Abstract
The combination of GPS measurements and levelling yields information on the inclination of the geoid relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid (deflections of the vertical). The same holds for the combination of GPS measurements and astronomic azimuth and latitude determination. Once the inclination components of the geoid are known for an area of operation GPS derived ellipsoidal height differences can be transformed into orthometric height differences. Based on this knowledge the orthometric height difference between the Danish islands Sjælland and Sprogø has been determined. This value is crucial for the setting out of the two 8 km railway tunnels being constructed to establish a fixed link across the Great Belt waterway. Compared with hydrostatic levelling the employed methods offer clear cost advantages.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Forsberg, R., Madsen, F. (1990): High-Precision Geoid Heights for GPS Levelling. Paper, GPS-90 Symposium, Ottawa.
Hradilek, L. (1984): Three-Dimensional Terrestrial Triangulation — Applications in Surveying Engineering, Konrad Wittwer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Illner, M., Krebs, D., Kuntz, E. (1990): Einsatz des NAVSTAR-GPS-Systems zur Grundlagenvermessung eines Tunnelnetzes. Allgemeine Vermessungsnachrichten 97, pp.41–60.
Madsen, F., Tscherning, Chr. (1990): The Use of Height Differences Determined by the GPS in the Construction Process of the Fixed Link across the Great Belt. Paper, FIG XIX International Congress, Helsinki.
Norelund, N.E. (1945): Hydrostatik Nivellement over Store Bælt. Geodætisk Instituts Skrifter 3, Række Bind VI, Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri A/S, København.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Schödlbauer, A., Glasmacher, H., Heister, H., Krack, K., Scherer, B. (1993). Height Transfer Across the Storebælt (Eastern Channel) Using Geometric Levelling, Trigonometric Heighting and Astronomic Methods in Combination with GPS (GPS Levelling). In: Linkwitz, K., Eisele, V., Mönicke, HJ. (eds) Applications of Geodesy to Engineering. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, vol 108. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77958-9_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77958-9_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-56233-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-77958-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive