Abstract
Opioid analgesics represent the mainstay of therapy for acute and chronic pain associated with medical illness. Their use in chronic pain management, however, has been controversial, due in part to a dearth of well-controlled studies on their chronic use in clinical pain states and in part to a series of anecdotal and empirical observations made by physicians using these drugs in clinical pain management (Foley 1985). The availability of validated analgesic assay methodologies to assess acute and chronic pain, coupled with the development of sophisticated and sensitive analytical methods to measure opioid drugs in bioftuids, has provided the scientific framework for better definition of the role of the opioid analgesics in man (Foley and Inturrisi 1986).
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Foley, K.M. (1993). Opioid Analgesics in Clinical Pain Management. In: Herz, A., Akil, H., Simon, E.J. (eds) Opioids II. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 104 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77540-6_29
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