Abstract
It has been discussed in detail in various other chapters of this volume how multiple GTPases operate as switches and amplifiers to control signal transduction, cell motile functions, differentiation, and/or proliferation of cells. These GTPases are sensitive targets for bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins. Studies within the last three decades have greatly increased our knowledge about the structure and functions of these ADP-ribosylating toxins and their pathogenetic role in diseases. Moreover, ADP-ribosylating toxins have proved to be invaluable tools in identifying their protein substrates (GTPases) and in studying the physiological functions of these eukaryotic regulatory proteins. The usefulness of the toxins as biochemical instruments is based on the following properties: with few exceptions, these extremely potent agents are able to enter intact cells and/or to covalently modify the target GTPase with high selectivity, thereby inhibiting or enhancing signal pathways or regulatory mechanisms which are controlled by GTPases.
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Aktories, K., Just, I. (1993). GTPases and Actin as Targets for Bacterial Toxins. In: Dickey, B.F., Birnbaumer, L. (eds) GTPases in Biology I. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 108 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78267-1_8
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