Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Somatostatin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

  • Conference paper
Somatostatin

Part of the book series: Basic and Clinical Aspects of Neuroscience ((BASIC,volume 4))

Abstract

Early efforts to identify the hypothalamic stimulating factor for growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary inadvertently resulted in the discovery of a hypothalamic inhibitor of GH release [57]. Despite initial skepticism regarding its existence, this inhibiting factor, somatostatin (SS; also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor, SRIF), was subsequently isolated and structurally characterized by Brazeau et al. [17]. As has been true for most of the brain neuropeptides identified over the last two decades, the known neuroregulatory effects of the tetradecapeptide SS have expanded far beyond its originally discovered role. The possibility that alterations in SS might reflect or contribute to the pathophysiology of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) was first examined by Patel et al. in 1977 [75]. Subsequently, a variety of reports appeared describing decreased SS in brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with several neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and depression. These studies of SS in neuropsychiatric disorders will be reviewed in this chapter, as will the evidence supporting a role for SS as a modulator of CNS activity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Agren H, Lundqvist G (1984) Low levels of somatostatin in human CSF mark depressive episodes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9: 233–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Atack JR, Beal MF, May C, Kaye JA, Mazurek MF, Kay AD, Rapoport SI (1988) Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and neuropeptide Y: concentrations in aging and in dementia of the Alzheimer type without extrapyramidal signs. Arch Neurol 45: 269–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Beal MF, Domesick VB, Martin JB (1985) Effects of lesions in the amygdala and periventricular hypothalamus on striatal somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Brain Res 330: 309–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Beal MF, Growdon JH, Mazurek MF, Martin JB (1986) CSF somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in dementia. Neurology 36: 294–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Beal MF, Mazurek MF, Black PMcL, Martin JB (1985) Human cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in neurologic disease. J Neurol Sci 71: 91–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Beal MF, Mazurek MF, Ellison DW. Swartz KJ, McGarvey U, Bird ED, Martin JB (1988) Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations in pathologically graded cases of Huntington’s disease. Ann Neurol 23: 562–569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Beal MF, Mazurek MF, Svendsen CN, Bird ED, Martin JB (1986) Widespread reduction of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 20: 489–495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bennett-Clarke CA, Joseph SA (1986) Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in human brain. Peptides 7: 877–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Benoit R, Bohlen P, Esch F, Ling N (1984) Neuropeptides derived from prosomatostatin that do not contain the somatostatin-14 sequence. Brain Res 311: 23–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Berelowitz M, Firestone SL, Frohman LA (1981) Effects of growth hormone excess and deficiency on hypothalamic somatostatin content and release and on tissue somatostatin distribution. Endocrinology 109: 714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bernasconi R, Martin P (1979) Effects of antileptic drugs on the GABA turnover rate. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 307: R63

    Google Scholar 

  12. Berrettini WH, Nurnberger JI Jr, Zerbe RL, Gold PW, Chrousos GP, Tomai T (1987) CSF neuropeptides in euthymic bipolar patients and controls. Br J Psychiatry 150: 208–212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bissette G, Widerlov E, Walleus H, Karlsson I, Eklund K, Fors-man A, Nemeroff CB (1986) Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 1148–1151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Black PM, Ballantine HT, Carr DB, Beal MF, Martin JB (1986) Beta-endorphin and somatostatin concentrations in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 21: 1077–1081

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bowen DM, Najlerahim A, Procter AW, Francis PT, Murphy E (1989) Circumscribed changes of the cerebral cortex in neuropsychiatric disorders of later life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 9504–9508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bowker RM (1987) Evidence for the co-localization of somatostatin-and methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in raphe and gigantocellularis nuclei. Neurosci Lett 81: 75–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, Ling N (1973) Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 197: 77–79

    Google Scholar 

  18. Brown MR, Rivier C, Vale W (1984) Central nervous system regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion: role of somatostatin: Endocrinology 114: 1546–1549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Candy JM, Gascoigne AD, Biggins A, Smith AI, Perry RH, Perry EK, McDermott JR, Edwardson JA (1985) Somatostatin immunoreactivity in cortical and some subcortical regions in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 71: 315–323

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Charlton BG, Leake A, Wright C, Fairbairn AF, McKeith IG, Candy JM, Ferrier IN (1988) Somatostatin content and receptors in the cerebral cortex of depressed and control subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51: 719–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Charlton BG, Leake A, Wright C, Fairbairn AF, McKeith IG, Candy JM, Ferrier IN (1988) Somatostatin content and receptors in the cerebral cortex of depressed and control subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51: 719–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cottrell GA, Robertson HA (1987) Prevention of cysteamine-induced myoclonus blocks the long-term inhibition of kindled seizures. Brain Res 412: 161–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cramer H. Schaudt D, Rissler K, Strubel D, Warter JM, Kuntz-mann F (1985) Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and substance-P-like immunoreactivity in the CSF of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type, multi-infarct syndrome and communicating hydrocephalus. J Neurol 232: 346–351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cutler NR, Haxby JV, Narang PR (1985) Evaluation of an analogue of somatostatin (L363; 586) in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 312: 725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Danguir (1986) Intracerebroventricular infusion of somatostatin selectively increases paradoxical sleep in rats. Brain Res 367: 2630

    Google Scholar 

  26. Danguir J (1988) Food intake in rats is increased by intracerebroventricular infusion of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995 and is decreased by somatostatin antiserum. Peptides 9: 211–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Danguir J (1988) Food intake in rats is increased by intracerebroventricular infusion of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995 and is decreased by somatostatin antiserum. Peptides 9: 211–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Delfs JR, Dichter MA (1983) Effects of somatostatin on mammalian cortical neurons in culture: physiological actions and unusual dose response characteristics. J Neurosci 3: 1176–1188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dokas LA, Kliss M, Liauv A, Coy DA (1983) Evidence that (DTrp8) somatostatin inhibits synaptic plasma membrane protein phosphorylation by interaction with a specific membrane binding site. Abstr Soc Neurosci 9: 589

    Google Scholar 

  30. Doran A, Rubinow DR, Roy A, Pickar D (1986) CSF somatostatin and abnormal response to dexamethasone administration in schizophrenic and depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 365–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Doran AR, Rubinow DR, Wolkowitz OM, Roy A, Breier A, Pickar D (1989) Fluphenazine treatment reduces CSF somatostatin in patients with schizophrenia: correlations with CSF HVA. Biol Psychiatry 25: 431–439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dupont E, Christensen SE, Hansen AP, Olivarius BD, Orskov H (1982) Low cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in Parkinson’s disease: an irreversible abnormality. Neurology (NY) 32: 312–314

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Epelbaum J, Ruberg M, Moyse E, Javoy-Agid F, Dubois B, Agid Y (1983) Somatostatin and dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res 278: 376–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ferrier IN, Croxx AJ, Johnson JA, Roberts GW, Crow TJ, Corsellis JA, Lee YC, O’Shaughnessy D, Adrian TE, Mc Gregor GP, Baracese-Hamilton AJ, Bloom SR (1983) Neuropeptides in Alzheimer type dementia. J Neurol Sci 62: 159–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ferrier IN, McKeith IG, Charlton BG, Whitford CA, Marshall E, Perry RH, Eccleston D, Edwardson JA (1989) Postmortem investigations of serotonergic and peptidergic hypotheses of affective illness. In: Lerer B, Gershon S (eds) New directions in affective disorders. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 60–63

    Google Scholar 

  36. Finley JCW, Maderdrut JL, Roger LJ, Petrusz P (1981) The immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin-containing neurons in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 6: 2173–2192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Francis PT, Bowen DM, Lowe SL, Neary D, Mann DMA, Snowden JS (1987) Somatostatin content and release measured in cerebral biopsies from demented patients. J Neurol Sci 78: 1–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Francis PT, Bowen DM, Neary D, Palo J, Wikstrom J, Olney N (1984) Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid from neurohistologically examined demented patients. Neurobiol Aging 5: 183–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gattaz WF, Rissler K, Gattaz D, Cramer H (1986) Effects of haloperidol on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the CSF of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res 17: 1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gerner RH, Yamada T (1982) Altered neuropeptide concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric patients. Brain Res 238: 298–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Glushankof P, Morel A, Gomez S, Nicolas P. Fahy C, Cohen P (1984) Enzyme processing somatostatin precursors: an Arg-Lys esteropeptidase from the rat brain cortex converting somatostatin-28 into somatostatin-14. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 6662–6666

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gomez S, Davous P, Rondot P, Faivre-Bauman A, Valade D. Puymirat J (1986) Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and acetyl-cholinesterase activities in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Psychoneuroendocrinology 11: 69–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Havlicek V, Rezek M, Friesen H (1976) Somatostatin and thyrotropin releasing hormone: central effect of sleep and motor system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 4: 455–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Havlicek V, Rezek M, Leybin L, Friesen H (1977) Analgesic effect of cerebral ventricular administration of somatostatin. Fed Proc 36: 363

    Google Scholar 

  45. Heisler S, Reisine T, Hook V, Axelrod J (1982) Somatostatin inhibits multireceptor stimulation of cyclic AMP formation and corticotrophin secretion in mouse pituitary tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 6502–66507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Higuchi T, Kokubu T, Sikand GS, Wada JA, Friesen HG (1984) A study of somatostatin receptors in amygdaloid-kindled rat brain. J Neurochem 43: 1271–1276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Higuchi T, Sikand GS, Kato N, Wada JA, Friesen HG (1983) Profound suppression of kindled seizures by cysteamine: possible role of somatostatin to kindled seizures. Brain Res 288: 359–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Higuchi T, Yamazaki 0, Takazawa A, Kato N, Watanabe N, Minatogawa Y, Yamazaki J, Ohshima H, Nagaki S, Igarashi Y, Noguchi T (1986) Effects of carbamazepine and valproic acid on brain immunoreactive somatostatin and gamma-aminobutyric acid in amygdala-kindled rats. Eur J Pharmacol 125: 169–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Jacquin T. Champagnat J, Madamba S, Denavit-Saubie M, Siggins GR (1988) Somatostatin depresses excitability in neurons of the solitary tract complex through hyperpolarization and augmentation of In, a non-inactivating voltage-dependent outward current blocked by muscarinic agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 948–952

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kakigi T, Kaneda H, Kawata E, Komurasaki Y, Tanimoto K, Maeda K, Chihara K (1990) The effects of antidepressants and serotonergic agents on the concentration of somatostatin in rat brain (Abstr.) 17th Congress of Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum, Kyoto

    Google Scholar 

  51. Katakami H, Arimura A, Frohman LA (1985) Involvement of hypothalamic somatostatin in the suppression of growth hormone secretion by central corticotropin-releasing factor in conscious male rats. Neuroendocrinology 41: 390–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kato M, Kakegawa T, Suzuki M (1986) Electrical stimulation of several limbic areas suppressed the growth hormone ( GH) release induced by human pancreatic GH-releasing factor in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Endocrinology 118: 955–960

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kaye W, Rubinow DR, Gwirtsman H, Tomai T, Chrousos G, Gold PW (1988) CSF somatostatin in anorexia nervosa and bulimia: relationship to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 13: 265–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kling MA, Rubinow DR, Chrousos GP, Doran AR, Gold PW (1986) CSF somatostatin levels are decreased in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (Abstr.92) 41st Annual meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry

    Google Scholar 

  55. Koponen H, Stenback U, Mattila E, Reinikainen K, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ (1989) Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in delirium. Psychol Med 19: 605–609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kruesi MJP, Swedo S, Leonard H, Rubinow DR, Rapoport JL (1990) CSF somatostatin in childhood psychiatric disorders: a preliminary investigation. Psychiatry Res 33: 277–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Krulich L, Dhariwal APS, McCann SM (1968) Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology 83: 783–790

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lesch KP, Widerlov E, Ekman R, Laux G, Rupprecht R, Schulte HM, Beckmann H (1989) The influence of human corticotropinreleasing hormone on somatostatin secretion in depressed patients and controls. J Neural Transm 75: 111–118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lewis BM, Diegues C, Lewis M, Hall R, Scanlon MF (1986) Hypothalamic D2 receptors mediate the preferential release of somatostatin-28 in response to dopaminergic stimulation. Endocrinology 119: 1712–1717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Login IW, Judd AM (1986) Trophic effects of somatostatin on calcium flux: dynamic analysis and correlation with pituitary hormone release. Endocrinology 119: 1703–1707

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lowe SL, Francis PT, Procter AW, Palmer AM, Davison AN, Bowen DM (1988) Gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in brain tissue at two stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain 111: 785–799

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Marksteiner J, Sperk G (1988) Concomitant increase of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and glutamate decarboxylase in the frontal cortex of rats with decreased seizure threshold. Neuroscience 26: 379–385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. McCann SM (1982) Physiology and phamacology of LHRH and somatostatin. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 22: 491–515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Meynadier J, Chrubasik J, Dubar M, Wunsch E (1985) Intrathecal somatostatin in terminally ill patients. A report of two cases. Pain 23: 9–12

    Google Scholar 

  65. Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Hill JL, Martinez RA, Davis CL, Mellow AM, Rubinow DR, Sunderland T (1991) CSF monoamine metabolites and somatostatin in’Alzheimer’s disease and major depression. Biol Psychiatry 29: 1110–1118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Morrison JH, Rogers J, Scherr S, Benoit R. Bloom FE (1985) Somatostatin immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer’s patients. Nature 314: 90–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Moyse E, Slama A, Videau C, DeAngela P, Kordon C, Epelbaum J (1989) Regional distribution of somatostatin receptor affinity states in rat brain: Effects of divalent cations and GTE Regul Pept 26: 225–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Nadi NS (1988) The time course of chemical changes in the kindled rat brain. Abstr Soc Neurosci 14: 1031

    Google Scholar 

  69. Nadi NS, Holmes MD, Wyler AR, Porter RJ (1986) Neuropeptides in focal and nonfocal epileptic tissues from patients with intractable epilepsy. Abstr Soc Neurosci 12: 294

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nagaki S, Kato N, Minatogawa Y, Higuchi T (1990) Effects of anticonvulsants and gamma-aminobutric acid ( GABA)-mimetic drugs on immunoreactive somatostatin and GABA contents in the rat brain. Life Sci 46: 1587–1595

    Google Scholar 

  71. Nemeroff CB, Youngblood WW, Manberg PJ, Prange AJ, Kizer JS (1983) Regional brain concentrations of neuropeptides in Huntington’s chorea and schizophrenia. Science 221: 972–975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Olenik C, Meyer DK, Marksteiner J, Sperk G (1989) Concentrations of mRNAs encoding for preprosomatostatin and preprocholecystokinin are increased after kainic acid-induced seizures. Synapse 4: 223–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Oram JJ, Edwardson J, Millard PH (1981) Investigation of cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides in idiopathic senile dementia. Gerontology 27: 216–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Palkovits M, Tapia-Arancibia L, Kordon C, Epelbaum J (1982) Somatostatin connections between the hypothalamus and the limbic system of the rat brain. Brain Res 250: 223–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Patel YC, Rao K, Reichlin S (1977) Somatostatin in human cerebrospinal fluid. N Engl J Med 296: 529–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Perez-Oso E, Lopez-Ruiz MP, Arilla E (1990) Effect of haloperidol withdrawal on somatostatin level and binding in rat brain. Biosci Rep 10: 15–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Perlin JB, Lothman EW, Geary WA (1987) Somatostatin augments the spread of limbic seizures from the hippocampus. Ann Neurol 21: 475–480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Perry EK, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Perry RH, Crow TJ, Cross AJ, Dockray GJ, Dimaline R, Arregui A (1981) Neuro-chemical activities in human temporal lobe related to aging and Alzheimer-type changes. Neurobiol Aging 2: 251–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Peterfreund RA, Vale WW (1983) Ovine corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates somatostatin secretion from cultured brain cells. Endocrinology 112: 1275–1278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Petraglia F, Facchinetti F, D’Ambrogio G, Volpe A, Genazzani AR (1986) Somatostatin and oxytocin infusion inhibits the rise of plasma B-endorphin, B-lipotrophin and cortisol induced by insulin hypoglycaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 24: 609–616

    Google Scholar 

  81. Pitkanen A, Beal MF, Riekkinen PJ (1988) Levels of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rat brain. Epilepsia 29: 659

    Google Scholar 

  82. Pitkanen A, Hyttinen JM, Sirvio J, Jokkonen J, Sarlund H, Riekkinen P (1989) The levels of somatostatin in the brain and CSF of rat after carbamazepine administration. Pharmacol Toxicol 64: 266–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pitkanen A, Jolkkonen J, Riekkinen P (1987) B-endorphin, somatostatin, and prolactin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of epileptic patients after generalised convulsion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50: 1294–1297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Post RM, Ballenger JC, Uhde TW, Bunney WE (1984) Efficacy of carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness: implications for underlying mechanisms. In: Post RM, Ballenger JC (eds) Neurobiology of mood disorders, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. pp 777–816

    Google Scholar 

  85. Pugsley TA, Lipmann W (1978) Effect of somatostatin analogues and 17-alphadihydroequilin on rat brain opiate receptors. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 21: 153–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Reichlin S (1982) Somatostatin in the nervous system. In: Schmitt FO, Bird SJ, Blood FE (eds) Molecular genetic neuroscience. Raven, New York, pp 359–372

    Google Scholar 

  87. Reichlin S (1983) Somatostatin. In: Krieger DT, Brownstein MJ, Martin JB (eds) Brain peptides, Wiley, New York, pp 711–752

    Google Scholar 

  88. Reichlin S (1983) Somatostatin. N Engl J Med 309: 1556–1563

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Reinikainen KJ, Riekkinen PJ, Jolkkonen J, Kosma VM, Soininen H (1987) Decreased somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex and cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 402: 103–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Reisine T, Wang HL, Guild S (1988) Somatostatin inhibits cAMPdependent and cAMP -independent calcium influx in the clonal pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20 through the same receptor population. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245: 225–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Reubi JC, Probst A, Cortes R, Palacios JM (1987) Distinct topographical localisation of two somatostatin receptor subpopulations in the human cortex. Brain Res 406: 391–396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Rezek M, Havlicek V, Hughes KR, Friesen H (1976) Central site of action of somatostatin (SRIF): role of hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 15: 499–504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rissler K, Cramer H, Schaudt D, Strubel D, Gattaz WF (1986) Molecular size distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with degenerative brain disease. Neurosci Res 3: 213–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Rivier C, Vale W (1985) Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor and somatostatin in stress-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 117: 2478–2482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Robbins RJ (1987) Regulation of hypothalamic somatostatin secretion. In: Reichlin S (ed) Somatostatin: basic and clinical status. Plenum, New York, pp 149–156

    Google Scholar 

  96. Robbins RJ, Sutton RE, Reichlin S (1982) Effects of neurotransmitters and cylic-AMP on somatostatin release from cultured cerebral cortical cells. Brain Res 243: 377–386

    Google Scholar 

  97. Roberts GW, Crow TJ, Polak JM (1985) Localization of neuronal tangles in somatostatin neurons in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 314: 92–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Roberts GW, Ferrier IN, Lee Y, Crow TJ, Johnstone EC, Owens DGC, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, McGregor G. O’Shaughnessey D, Polak JM, Bloom SR (1983) Peptides, the limbic lobe and schizophrenia. Brain Res 288: 199–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Rodriguez MN, Gomez-Pan A, Arilla E (1988) Decrease in number of somatostatin receptors in rat brain after adrenalectomy: normalization after glucocorticoid replacement. Endocrinology 123: 1147–1152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Rosier N, Reuner C, Geiger J, Rissler K, Cramer H (1990) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of immunoreactive substance P and somatostatin in patients with multiple sclerosis and inflammatory CNS disease. Peptides 11: 181–183

    Google Scholar 

  101. Rossor MN, Emson PC, Mountjoy CQ, Roth M, Iversen LL (1980) Reduced amounts of immunoreactive somatostatin in the temporal cortex in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neurosci Lett 20: 373–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rubinow DR (1986) Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and psychiatric illness. Biol Psychiatry 21: 341–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Rubinow DR, Gold PW, Post RM, Ballenger JC, Cowdry R, Bollinger J, Reichlin S (1983) CSF somatostatin in affective illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 409–412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Rubinow DR, Gold PW, Post RM, Ballenger JC, Reichlin S (1983) Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in primary affective disorder. Psychop harmaco l Bull19: 422–425

    Google Scholar 

  105. Rubinow DR, Post RM, Gold PW, Ballenger JC, Reichlin S (1985) Effects of carbamazepine on cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 85: 210–213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Scharfman HE, Schwartzkroin PA (1989) Selective depression of GABA-mediated IPSPs by somatostatin in area CAI of rabbit hippocampal slices. Brain Res 493: 205–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Serby M, Richardson SB, Rypma B, Twente S, Rotrosen JP 1986 ) Somatostatin regulation of the CRF-ACTH-cortisol axis. Biol Psychiatry 21: 971–974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Serby M, Richardson SB, Twente S, Siekierski J. Corwin J, Rotrosen J (1984) CSF somatostatin in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 5: 187–189

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Sheppard MS, Moor B, Kraicer J (1985) Release of growth hormone (GH) from purified somatotrophs: interaction of GH-releasing factor and somatostatin and role of adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate. Endocrinology 117: 2364–2374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Sheppard MS, Moor B, Kraicer J (1985) Release of growth hormone (GH) from purified somatotrophs: interaction of GH-releasing factor and somatostatin and role of adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate. Endocrinology 117: 2364–2374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Shinoda H, Schwartz JP, Nadi NS (1989) Amygdaloid kindling of rats increases preprosomatostatin mRNA and somatostatin without affecting glutamic acid decarboxylase ( GAD) mRNA or GAD. Mol Brain Res 5: 243–246

    Google Scholar 

  112. Shutts C, Steardo L, Barone P (1986) Huntington’s disease: effect of cysteamine, a somatostatin-depleting agent. Neurology 36: 1099–1102

    Google Scholar 

  113. Soininen HS, Jolkkonen JT, Reinikainen JK, Halonen TO, Riekkinen PJ (1984) Reduced cholinesterase activity and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Sci 63: 167–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Soininen HS, Riekkinen PJ, Partanen J, Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Jolkkonen J, Reinikainen K (1988) Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin correlates with spectral EEG variables and with parietotemporal cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer patients. Neurosci Lett 85: 131–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Sorensen KV, Alslev T, Christensen SE (1987) CSF somatostatin in multiple sclerosis: reversible loss of diurnal oscillation in relapses. Neurology 37: 1050–1053

    Google Scholar 

  116. Sorensen KV, Christensen SE, Dupont E, Hansen AP, Pedersen E, Orskov H (1980) Low somatostatin content in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 61: 186–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Sperk G, Reynolds GP, Riederer P (1987) HPLC analysis of somatostatin related peptides in putamen of Huntington’s disease patients. J Neural Transm 69: 153–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Srikant CB, Patel YC (1985) Somatostatin receptors. Adv Exp Med Bio1188: 291–304

    Google Scholar 

  119. Steardo L, Barone P, Hunnicutt E (1986) Carbamazepine lowering effect on CSF somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in temporal lobe epileptics. Acta Neurol Scand 74: 140–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Stryker T, Conlin T, Reichlin S (1986) Influence of a bendzodiazepine, midazolam, and gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA) on basal somatostatin secretion from cerebral and diencephalic neurons in dispersed cell culture. Brain Res 362: 339–343

    Google Scholar 

  121. Su T, Hauser P, Rubinow DR, Elpern S, Maloni HW, Krebs HM, Devinsky O, Post RM, McFarland HF (1990) CSF somatostatin (SRIF), mood, and cognition in multiple sclerosis (Abstr). 21st Congress International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Buffalo, NY

    Google Scholar 

  122. Sunderland T, Rubinow DR, Tariot P, Cohen RM, Newhouse PA, Mellow AM, Mueller EA, Murphy DL (1987) CSF somatostatin in dementia, elderly depression and age-matched controls. Am J Psychiatry 144: 1313–1316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Tamminga CA, Foster NL, Fedio P, Bird ED, Chase TN (1987) Alzheimer’s disease: low cerebral somatostatin levels correlated with impaired cognitive function and cortical metabolism. Neurology 37: 161–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Tannenbaum G, Ling N (1984) The interrelationships of growth hormone ( GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin in generation of the ultradian rhythm of GH secretion. Endocrinology 115: 1952–1957

    Google Scholar 

  125. Tapia-Arancibia L, Astier H (1989) Actions of excitatory amino acids on somatostatin release from cortical neurons in primary cultures. J Neurochem 53: 1134–1141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Terrence CF, Sax M, Fromm GH, Chang CH, Yoo CS (1983) Effect of baclofen enantiomorphs on the spinal trigeminal nucleus and steric similarities of carbamazepine. Pharmacology 27: 85–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Thal LJ, Laing K, Horowitz SG, Makman MH (1986) Dopamine stimulates rat cortical somatostatin release. Brain Res 372: 205–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Thal LJ, Masur DM, Fuld PA, Sharpless NS, Davies P (1983) Memory improvement with oral physostigmine and lecithin in Alzheimer’s disease. In: Katzman R (ed) Biological aspects of Alzheimer’s disease, vol 15. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp 461–469

    Google Scholar 

  129. Tran VT, Beal MF, Martin JB (1985) Two types of somatostatin receptors differentiated by cyclic somatostatin analogs. Science 288: 492–495

    Google Scholar 

  130. Unger J, Weindl A, Ochs G, Struppler A (1988) CSF somatostatin is elevated in patients with postzoster neuralgia. Neurology 38: 1423–1427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Vecsei L, Widerlov E (1988) Brain and CSF somatostatin concentrations in patients with psychiatric or neurological illness: an overview. Acta Psychiatr Scand 78: 657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Vecsei L, Widerlov E (1990) Effects of somatostatin-28 and some of its fragments and analogs on open-field behavior, barrel rotation, and shuttle box learning in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 15: 139–145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Walker JM, Bowen WD, Atkins ST, Hemstreet MK, Coy DH (1987) µ-Opiate binding and morphine antagonism by octapeptide analogs of somatostatin. Peptides 8: 869–875

    Google Scholar 

  134. Walsh TJ, Emerich DF, Winokur A, Banki C, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB (1985) Intrahippocampal injection of cysteamine depletes somatostatin and produces cognitive impairments in the rat. Neurosci Abstr 11: 621

    Google Scholar 

  135. Wehr TA (1984) Biological rhythms and manic-depressive illness. In: Post RM, Ballenger JC (eds) Neurobiology of mood disorders. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 190–206

    Google Scholar 

  136. Weiss SRB, Nguyen T, Rubinow DR, Helke CJ, Narang PK, Post RM, Jacobowitz DM (1987) Lack of effect of chronic carbamazepine on brain somatostatin in the rat. J Neural Transm 68: 325–333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Widerlov E. Bissette G, Nemeroff CB (1988) Monoamine metabolites, corticotropin releasing factor and somatostatin as CSF markers in depressed patients. J Affective Disord 14: 99–107

    Google Scholar 

  138. Widerlov E, Brane G, Ekman R, Kihlgren M, Norberg A, Karls-son I (1989). Elevated CSF somatostatin concentrations in dement- ed patients parallel improved psychomotor functions induced by integrity-promoting care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 79: 41–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Wolkowitz OM, Rubinow DR, Breier A, Doran AR, Davis C, Pickar D (1987) Prednisone decreases CSF somatostatin in healthy humans: implications for neuropsychiatrie illness. Life Sci 41: 1929–1933

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Wood PL, Etienne P, Lal S, Gauthier S, Cajal S, Nair NPV (1982) Reduced lumbar CSF somatostatin in Alzheimer’s disease. Life Sci 31: 2073–2079

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    D. R. Rubinow, C. L. Davis & R. M. Post

Authors
  1. D. R. Rubinow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. L. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. M. Post
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Rubinow, D.R., Davis, C.L., Post, R.M. (1992). Somatostatin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. In: Somatostatin. Basic and Clinical Aspects of Neuroscience, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76948-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76948-1_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-54569-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76948-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation