Abstract
Geochemical data both from tin-bearing peraluminous granitic plutons of Triassic and Middle Tertiary age in northern Bolivia and from the peraluminous ash-flow tuffs of late Tertiary age from Macusani, southern Peru, and the Morococala and Los Frailes volcanic fields in the central part of the Bolivian tin belt define systematic tin enrichment trends which are consistent with a magmatic evolution controlled by fractional crystallization at a bulk tin distribution coefficient DSn(xtls/melt) <1. Locally similarly fractionated plutonic and volcanic rocks from outside the tin belt (Western Cordillera and NW Argentina) show no tin enrichment, i.e. DSn ≈1. The metasedimentary source of the igneous systems of the Bolivian tin belt was probably not anomalous in tin. However, it provided the reduced environment which gave rise to the ilmenite-series character of the tin-bearing rocks. This contrasts with the magnetite-series affiliation of the non-tin granites and porphyries of the central Andes. A high degree of fractionation together with a low oxidation state of the igneous system are considered to have been the major controls on the origin of the Bolivian tin belt.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahlfeld F, Schneider-Scherbina A (1964) Los yacimientos minerales y de hidrocarburos de Bolivia. Bol Dept Nac Geol La Paz 5: 1–388
Anderson DL (1983) Chemical composition of the mantle. Proc 14th Lunar Planet Sci Conf, part 1, J Geophys Res 88 (Suppl): B41–B52
Burnham CW, Ohmoto H (1980) Late-stage processes of felsic magmatism. Min Geol, Spec Issue 8: 1–11
Carlier G, Grandin G, Laubacher G, Marocco R, Mégard F (1982) Present knowledge of the magmatic evolution of the eastern Cordillera of Peru. Earth Sci Rev 18: 253–283
Chappell BW, White AJR (1974) Two contrasting granite types. Pac Geol 8: 173–174
Clark AH, Palma W, Archibald DA, Farrar E, Arenas F. MJ, Roberstson RCR (1983) Occurrence and age of tin mineralization in the Cordillera Oriental, southern Peru. Econ Geol 78: 514–520
Ericksen GE, Smith RL, Luedke RG, Flores M, Espinosa A, Urquidi BF, Saravia F (1985) Preliminary geochemical study of ash-flow tuffs in the Morococala and Los Frailes volcanic fields, central Bolivian tin belt. US Geol Surv, Open-File Rep 85–258: 1–8
Ericksen GE, Eyzaguirre VR, Urquidi BF, Salas OR (1987) Neogene-Quaternary volcanism and mineralization in the central Andes. US Geol Surv, Open-File Rep 87–634: 1–35
Ericksen GE, Luedke RG, Smith RL, Koeppen RP, Urquidi B F (1990) Peraluminous igneous rocks of the Bolivian tin belt. Geology 13: 3–8
Eugster HP (1986) Minerals in hot water. Am Mineral 71: 655–673
Evernden JF, Kriz SJ, Cherroni C (1977) Potassium-argon ages of some Bolivian rocks. Econ Geol 72: 1042–1061
Francis PW, Halls C, Baker MCW (1983) Relationships between mineralization and silicic volcanism in the Central Andes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 18: 165–190
Gardeweg M, Ishihara S, Matsuhisa Y, Shibata K, Terashima S (1984) Geochemical studies of Upper Cenozoic igneous rocks from the Altipiano of Antofaga sta, Chile. Bull Geol Surv Jpn 35: 547–563
Grant JN, Halls C, Avila W, Avila G (1977) Igneous geology and the evolution of hydrothermal systems in some sub-volcanic tin deposits of Bolivia. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 7: 117–126
Grant JN, Halls C, Avila W, Snelling NJ (1979) K-Ar ages of igneous rocks and mineralization in part of the Bolivian tin belt. Econ Geol 74: 838–851
Grant JN, Halls C, Sheppard SMF, Avila W (1980) Evolution of the porphyry tin deposits of Bolivia. Min Geol, Spec Issue 8: 151–173
Gustafson LB, Hunt JP (1975) The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Econ Geol 70: 857–912
Halls C, Schneider A (1988) Comentarios sobre la génesis de los yacimientos del cinturón estañifero boliviano. Rev Geol Chile 15: 41–56
Halpern M (1979) Strontium isotope composition of rocks from the Disputada copper mine, Chile. Econ Geol 74: 129–130
Hawkesworth CJ, Hammill M, Gledhill AR, van Calsteren P, Rogers G (1982) Isotope and trace element evidence for late-stage intra-crustal melting in the High Andes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 58: 240–254
Hildreth W, Moorbath S (1988) Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of central Chile. Contrib Mineral Petrol 98: 455–489
Ishihara S (1977) The magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitic rocks. Min Geol 27: 293–305
Ishihara S (1981) The granitoid series and mineralization. Econ Geol, 75th Anniv Vol, pp 458–484
Ishihara S, Ulriksen CE, Sato K, Terashima S, Sato T, Endo Y (1984) Plutonic rocks of north-central Chile. Geol Surv Jpn Bull 35: 503–536
Just G, Schilka W, Seitmann R (1987) INAA investigations in tin-bearing granites of the Altenberg and Sadisdorf ore deposits. 4th Meet on Nuclear Analytical Methods, Dresden May 4–8, 1987, Proc 1: pp 242–251
Kelly WC, Turneaure FS (1970) Mineralogy, paragenesis and geothermometry of the tin and tungsten deposits of the eastern Andes, Bolivia. Econ Geol 65: 609–680
Klerkx J, Deutsch S, Pichler H, Zeil W (1977) Strontium isotopic composition and trace element data bearing on the origin of Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the central and southern Andes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 2: 49–71
Kontak DJ, Clark AH, Farrar E (1984) The magmatic evolution of the Cordillera Oriental, southeastern Peru. In: Harmon RS, Barreiro BA (eds) Andean magmatism: Chemical and isotopie constraints. Shiva, Nantwich, pp 203–219
Lehmann B (1979) Schichtgebundene Sn-Lagerstatten in der Cordillera Real/Bolivien. Berl Geowiss Abh A 14: 1–135
Lehmann B (1982) Metallogeny of tin: Magmatic differentiation versus geochemical heritage. Econ Geol 77: 50–59
Lehmann B (1990) Metallogeny of tin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 212 pp
Lehmann B, Harmanto (1990) Large-scale tin depletion in the Tanjungpandan tin granite, Belitung Island, Indonesia. Econ Geol 85: 99–111
Lehmann B, Mahawat C (1989) Metallogeny of tin in central Thailand: A genetic concept. Geology 17: 426–429
Lehmann B, Pichler H (1980) Tin distribution in mid-Andean volcanic rocks. Mineral Deposita 15: 35–39
Lehmann B, Ishihara S, Michel H, Miller J, Rapela C, Sanchez A, Tistl M, Winkelmann L (1990) The Bolivian tin province and regional tin distribution in the Central Andes: A reassessment. Econ Geol 85: 1044–1058
McBride SL, Robertson RCR, Clark AH, Farrar E (1983) Magmatic and metallogenetic episodes in the northern tin belt, Cordillera Real, Bolivia. Geol Rundsch 72: 685–713
McNutt RH, Clark AH (1983) Implications of the initial strontium isotope ratios of Central Andean, Triassic-to-Quaternary, igneous rocks in N Chile, S Peru and NW Bolivia. EOS (Transact Am Geophys Union) 64: p 329
Miller JF (1988) Granite petrogenesis in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia and crustal evolution in the Central Andes. PhD Thesis, Open Univ Milton Keynes, 198 pp (unpubl)
Miller JF, Harris NBW (1989) Evolution of continental crust in the Central Andes; constraints from Nd isotope systematics. Geology 17: 615–617
Nabelek PI (1986) Trace-element modeling of the petrogenesis of granophyres and aplites in the Notch Peak granite stock, Utah. Am Mineral 71: 460–471
Noble DC, Vogel TA, Peterson PS, Landis GP, Grant NK, Jezek PA, McKee EH (1984) Rare-element enriched, S-type ash-flow tuffs containing phenocrysts of muscovite, andalusite, and sillimanite, southeastern Peru. Geology 12: 35–39
Pichavant M, Valencia HJ, Boulmier S, Briqueu L, Joron JL, Juteau M, Marin L, Michard A, Sheppard SMF, Treuil M, Vernet M (1987) The Macusani glasses, SE Peru: Evidence of chemical fractionation in peraluminous magmas. In: Mysen BO (ed) Magmatic processes: Physicochemical principles. Geochem Soc, Spec Publ 1: 359–373
Pichavant M, Kontak DJ, Briqueu L, Valencia HJ, Clark AH (1988) The Miocene-Pliocene Macusani volcanics, SE Peru. II. Geochemistry and origin of a felsic peraluminous magma. Contrib Mineral Petrol 100: 325–338
Hehler H, Zeil W (1969) Die quartäre “Andesit”-Formation in der Hochkordillere Nord-Chiles. Geol Rundsch 58: 866–903
Pichler H, Zeil W (1972) Paleozoic and Mesozoic ignimbrites of northern Chile. Neues Jahrb Miner Abh 116: 196–207
Rapela CW, Shaw DM (1979) Trace and major element models of granitoid genesis in the Pampean Ranges, Argentina. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43: 1117–1129
Rapela CW, Heaman LM, McNutt RH (1982) Rb-Sr geochronology of granitoid rocks from the Pampean Ranges, Argentina. J Geol 90: 574–582
Saavedra J, Toselli AJ, Rossi de Toselli JN, Rapela CW (1987) Role of tectonism and fractional crystallization in the origin of Lower Paleozoic epidote-bearing granitoids, northwestern Argentina. Geology 15: 709–713
Schneider A (1985) Eruptive processes, mineralization and isotopie evolution of the Los Frailes-Karikari region/Bolivia. PhD Thesis, Univ London, London, 280 pp
Shibata K, Ishihara S, Ulriksen E (1984) Rb-Sr ages and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of late Paleozoic granitic rocks from northern Chile. Bull Geol Surv Jpn 35: 537–545
Sillitoe RH, Halls C, Grant JN (1975) Porphyry tin deposits in Bolivia. Econ Geol 70: 913–927
Tacker RC, Candela PA (1987) Partitioning of molybdenum between magnetite and melt: A preliminary experimental study of partitioning of ore metals between silicic magmas and crystalline phases. Econ Geol 82: 1827–1838
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) The continental crust: Its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312 pp
Tischendorf G (1989) Silicic magmatism and metallogenesis of the Erzgebirge (compiled by G. Tischendorf). Veröff Zentralinst Physik Erde Potsdam 107: 1–316
Tistl M (1985) Die Goldlagerstatten der nördlichen Cordillera Real/Bolivien und ihr geologischer Rahmen. Berl Geowiss Abh A 65: 1–93
Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth’s crust. Bull Geol Soc Am 72: 175–191
Winkelmann L (1983) Geologie und Lagerstätten im Bereich Palca (Mururata) und die Geochemie der Silursedimentite in der Cordillera La Paz/Bolivien. Beri Geowiss Abh A 51: 1–110
Wones DR (1989) Significance of the assemblage titanite + magnetite + quartz in granitic rocks. Am Mineral 74: 744–749
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lehmann, B. (1994). Petrochemical Factors Governing the Metallogeny of the Bolivian Tin Belt. In: Reutter, KJ., Scheuber, E., Wigger, P.J. (eds) Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77353-2_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77353-2_23
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-77355-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-77353-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive