Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Electrophysics ((SSEP,volume 14))

Abstract

Chapter 1 deals with the history and market of electrophotography and discusses alternative powder marking technologies. In this chapter we begin to discuss the actual technology. Section 2.1 defines the six process steps of electrophotography and provides the reader with a description of the physics within each step (or subsystem) and a guide to the literature. Section 2.2 compares the implementation of 70 cpm copiers by three different corporations; here the pervasive issue of subsystem interactions becomes immediately obvious. Section 2.3 lists and compares some of the technology choices for each subsystem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. J. Dessauer, H. Clark (eds.): Xerography and Related Processes (Focal, New York 1965)

    Google Scholar 

  2. R. M. Schaffert: Electrophotography (Focal, New York 1980)

    Google Scholar 

  3. M. Scharfe: Electrophotography Principles and Optimization (Research Studies Press., Letchworth, England 1984)

    Google Scholar 

  4. E. M. Williams: The Physics and Technology of Xerographic Processes (Wiley, New York 1984)

    Google Scholar 

  5. H. Keiss: RCA Rev. 40, 59 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  6. J. W. Weigl: Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 16,374 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. F. W. Schmidlin: In Photoconductivity and Related Phenomena, ed. by J. Mort, D. M. Pai (Elsevier, New York 1976) Chap. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  8. D. Winkelmann: J. Electrost. 4, 193 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. D. M. Burland, L. B. Schein: Phys. Today 39 (5), 46 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. M. H. Lee, J. Ayala, B. D. Grant, W. Imaino, A. Jaffe, M. R. Latta, S. L. Rice: IBM J. Res. Dev. 28,241,(1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. M. M. Shahin: In Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies for Computer and Office Applications, ed. by J. Gaynor (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1982) p. 1350

    Google Scholar 

  12. E. S. Baltazzi: J. Appl. Photogr. Eng. 8,224(1980)

    Google Scholar 

  13. E. S. Baltazzi: J. Appl. Photogr. Eng. 6, 147 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  14. D. Winkelmann: J. Appl. Photogr. Eng. 4,187 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  15. R. M. Schaffen: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 22, 149 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  16. R. B. Comizzoli, G. S. Lozier, D. A. Ross: Proc. IEEE 60, 348 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. W. F. Berg, K. Hauffe (eds.): Current Problems in Electrophography (de Gruyter, Berlin 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  18. A. B. Jaffe, D. M. Burland: In Hard Copy Output Devices, ed. by R. C. Durbeck, S. Sherr (Academic, New York 1988) p. 221

    Google Scholar 

  19. R. G. Vyverberg: In Xerography and Related Processes, ed. by J. Dessauer, H. Clark (Focal, New York 1965) Chap. 7

    Google Scholar 

  20. A. J. Rushing: IEEE Trans. AC-25, 1078 (1980);

    Google Scholar 

  21. D. G. Parker: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc., 363 (1974);

    Google Scholar 

  22. T. F. Hayne: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc., 345 (1974);

    Google Scholar 

  23. D. G. Parker: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc., 367 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. D. Cobine: Gaseous Conductor (Dover, New York 1958)

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. Meek, J. D. Craggs: Electrical Breakdown in Gases (Wiley, New York 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  26. E. Nasser: Fundamentals of Gaseous Ionization and Plasma Electronics (Wiley, New York 1971)

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. S. Sigmond: J. Appi. Phys. 53, 891 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M. M. Shahin: J. Chem. Phys. 45, 2600 (1966)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. M. M. Shahin: Appi. Opt., Suppl. No. 3 Electrophotography 106 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  30. M.M. Shahin: Photogr. Sci. Eng. 15,322(1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. C. F. Gallo: IEEE Trans. IA-11, 739 (1975);

    Google Scholar 

  32. C.F. Gallo: IEEE Trans. IA-13, 550 (1977);

    Google Scholar 

  33. P. Walsh, C. Gallo, W. Lama: Photogr. Sci. Eng. 28, 109 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  34. T. G. Davis, G. J. Safford: U.S. Patent 4086650 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  35. F. W. Hudson, J. E. Cranch: IEEE Trans. IA-13, 366 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  36. B. E. Springett, F. M. Tesche, A. R. Davies, J. A. L. Thompson: Photogr. Sci. Eng. 22, 200 (1978)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. The literature is extensive; one might start with R. G. Enck, G. Pfister: In Photoconductivity and Related Phenomena, ed. by J. Mort, M. Pai (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976) Chap. 7, and

    Google Scholar 

  38. D. M. Pai, R. C. Enck: Phys. Rev. Bll, 5163 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  39. W. D. Gill: J. Appi. Phys. 43, 5033 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. M. D. Shattuck and U. Vahtra: U.S. Patent 3484237 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  41. W. J. Dullmage, W. A. Light, S. J. Marino, C. D. Salzberg, D. L. Smith, W. J. Staudenmayer: J. Appi. Phys. 49, 5543 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. P. M. Borsenberger, A. Chowdry, D. C. Hoestery, W. Mey: J. Appi. Phys. 49, 5555 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D. M. Pai, J. Yanus: Photogr. Sci. Eng. 27, 14 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. D. M. Pai: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 60, 1255 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. J. Mort, G. Pfister: Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 12, 89 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. P. J. Melz, R. B. Champ, L. S. Chang, G. S. Keller, L. C. Liclican, R. R. Neiman, M. D. Shattuck, W. J. Weiche: Photogr. Sci. Eng. 21,73 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. J. Mort, D. M. Pai (eds.): Photoconductivity and Related Phenomena (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976)

    Google Scholar 

  48. J. Mort, G. Pfister: In Electronic Properties of Polymers, ed. by J. Mort, G. Pfister (Wiley, New York 1982) Chap. 6

    Google Scholar 

  49. M. Stolka, J. F. Yanus, D. M. Pai: J. Phys. Chem. 88,4707 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. L. S. J. Santos, J. Hirsh: Philos. Mag. B 53, 4707 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  51. L. B. Schein, A. Rosenberg, S. L. Rice: J. Appl. Phys. 60, 4287 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. S. K. Ghosh, W. E. Bixby: J. Appl. Photogr. Eng. 6, 109 (1980)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. T. Kawamura, N. Yamamoto, Y. Nakayama: “Electrophotographic Applications of Amorphous Semiconductors” In Japanese Annual Reviews in Electronics, Computers, and Telecommunications, Vol. 6, ed. by Y. Hamakawa (Ohmsha, Tokyo, and North-Holland, Amsterdam 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  54. C. J. Claus, E. F. Mayer: In Xerography and Related Processes, ed. by J. Dessauer, H. Clark (Focal, New York 1965) Chap. 12

    Google Scholar 

  55. V. Tulagin: J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 328 (1969)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. P. S. Vincett, G. J. Kovacs, M. C. Tam, A. L. Pundsack, P. H. Soden: J. Imaging Technol. 30,1983 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  57. I. Chen: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 26, 153 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  58. J. Bares: Photogr. Sei., Eng. 28, 111 (1984)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. N. Kawamura, M. Itoh: In Third International Congress on Advances in Non-impact Printing Technologies, ed. by J. Gaynor (SPSE, Springfield, VA 1986) p. 154

    Google Scholar 

  60. P. G. Andrus, F. W. Hudson: In Xerography and Related Processes, ed. by J. Dessauer, H. Clark (Focal, New York 1965) Chap. 14

    Google Scholar 

  61. H. Krupp, G. Sperling: J. Appl. Phys. 37, 4176 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. H. Krupp: Adv. Colloid Interface Sei. 1,111 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. D. A. Hays: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 22, 232 (1978)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. D. A. Hays: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 22, 965 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  65. D. K. Donald: J. Appl. Phys. 40, 3013 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. D. K. Donald: J. Adhes. 4, 233 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. C. J. Mastrangelo: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 26, 194 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. M. H. Lee: SIDProc. 27,9(1986)

    Google Scholar 

  69. M. H. Lee, J. Ayala: J. Imaging Technol. 11, 279 (1985)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. N. Goal, P. Spencer: Polym. Sei. Technol. 9B, 76 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  71. C. C. Yang, G. C. Hartmann: IEEE Trans. ED-23 308 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  72. M. Hida, J. Nakajima, and H. Takahashi: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 1225 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  73. L. H. Lee: Adhes. Sei. and Technol. 98, 831 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  74. P. E. Castro, W. C. Lu: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 22, 154 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  75. L. Nebenzahl, J. Borgioli, V. De Palma, K. Gung, C. Mastrangelo, F. Pourroy: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 24, 293 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  76. V. M. De Palma: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 26, 198 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  77. G. Harpavat: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 569 (1977);

    Google Scholar 

  78. G. Harpavat: IEEE Trans. IA-15, 681 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  79. B. V. Deryagin, N. A. Krotova, V. P. Smilga: Adhesion of Solids (Consultants Bureau, New York 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  80. G. Abowitz: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 153 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  81. T. B. McMillen, D. P. Salamida: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 161 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  82. N. R. Lindblad, I. Rezanka: U.S. Patent 4279499 (1981);

    Google Scholar 

  83. I Rezanka: U.S. Patent 4272184 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  84. W. S. Jewett: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 557 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  85. M. S. Doery: U.S. Patent 4508447 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  86. W. D. Hope, M. Levy: In Xerography and Related Processes, ed. by J. Dessauer and H. Clark (Focal, New York, 1965) Chap. 4

    Google Scholar 

  87. I. Shimizu, T. Komatsu, K. Saito, E. Imaine: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 35, 773 (1980);

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. K. Wakita, Y. Nakayama, T. Kawamura: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 26,183 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Y. Nakayama, A. Sugimura, M. Nakano and T. Kawamura: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 26, 188 (1982);

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. E. Inoue and I. Shimizu: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 26, 148 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. I. Chen, J. Mort, F. Jansen, S. Grammatica, M. Morgan: J. Imaging Sei. 29, 73 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  92. L. Cheung, G. M. Foley, P. Fournia, B. Springett: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 26, 245 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. A. R. Melnyk, J. S. Berkes, L. B. Schein: In Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies for Computer and Office Applications, ed. by J. Gaynor (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1981) p. 508

    Google Scholar 

  94. S. Faria: U.S. Patent 4374917 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  95. M. Lutz, B. Reimer: SPSE Annual Meeting, Rochester, April 1982

    Google Scholar 

  96. S. Arora, W. Murphy: SPSE Annual Meeting, Rochester, April

    Google Scholar 

  97. R. B. Champ, M. D. Shattuck: U.S. Patent 3824099 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  98. R. Wingard: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 1251 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  99. R. O. Loutfy, C. K. Hsiao, P. M. Kazmaier: Photogr. Sei. Eng. 27, 5 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. K. Y. Lee: J. Imaging Technol. 31, 83 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  101. M. Chang, P. Edelman: U.S. Patent 4353971 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  102. S. P. Clark, G. A. Reynolds, J. H. Perlstein: U.S. Patent 4327169 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  103. K. Arishima, H. Hiratsuka, A. Tate, T. Okada: Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 280(1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. R. O. Loutfy, A. M. Hor, A. Rucklidge: J. Imaging Technol. 31, 31 (1987)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. A. Kakuta, Y. Mori: “Near Infrared Sensitive Organic Photoreceptors,” at the SPSE Annual Meeting, San Francisco, June

    Google Scholar 

  106. S. Grammatica, J. Mort: Appl. Phys. Lett. 38, 445 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. F. Nakagawa, S. Itoh, M. Otsuki, K. Itoh, K. Tsuji: In Third International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, Advance Printing of Paper Summaries (SPSE, Springfield, VA 1986) p. 19

    Google Scholar 

  108. L. B. Schein: In Electrophotography Second International Conference, ed. by D. R. White (SPSE, Washington, DC 1974) p. 65

    Google Scholar 

  109. G. Starkweather: In Laser Applications, Vol. 4, ed. by J. Goodman, M. Ross (Academic, New York 1980) p. 125;

    Google Scholar 

  110. R. A. Sprague, J. C. Urback, T. S. Fish: Laser Focus/Electro-Optics, 19(10) 101 (1986);

    Google Scholar 

  111. D. McMurtry, M. Tinghitella, R. Svendsen: IBM J. Res. Dev. 28, 257 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. D. E. Grant: Symp. on Laser Recording and Information Handling, SPIE Proc. 200, 195 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  113. G. Paul: SPIE Proc. 396, 204 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  114. J. C. Urback, T. S. Fish, G. K. Starkweather: Proc. IEEE 70, 597 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Y. Hoshino, K. Tateishi: In 000, ed. by J. Gaynor, (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1981) p. 390

    Google Scholar 

  116. Many papers on LED arrays were presented at the Second International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies (SPSE, Springfield VA 1984), see Advance Printing of Paper Summaries p. 168–175

    Google Scholar 

  117. K. Tateishi, Y. Ikeda, S. Kotani, S. Nakaya: SID Proc. 23, 2, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  118. T. Nakamura, H. Morita, M. Maeda: J. Imaging Technol. 12, 300 (1986)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. K. Tateishi, Y. Hoshino: IEEE Trans. IA-19 169 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  120. P. F. Heidrich, R. A. Laff, T. B. Light: U.S. Patent 4447126 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  121. S. W. Depp, J. M. Eldridge, A. K. Juliana, M. H. Lee: IBM Tech. Disci. Bull. 25–12, 6325 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  122. H. Nakamura, K. Aoki, M. Yonekubo: In Second International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, Advance Printing of Paper Summaries (SPSE, Springfield, VA 1984) p. 213

    Google Scholar 

  123. B. Hill: Philips J. Res. 38, 159 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  124. B. Hill, K. P. Schmidt, L. Borgmann, H. Meyer, G. Much: J. Imaging Technol. 13, 15 (1987)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. B. Hill, K. Schmidt: Philips J. Res. 33, 211 (1978)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. J. Revelli, W. Hoston, D. Kinzer, R. V. Johnson: In Second International Congress on Advances in Nonimpact Printing Technologies, Advance Printing of Paper Summaries (SPSE, Springfield, VA 1984) p. 185;

    Google Scholar 

  127. J. T. Cutchen, J. O. Harris, Jr., G. R. Lagvna: Appl. Opt. 14, 1986 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Z. Kun, D. Leksell, P. Malmberg, J. Asars, G. Brandt: SID International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. XVII (Palisades, New York 1986) p. 270

    Google Scholar 

  129. T. Nylund, C. Cowan, J. Spence, L. Steele: In Third International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technology Advance Printing of Paper Summaries (SPSE, Springfield, VA 1986) p. 74

    Google Scholar 

  130. M. R. Spect, L. Contois, D. Santilli: In Third International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technology Advance Printing of Paper Summaries (SPSE, Springfield, VA 1986) p.76

    Google Scholar 

  131. R. W. Gundlach: U.S. Patent 3084043 (1963);

    Google Scholar 

  132. N. Lindblad, R. Tift, P. K. Watson: P. K. Watson, N. Lindblad: In Third International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, ed. by J. Gaynor (SPSE, Springfield, VA 1986) pp. 113, 120

    Google Scholar 

  133. W. Gesierich, E. Weyde, H. Haydn: U.S. Patent 3285741 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  134. Y. Moradzadeh: U.S. Patent 4272599 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  135. A. J. Butler, J. F. Holburg, Z. J. Cendes: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 1626 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  136. B. Cherbuy: J. Imaging Technol. 13, 215 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  137. J. C. Azar, A. W. Henry, R. W. Ferguson: U.S. Patent 4372246 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  138. A. W. Henry, J. C. Azar, J. Sagal: U.S. Patent 4372239 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  139. P. D. Jachimiak: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 295 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  140. J. C. Minor: U.S. Patent 4357388 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  141. N. L. Giorgini: U.S. Patent 4363862 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  142. R. D. Archibald: Hewlett-Packard J. 33–6, 24 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  143. G. L. Holland: Hewlett-Packard J. 33–7, 13 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  144. H. Mugraner: U.S. Patent 4311723 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  145. G. Hausmann: German Patent DE2838864C3 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  146. H. S. Kocher: IEEE-IAS Annu. Conf. Proc. 34 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  147. G. W. Baumann: IBM J. Res. Dev. 23, 292 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. T. Narusawa, N. Sawatari, H. Okuyama: J. Imaging Technol. 2, 284 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  149. C.C. Wilson: J. Appl. Photogr. Eng. 6, 148 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  150. J. C. Minor: Seminar on Trends in Office Automation, New York, (May 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  151. J. Newkirk: U.S. Patent 4375505 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schein, L.B. (1992). The Electrophotographic Process. In: Electrophotography and Development Physics. Springer Series in Electrophysics, vol 14. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77744-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77744-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-55858-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-77744-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics