Skip to main content

Porphyrins and Their Possible Significance in Harderian Glands

  • Chapter
Harderian Glands

Abstract

Porphyrins are highly coloured compounds which fluoresce red in light of wavelength around 400 nm. They are widely distributed throughout the animal and plant kingdom. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in the pigmented eggshells of many species of birds while uroporphyrin is found in the shells of molluscs. However, their most important role is when complexed to metals to form metalloporphyrins, which are essential for all biological oxidation reactions. Haem is the iron complex of protoporphyrin. The rodent Harderian gland is remarkable in its ability to synthesise porphyrins, which in some species exceeds that of the liver.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abou-Harb M, Abou-Harb N (1964) La glande de Harder chez certains rongeurs sauvages désertiques et tropicaux et l’élaboration des porphyrines. C R Soc Biol 158:2268–2270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arvy L, de Lerma B (1961) Sur la présence d’un pigment fluorescent de type porphyrinique dans la glande de Harder de Meriones crassus, Sundevall. C R. Acad Sci 253:1012–1014

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badawy AAB, Morgan CJ (1980) Tryptophan pyrrolase in haem regulation Biochem J 186:763–772

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balemans MGM, Pévet P, Legerstee WC, Nevo E (1980) Preliminary investigations on melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol synthesis in the pineal, retina, and Harderian gland of the mole rat and in the pineal of the mouse “Eyeless” J Neural Transm 49:249–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop DF, Desnick RJ (1982) Assays of the haem biosynthetic enzymes. Enzyme 28:91–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie MJ, Moore MR, Thompson GG, Campbell BC, Goldberg A (1977) Is porphobilinogen deaminase activity a secondary control mechanism in haem biosynthesis in humans? Biochem Soc Trans 5:1466–1468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brownscheidle CM, Niewenhuis RJ (1978) Ultrastructure of the Harderian gland in male albino rats. Anat Rec 190:735–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucana CD, Nadakavukaren MJ (1972) Fine structure of the hamster Harderian gland. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 129:178–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucana CD, Nadakavukaren MJ (1973) Ultrastructural investigation of the postnatal development of the hamster Harderian gland. II. Male and female. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 142:1–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrière R (1985) Ultrastructural visualization of intracellular porphyrin in the rat Harderian gland. Anat Rec 213:496–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen F, Dam H (1953) A sexual dimorphism of the Harderian glands in hamsters. Acta Physiol Scand 27:333–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clabough JW, Norvell JE (1973) Effects of castration, blinding, and the pineal gland on the Harderian glands of the male golden hamster. Neuroendocrinology 12:344–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn SA (1955) Histochemical observations on the Harderian gland of the albino mouse. J Histochem Cytochem 3:342–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins KJ (1957) Pigment in the Harderian glands of mice exposed to a hot environment. B J Exp Physiol 42:24–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dailey HA (1990) Biosynthesis of heme and chlorophylls. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dailey HA, Fleming JE, Harbin BM (1986) Ferrochelatase from R. spheroïdes; substrate-specificity and role of sulfhydryl and arginyl residues. J Bacteriol 165:1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidheiser RH, Figge FHJ (1955) Enzymatic porphyrin synthesis in Harderian glands and other organs and tissues of mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 90:461–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidheiser RH, Figge FHJ (1958) Comparison of porphyrin producing enzyme activities in Harderian glands of mice and other rodents. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 97:775–777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis FA (1929) The anatomy and histology of the eye and orbit of the rabbit. Trans Am Opthalmol Soc 27:401–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrien E, Turchini J (1924) Sur l’accumulation d’une porphyrine dans la glande de Harder des rongeurs du genre Mus et sur son mode d’excrétion. C R Soc Biol 91:637–639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dilorio DP, Nadakavukaren MJ (1984) Prevention by pinealectomy of short photoperiod-induced ultrastructural changes in the hamster Harderian gland. Anat Rec 210:449–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot JA (1981) Circadian rhythms, entrainment and photoperiodism in the Syrian hamster. In: Follet BK, Follet DE (eds) Biological clocks in seasonal reproductive cycles. Scientechnica, Bristol, pp 203–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Feria-Velasco A, Meléndez C, Jaramillo J (1983) Sex differences in secretion patterns of neonatal rat Harderian gland under various environmental lighting conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol 74B:709–714

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figge FHJ (1944) Fluorescence studies on cancer. I. Porphyrin metabolism, Harderian gland fluorescence, and susceptibility to carcinogenic agents. Cancer Res 4:465–471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figge FHJ, Atkinson WB (1941) Relation of water metabolism to porphyrin incrustations in pantothenic acid-deficient rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 48:112–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figge FHJ, Davidheiser RH (1957) Porphyrin synthesis by mouse Harderian gland extracts: sex, age, and strain variation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 96:437–439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figge FHJ, Salomon K (1942) Prevention of porphyrin incrustations on pantothenic acid-deficient rats by Harderian gland ablation. J Lab Clin Med 27:1496–1501

    Google Scholar 

  • Figge FHJ, Strong LC, Strong, Jr LC, Shanbrom A (1942) Fluorescent porphyrins in Harderian glands and susceptibility to spontaneous mammary carcinoma in mice. Cancer Res 2:335–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Formgren B, Wetterberg L (1973) Uroporphyrinogen-III-cosynthetase activity in the Harderian gland of the golden hamster. Enzyme 16:146–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Formgren B, Wetterberg L (1976) Effects of light of different wavelengths on the porphyrin concentration in the Harderian gland of the golden hamster. In: Doss M (ed) Porphyrins in Human diseases, 1st Int Porphyrin Meet Freiburg/Br 1975. S. Karger, Basel, pp 380–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Getty R (ed) (1975) Sisson and Grossman’s: The anatomy of domestic animals, vols 1, 2, 5th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 229–230, 1410–1411

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg A, Ashenbrucker H, Cartwright GE, Wintrobe MM (1956) Studies on the biosynthesis of heme in vitro by avian erythrocytes. Blood 11:821–833

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafflin AL (1942) Histological observations upon the porphyrin-excreting Harderian gland of the albino rat. Am J Anat 71:43–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granick S (1966) The induction in vitro of the synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in chemical porphyria: a response to certain drugs, sex hormones and foreign chemicals. J Biol Chem 241:1359–1375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross SR, Hutton JJ (1971) Induction of hepatic d-amino-levulinic acid synthetase activity in strains of inbred mice. J Biol Chem 246:606–614

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hais IM, Strych A, Chmelar V (1968) Preliminary thin layer chromatographic characterization of the rat Harderian gland lipid. J Chromatogr 35:179–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow HJ (1984) The influence of Harderian gland removal and fur lipid removal on heat loss and water flux to and from the skin of muskrats, Ondatra zibethicus. Physiol Zool 57:349–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman RA (1971) Influence of some endocrine glands, hormones and blinding on the histology of the Harderian glands of golden hamster. Am J Anat 132:463–478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman RA, Hester RJ, Towns C (1965) Effect of light and temperature on the endocrine system of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse). Comp Biochem Physiol 15:525–533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hueper WC, Figge FHJ (1945) Porphyrin excretion of Harderian glands in its relation to actinic carcinogenesis in hairless rats. Cancer Res 5:328–330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugo J, Krijt J, Vokurka M, Janousek V (1987) Secretory response to light in rat Harderian gland: possible photoprotective role of Harderian porphyrin. Gen Physiol Biophys 6:401–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugo J, Vokurka M, Sanitrâk J, Melkovâ Z, Janousek V (1989) First demonstration of porphyrins in the lactrimal glands: similarity to the Harderian gland. Biomed Biochem Acta 48:K1–K4

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugo J, Vokurka M, Krijt J, Janousek V (1990) Photoprotection as a possible function of the rodent Harderian gland porphyrins: first description of porphyrins in the lacrimal gland. Mol Aspects Med 11:150

    Google Scholar 

  • James KR, Cortes JM, Paradinas FJ (1980) Demonstration of intracytoplasmic needle-like inclusions in hepatocytes of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. J Clin Pathol 33:899–900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janousek V, Sanitrak J, Krijt J, Holub M (1990) Tissue porphyrins in athymic nude (nu/nu) mice. Mol Aspects Med 11:150–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston HS, McGadey J, Thompson GG, Moore MR, Payne AP (1983) The Harderian gland, its secretory duct and porphyrin content in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). J Anat 137:615–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston HS, McGadey J, Thompson GG, Moore MR, Breed WG, Payne AP (1985) The Harderian gland, its secretory duct and porphyrin content in the plains mouse (Pseudomys australis). J Anat 140:337–350

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston HS, McGadey J, Payne AP, Thompson GG, Moore MR (1987) The Harderian gland, its secretory duct and porphyrin content in the woodmouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). J Anat 153:17–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones CW, Hoffman RA (1976) Porphyrin concentration of the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) Harderian gland: effects of incubation with delta-aminolevulinic acid and various hormones. Int J Biochem 7:135–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Joó I, Kahán A (1975) The porphyrin content of Harderian glands in rats and the melatonin-melanocyte stimulating hormone system. Endokrinologie 65:308–312

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanwar KC (1960) Morphological and cytochemical studies on the Harderian glands of rats. Cellule 61:129–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy GY (1954) The chemistry and metabolism of some porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives. PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, England

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy GY, Jackson AH, Kenner GW, Suckling CJ (1970) Isolation, structure and synthesis of a tricarboxylic porphyrin from the Harderian glands of the rat. FEBS Lett 6:9–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin WL, Nadakavukaren MJ (1979) The androgenic effect on the fine structure of the Harderian gland in the male hamster. Cell Tissue Res 198:119–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin WL, Nadakavukaren MJ (1982) Delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity in the Harderian glands of male and female golden hamsters. Comp Biochem Physiol 71B:539–540

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lithner F, Wetterberg L (1984) Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Acta Med Scand 215:271–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenthal N (1892) Notiz über die Harder’sche Drüse des Igels. Anat Ang 7:48–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolis FL (1971) Regulation of porphyrin biosynthesis in the Harderian gland of inbred mouse strains. Arch Biochem Biophys 145:373–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matilla A, Molland EA (1974) A light and electron microscopic study of the liver in case of erythrohepatic protoporphyria and in griseofulvin-induced porphyria in mice. J Clin Pathol 27:698–709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mhâtre MC, van Jaarsevela AS, Reiter RJ (1988) Melatonin in the lacrimal gland, first demonstration and experimental manipulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 153:1186–1192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mindegaard J (1976) Studies concerning porphyrin synthesis and the origin and ultrastructure of biological porphyrin-containing pigment granules (in Danish). PhD Thesis, Afdelingen Biokemi Ernaering, Dept Biochem Nutr, Danmarks Tekniske Hojskole

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore MR, Thompson GG, Low RAL, Cumming RLC (1972) The perinatal development of haem biosynthesis in rats, guinea pigs and humans. Proc Biochem Soc 129:43

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore MR, Thompson GG, Payne AP, McGadey J (1977) Cyclical oscillations in the activity of δ-aminolaevulinate synthase and porphyrin synthesis in the Harderian gland during the oestrous cycle of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Biochem Soc Trans 5:1475–1478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore MR, McColl KEL, Goldberg A (1979) The porphyrias. Diabete Metab (Paris) 5:323–336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore MR, Thompson GG, Payne AP, McGadey J (1980) Seasonal variation in δ-aminolaevulinate synthase and porphyrin content in the Harderian gland of the female golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Int J Biochem 12:501–504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore MR, Disler PB (1985) Chemistry and biochemistry of the porphyrins and porphyria. Clin Dermatol 3:7–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore MR, McColl KEL, Rimington C, Goldberg A (1987) Disorders of porphyrin metabolism. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller HB (1969) Die postnatale Entwicklung der Harderschen Drüse der weissen Ratte. I. Lichtmikroskopische Befunde. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 100:421–438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadakavukaren MJ, Lin WL (1983) Influence of short photoperiods on the ultrastructure of hamster Harderian glands. Cell Tissue Res 233:209–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuberger A (1980) The regulation of chlorophyll and porphyrin biosynthesis. Int J Biochem 12:787–789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ono T, Umeda M, Sugimura T (1956) Porphyrin metabolism in tumor bearing animals. Free porphyrin in liver, Harderian gland and urine and the effect thereon of toxohormone. Gann 47:171–180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orten JM, Keller JM (1946) Dietary protein and protoporphyrin formation in the rat. J Biol Chem 165:163–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Steen WK, Kraeer SL, Shear CR (1978) Extraocular muscle and Harderian gland degeneration and regeneration after exposure of rats to continuous fluorescent illumination. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci 17:847–856

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP (1977) Pheromonal effects of Harderian gland homogenates on aggressive behaviour in the hamster. J Endocrinol 73:191–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP (1979) Attractant properties of the Harderian gland and its products on male golden hamsters of differing sexual experience. J Endocrinol 80:69–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP (1990) The Harderian gland: its biology and role in porphyrin synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 11:145–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP, McGadey J, Moore MR, Thompson G (1977a) Androgenic control of the Harderian gland in the male golden hamster. J Endocrinol 75:73–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP, McGadey J, Moore MR, Thompson GG (1977b) Cyclic and seasonal changes in Harderian gland activity in the female golden hamster. J Endocrinol 72:41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP, McGadey J, Moore MR, Thompson GG (1978) The Harderian gland in the golden hamster: its histology, physiological control and behavioural role. J Anat 127(3):662

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP, McGadey J, Moore MR, Thompson GG (1979) Changes in Harderian gland activity in the female golden hamster during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation. Biochem J 178:597–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP, McGadey J, Johnston HS (1982a) The observation of interstitial porphyrin in the Harderian gland of normal and ovariectomised female hamsters. J Anat 135:831–832

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP, McGadey J, Johnston HS, Moore MR, Thompson GG (1982b) Mast cells in the hamster Harderian gland: sex differences, hormonal control and relationship to porphyrin. J Anat 135:451–461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne AP, McGadey J, Johnston HS (1985) Interstitial porphyrins and tubule degeneration in the hamster Harderian gland. J Anat 140:25–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piper WN, Condie IW, Tephly TR (1973) The role of substrates for glycine acyltransferase in the reversal of chemically induced porphyria in the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 159:671–677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapin M (1952) Apercus sur la glande de Harder du rat. Son dévelopment, sa secretion et son histologie. Bull Soc Zool Fr 77:239

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter RJ (1973) Comparative effects of continual lighting and pinealectomy on the eyes, the Harderian glands and reproduction in pigmented and albino rats. Comp Biochem Physiol 44:503–509

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter RJ, Klein DC (1971) Observations on the pineal gland, the Harderian glands, the retina and the reproductive organs of adult female rats exposed to continuous light. J Endocrinol 51:117–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimington C (1965) Porphyrin metabolism In: The comparative physiology and pathology of the skin. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp 309–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimington C (1985) A review of the enzymic errors in the various porphyrias. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 45:291–301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohonyi B, Kelényi G (1962) Porphyrin content of the Harderian gland of the rat. Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung 13:241–245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai T (1981) The mammalian Harderian gland: Morphology, biochemistry, function and phylo-geny. Arch Histol Jpn 44:299–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shemin D (1976) Delta-aminolaevulinic dehydratase: structure, function and mechanism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B273:109–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shirama K, Takeo Y, Shimizu K, Maekawa K (1977) Influence of environmental lighting and sex hormones on the development of Harderian gland in the rat. Annot Zool Jpn 50:70–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirama K, Furuya T, Takeo Y, Shimizu K, Maekawa K (1979) Neural control of the Harderian gland in the rat (in Japanese). Zool Mag (Tokyo) 88:149–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirama K, Furuya T, Takeo Y, Shimizu K, Maekawa K (1981a) Sex and strain differences in porphyrin content of the Harderian gland of mice. Zool Mag (Tokyo) 90:247–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirama K, Furuya T, Takeo Y, Shimizu K, Maekawa K (1981b) Influences of some endocrine glands and of hormone replacement on porphyrins of the Harderian glands of mice. J Endocrinol 91:305–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shirama K, Kohda M, Kohda M, Hokano M (1987) Effects of lighting conditions and of hormone replacement on the level of porphyrins in the rat Harderian gland. J Endocrinol Invest 10:79–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair PR, Granick S (1976) The transport of hemin and protoporphyrin across the plasma membrane of chick embryo liver cells in culture. Ann Clin Res 8:250–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AG, Francis JE (1981) Investigations of rat liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase — comparisons of porphyrinogens I and III as substrates and the inhibition by porphyrins. Biochem J 195:241–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith KM (1975) Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC (1986) The hamster Harderian gland: regulation of morphology and porphyrin biosynthesis by gonadal steroids. PhD Thesis Glasgow Univ, Glasgow, Scotland

    Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC, Johnston HS, McGadey J, Moore MR, Thompson GG, Payne AP (1985) Quantitative studies on the effects of hormones on structure and porphyrin biosynthesis in the Harderian gland of the female golden hamster. I. The effects of ovariectomy and androgen administration. J Anat 142:59–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC, Johnston HS, McGadey J, Moore MR, Thompson GG, Payne AP (1986a) Quantitative studies on the effects of hormones on structure and porphyrin biosynthesis in the Harderian gland of the female golden hamster. II. The time course of changes after ovariectomy. J Anat 145:67–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC, McGadey J, Johnston HS, Payne AP, Thompson GG, Moore MR (1986b) The prevention of porphyrin loss from tissues during routine histological processing: Quantitative studies on the Harderian gland. Histochem J 18:245–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC, Payne AP, Moore MR (1986c) The effects of castration and steroid administration on porphyrin biosynthesis in the Harderian gland of the male golden hamster. Biochem Soc Trans 14:140–141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC, Payne AP, Moore MR (1988) The effects of age on the structure and porphyrin synthesis of the Harderian gland of the female golden hamster. J Anat 160:157–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC, Stewart SL, Murray K, Kelly FM, Maharaj JA, Payne AP, Moore MR (1990a) Porphyrin synthesis in the Harderian gland and other tissues of the golden hamster during pregnancy and lactation. Mol Aspects Med 11:151–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC, Payne AP, Moore MR (1990b) Harderianectomy and porphyrin synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 11:151

    Google Scholar 

  • Spike RC, Payne AP, Thompson GG, Moore MR (1990c) High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of porphyrins in hamster Harderian glands. Biochem Biophys Acta 1034:1–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strong LC (1942) Sex differences in pigment content of Harderian glands of mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 50:123–125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strong LC (1944) Maternal inheritance of protoporphyrins of the Harderian glands in mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 57:78–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strong LC, Figge FHJ (1941) Fluorescence of Harderian glands in mice of cancer-susceptible and cancer-resistant strains. Science 94:331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strum JM, Shear CR (1982a) Harderian glands in mice: fluorescence, peroxidase activity and fine structure. Tissue Cell 14:135–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strum JM, Shear CR (1982b) Constant light exposure induces damage and squamous metaplasia in Harderian glands of albino mice. Tissue Cell 14:149–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun CY, Nadakavukaren MJ (1980) Effect of testosterone on the female hamster Harderian gland pigmentation and ultrastructure. Cell Tissue Res 207:511–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiessen DD, Kittrell EMW (1980) The Harderian gland and thermoregulation in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Physiol Behav 24:417–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiessen DD, Clancy A, Goodwin M (1976) Harderian gland pheromone in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). J Chem Ecol 2:231–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas MJ (1938) Contributions à l’étude des porphyrines en biologie et en pathologie. I. Genèse du noyau tetrapyrrolique. Br Soc Chim Biol 20:471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson GG, Hordovatzi X, Moore MR, McGadey J, Payne AP (1984) Sex differences in haem biosynthesis and porphyrin content in the Harderian gland of the golden hamster. Int J Biochem 16:849–852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomio JM, Grinstein M (1968) Porphyrin biosynthesis 5. Biosynthesis of protoporphyrin IX in Harderian glands. Eur J Biochem 6:80–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomio JM, Tuzman V, Grinstein M (1968) 5-Aminolevulinate dehydratase from rat Harderian gland. Purification and properties. Euro J Biochem 6:84–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Towbin EJ, Fanta PE, Hodge HC (1945) The porphyrin of Harder’s gland. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 60:228–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich R, Yuwiler A, Geller E, Wetterberg L (1974) Effects of sex hormones and environmental lighting on rat Harderian gland porphyrin. J Endocrinol 63:99–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walls GL (1942) The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation. Cranbrook Inst Sci Bull, Bloomfield Hills, MI, 19

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg L (1972) Increase of Harderian gland porphyrin content in castrated male hamsters dependent on light and visual function. Life Sci 11:541–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg L, Yuwiler A, Geller E, Shapiro S (1970a) Harderian gland: development and influence of early hormonal treatment on porphyrin content. Science 168:996–998

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg L, Geller E, Yuwiler A (1970b) Harderian gland: an extraretinal photoreceptor influencing the pineal gland in neonatal rats? Science 167:884–885

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg L, Marver HS, Swanson AL (1971) Delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase in the Harderian gland. S Afr J Lab Clin Med (Spec Issue) 45:189–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg L, Ulrich R, Yuwiler A (1972a) Light, the Harderian gland and the rodent pineal. In: Proc 4th Int Cong Endocrinol, Washington DC. Am Elsevier, New York, pp 268–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg L, Nyström B, Nilsson B (1972b) Effect of lighting conditions on the porphyrin content and morphology of the Harderian gland and on uterine morphology in the golden hamster. Experientia 28:1084–1085

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse MA, Rhodin JAG (1963) The ultrastructure of the Harderian gland of the mouse with particular reference to the formation of its secretory product. J Ultrastr Res 9:76–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wooding FBP (1980) Lipid droplet secretion by the rabbit Harderian gland. J Ultrastruct Res 71:68–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods JS, Dixon RL (1970) Perinatal differences in delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity. Life Sci 9:711–719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolley GW, Worley J (1954) Sexual dimorphism in the Harderian gland of the hamster (Cricetus auratus). Anat Rec 118:416–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki T, Seyama Y, Otsuka H, Ogawa H, Yamakawa T (1981) Identification of alkyldiacyl-glycerols containing saturated methyl branched chains in the Harderian gland of guinea pig. J Biochem 89:683–691

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spike, R.C., Payne, A.P., Moore, M.R. (1992). Porphyrins and Their Possible Significance in Harderian Glands. In: Webb, S.M., Hoffman, R.A., Puig-Domingo, M.L., Reiter, R.J. (eds) Harderian Glands. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76685-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76685-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76687-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76685-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics