, Emery R, Sharma GVRK, Josa M, Pacold I, Montoya A, Parikh D, Sethi G, Holt J, Kirklin J, Shabetai R, Moores W, Aldridge J, Masud Z, DeMots H, Floten S, Haakenson C, Harker L (1988) Improvement in early saphenous vein graft patency after coronary artery bypass surgery with antiplatelet therapy: results of a Veterans Administration cooperative study. Circulation 77: 1324–1332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ekeström SA, Gunnes S, Brodin UB (1990) Effect of dipyridamole (persantin) on blood flow and patency of aortocoronary vein bypass grafts. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96: 332–341.

    Google Scholar 

  33. van der Meer J, Hillege HL, Kootstra GJ, Ascoop CAP, Pflsterer M, van Glist WH, Lie KI, for the CABADAS research group of the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (1993) Prevention of one-year vein-graft occlusion after aortocoronary bypass surgery: a comparison of low-dose aspirin, low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole, and oral anticoagulants. Lancet 324: 257–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sanz G, Pajarön, Alegría, Coello I, Cardona M, Fournier JA, Gómez-Recio M, Ruano J, Hidalgo R, Medina A, Oiler G, Coleman T, Malpartida F, Bosch X, and the Grupo Espanol para el Seguimiento del Injerto Coronario (GESIC) (1990) Prevention of early aortocoronary bypass occlusion by low-dose aspirin and dipyridamole. Circulation 82: 765–773.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Baumgartner HR (1979) Effects of acetylsalicylic acid, sulfinpyrazone, and dipyridamole on platelet adhesion and aggregation in flowing native and anticoagulated blood. Haemostasis 8: 340–349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kaegi A, Pineo GF, Shimizu A, Trivedi H, Hirsh J, Gent M (1974) Arteriovenous-shunt thrombosis: prevention by sulfinpyrazone. N Engl J Med 290: 304–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Steele PP, Rainwater J, Vogel R (1979) Platelet suppressant therapy in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves: relationship of clinical effectiveness to alterations of platelet survival time. Circulation 60: 910–913.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Report from the Anturane Reinfarction Italian Study (1982) Sulfinpyrazone in post-myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 237–242.

    Google Scholar 

  39. The Anturane Reinfarction Trial Research Group (1980) Sulfinpyrazone in the prevention of sudden death after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 302: 250–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J, Finnie KJ, Froggatt GM, Holder DA, Jablonsky G, Kostuk WJ, Melendez LJ, Myers MG, Sackett DL, Sealey BJ, Tanser PH (1985) Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 313: 1369–1375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Baur HR, Van Tassel RA, Pierach CA, Gobel RL (1982) Effects of sulfinpyrazone on early graft closure after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 49: 420–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Goldman S, Copeland J, Moritz T, Henderson W, Zadina K, Ovitt T, Doherty J, Read R, Chesler E, Sako Y, Lancaster L, Emery R, Sharma GVRK, Josa M, Pacold I, Montoya A, Parikh D, Sethi G, Holt J, Kirklin J, Shabetai R, Moores W, Aldridge J, Masud Z, DeMots (1989) Saphenous vein graft patency 1 year after coronary artery bypass surgery and effects of antiplatelet therapy: results of a Veterans Administration cooperative study. Circulation 80: 1190–1197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Defreyn G, Bernat A, Delebassee D, Maffrand JP (1989) Pharmacology of ticlopidine: a review. Semin Thromb Hemost 15: 159–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. O’Brien JR (1983) Ticlopidine, a promise for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis and its complications. Haemostasis 13: 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  45. McTavish D, Faulds D, Goa KL (1990) Ticlopidine. An updated review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in platelet-dependent disorders Drugs 40: 238–259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Balsano F, Rizzon P, Violi F, Scrutinio D, Cimminiello C, Aguglia F, Pasotti C, Rudell G, Studio della ticlopida nell’Angina Instabile Group (1990) Antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine in unstable angina. A controlled multicenter clinical trial. Circulation 82: 17–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bertrand ME, Allain H, Lablanche JM (1990) Results of a randomized trial of ticlopidine versus placebo for prevention of acute closure and restenosis after coronary angioplasty. The TACT Study (abstr). Circulation [Suppl III] 82:-190.

    Google Scholar 

  48. White CW, Knudson M, Schmidt D et al. (1987) Neither ticlopidine nor aspirin-dipyridamole prevents restenosis post PTCA: results from a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial (abstr). Circulation [Suppl IV] 76:-213.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Limet R, David JL, Magotteaux P, Larock MP, Rigo P (1987) Prevention of aorta-coronary bypass graft occlusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94: 773–783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Markwardt F (1970) Hirudin as an inhibitor of thrombin. Methods Enzymol 19: 924–932.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Stone SR, Hofsteenge J (1986) Kinetics of the inhibition of thrombin by hirudin. Biochemistry 25: 4622–4628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Markwardt F (1989) Development of hirudin as an antithrombotic agent. Sem Thromb Hemost 15: 269–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Glore GM, Sukumaran DK, Nilges M et al. (1987) The conformations of hirudin in solution: a study using nuclear magnetic resonance, distance geometry and restrained molecular dynamics. EMBO J 6: 529–537.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Haruyama H, Wuethrich K (1989) Conformation of recombinant desulfatohirudin in aqueous solution determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochemistry 28: 4301–4312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Rydel TJ, Ravichandran KG, Tulinsky A, Bode W, Huber R, Roitsch C, Fenton JWII (1990) The structure of a complex of recombinant hirudin and human alpha-thrombin. Science 249: 277–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gruetter MG, Priestle JP, Rahuel J et al. (1990) Crystal structure of the thrombin-hirudin complex: a novel mode of serine protease inhibition. EMBO J 9: 2361–2365.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Heras M, Chesebro JH, Penny WJ, Bailey KR, Badimon L, Fuster V (1989) Effects of thrombin inhibition on the development of acute platelet-thrombus deposition during angioplasty in pigs: heparin versus recombinant hirudin, a specific thrombin inhibitor. Circulation 79: 657–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Heras M, Chesebro JH, Webster MWI, Mruk J, Grill DE, Penny WJ, Bowie EJW, Badimon L, Fuster V (1990) Hirudin, heparin, and placebo during deep arterial injury in the pig: The in vivo role of thrombin in platelet-mediated thrombosis. Circulation 82: 1476–1484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chesebro JH, Webster MWI, Zoldhelyi P, Roche PC, Badimon L, Badimon JJ (1992) Antithrombotic therapy in the progression of coronary artery disease. Circulation [Suppl III] 86: 100–110.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Markwardt F, Kaiser B, Novak G (1989) Studies on antithrombotic effects of recombinant hirudin. Thromb Res 54: 377–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Weitz JI, Hudoba M, Massel DR, Maranganori J, Hirsh J (1990) Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors. J Clin Invest 86: 385–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Zoldhelyi P, Chesebro JH, Mruk JS, Webster MWI, Grill DE, Fuster V (1992) Failure of aspirin compared with heparin or hirudin to enhance lysis by re-PA of platelet-rich thrombus after deep arterial injury in the pig. J Am Coll Cardiol [Suppl A] 19: 91A.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Cosgrove DM, Heric B, Lytle BW, Taylor PC, Novoa R, Golding LA, Stewart RW, McCarthy PM, Loop FD (1992) Aprotinin therapy for reoperative myocardial revascularization: a placebo-controlled study. Ann Thorac Surg 54: 1031–1036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Zoldhelyi P, Webster MWI, Fuster V, Grill DE, Gaspar D, Edwards SJ, Cabot CF, Chesebro JH (1993) Recombinant hirudin in patients with chronic, stable coronary disease: safety, half-life, and effect on coagulation parameters. Circulation 88: 2015–2022.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Metke MP, Lie JT, Fuster V, Josa M, Kaye MP (1979) Reduction of intimal thickening in canine coronary bypass vein grafts with dipyridamole and aspirin. Am J Cardiol 43: 1144–1148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rajah SM, Salter MCP, Donaldson DR, Rao RS, Boyle RM, Partiridge JB, Watson DA (1985) Acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole improve the early patency of aorta-coronary bypass grafts: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89: 373–377.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Mayer JE, Lindsay WG, Castaneda W, Nocoloff DM (1981) Influence of aspirin and dipyridamole on patency of coronary artery bypas grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 31: 204–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lorenz RL, Schacky CV, Weber M, Meister W, Kotzur J, Reichardt B, Theisen K, Weber PC (1984) Improved aortocoronary bypass patency by low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily). Lancet 1: 1261–1264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Brooks N, Wright J, Sturridge M, Pepper J, Magee P, Walesby R, Layton C, Honey M, Balcon R (1985) Randomized placebo controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the prevention of coronary vein graft occlusion. Br Heart J 53: 201–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McEnany MT, Salzman EW, Mundth ED et al. (1982) The effect of antithrombotic therapy on patency rate of saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 83: 81–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sharma GVRK, Khuri SF, Josa M, Folland ED, Parisi AF (1983) The effect of antiplatelet therapy on saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft patency. Circulation 68[Suppl II]: 218–221.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Pfisterer M, Burkart F, Jockers G, Meyer B, Regenass S, Burckhardt D, Schmitt HE, Muller-Brand J, Skarvan K, Stulz P (1989) Trial of low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole vs. anticoagulants for prevention of aortocoronary vein graft occlusion. Lancet 2: 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Pumphrey CW, Fuster V, Dewanjee MK, Chesebro JH, Vlietstra RE, Kaye MP (1983) Comparison of the antithrombotic action of calcium antagonist drugs with dipyridamole in dogs. Am J Cardiol 51: 591–595.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Nuutinen LS, Pihlajaniemi R, Saarela E, Karkola P, Hollmen A (1977) The effect of dipyridamole on the thrombocyte count and bleeding tendency in open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 74: 295–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Becker RM, Smith MR, Dobell ARC (1974) Effect of platelet inhibition on platelet phenomenon in cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs. Ann Surg 179: 52–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Teoh KH, Christakis GT, Weisel RD, Wong PV, Mee AV, Ivanov J, Madonik MM, Levitt DS, Reilly PA, Rosenfeld JM et al. (1988) Dipyridamole preserved platelets and reduced blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96: 332–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fuster V, Chesebro JH (1981) Current concepts of thrombogenesis: role of platelets. Mayo Clin Proc 56: 102–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Fuster V, Chesebro JH, Frye RL, Elveback LR (1981) Platelet survival and the development of coronary artery disease in the young: the effects of cigarette smoking, strong family history, and medical therapy. Circulation 63: 546–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Steele P, Rainwater J, Vogel R (1979) Platelet suppressant therapy in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves: relationship of clinical effectiveness to alteration of platelet survival time. Circulation 60: 910–913.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Donadio JV, Anderson CF, Mitchell JC, Holley KE, Illstrup DM, Fuster V, Chesebro JH (1984) Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis: a prospective clinical trail of platelet-inhibitor therapy. N Engl J Med 310: 1421–1426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Goldman S, Copeland J, Moritz T, Henderson W, Zadina K, Ovitt T, Kern KB, Sethi G, Sharma GVRK, Khuri S, Richards K, Grover F, Morrison D, Whitman G, Chester E, Sako Y, Pacold I, Montoya A, DeMots H, Flöten S, Doherty J, Read R, Scott S, Spooner T, Masud Z (1991) Starting aspirin after operation: effects on early graft patency. Circulation 84: 520–526.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gavaghan TP, Gebski V, Baron DW (1991) Immediate postoperative aspirin improves vein graft patency early and late after coronory artery bypass surgery. Circulation 83: 1526–1533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gohlke H, Gohlke-Barwolf C, Sturzenhofecker P, Gornandt L, Ritter B, Reichelt M, Buchwalsky R, Schmuziger M, Roskamm H (1981) Improved graft patency with anticoagulant therapy after aortocoronary bypass surgery: a prospective randomized study. Circulation 64[Suppl II]: 22–27.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Théroux P, Quimet H, McCans J, Latour J-G, Joly P, Lévy G, Pelletier E, Juneau M, Stasiak J, deGuise P, Pelletier G, Rinzler D, Waters DD (1988) Aspirin, heparin, or both to treat acute unstable angina. N Engl J Med 319: 1105–1111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Theroux P, Waters D, Lam J, Juneau M, McCans J (1992) Reactivation of unstable angina after the discontinuation of heparin. N Engl J Med 327: 141–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Brensike FJ, Levy PR, Kelsey SF, Passamani ER, Richardson JM, Loh IK, Stone NJ, Aldrich RF, Battaglini JW, Morarty DJ, Fisher MR, Friedman L, Friedewald W, Detre KM, Epstein SE (1984) Effects of therapy with cholestyramine on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation 69: 313–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Arntzenius AC, Kromhout D, Barth JD, Reiber JHC, Bruschke AVG, Buis B, van Gent CM (1985) Diet, lipoproteins, and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The Leiden Interventional Trial. N Engl J Med 312: 805–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, Sanmarco ME, Azen SP, Cashin-Hemphill L (1987) Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass graft. JAMA 257: 3233–3240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, Schaefer SM, Lin JT, Kaplan C, Zhao XQ (1990) Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 323: 1289–1298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Stewart RW, Goormastic M, Williams GW, Golding LAR, Gill CC, Taylor PC, Sheldon WC, Proudfit WL (1986) Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events. N Engl J Med 314: 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Spencer FC (1986) The internal mammary artery: the ideal coronary bypass graft? N Engl J Med 314: 50–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lytle BW, Loop FD, Cosgrove DM, Ratliff NB, Easley K, Taylor PC (1985) Long-term (5–12 years) serial studies of internal mammary artery and saphenous coronary bypass grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89: 248–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Barner HB, Swartz MT, Mudd JG, Tyras DH (1982) Late patency of the internal mammary artery as a coronary bypass conduit. Ann Thorac Surg 34: 408–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Tector AJ, Schmahl TM, Janson B, Kallies JR, Johnson G (1981) The internal mammary artery graft: its longevity after coronary bypass. JAMA 246: 2181–2183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Grodin CM, Campaeau L, Lesperance J et al. (1984) Comparison of late changes in internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts in 2 consecutive series of patients 10 years after operation. Circulation 70[Suppl I]: 208–212.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sims FH (1983) A comparison of coronary and internal mammary arteries and implications of the results in etiology of arteriosclerosis. Am Heart J 105: 560–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Chesebro JH, Fuster V (1986) The pathogenesis and prevention of aortocoronary bypass graft occlusion and restenosis after arterial angioplasty: role of vascular injury and platelet-thrombus deposition. J Am Coll Cardiol 8: 57B–66B.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chesebro, J.H., Meyer, B.J., Fernandez-Ortiz, A., Jang, I.K., Fuster, V. (1994). Antiplatelet Drugs. In: Lüscher, T.F., Turina, M., Braunwald, E. (eds) Coronary Artery Graft Disease. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78637-2_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78637-2_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-78639-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78637-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics