Abstract
The hemodynamics of the pacemaker patient is subject not only to the general determinants of cardiac function, such as contractility of the myocardium, preload and afterload, but also to specific factors resulting from the nature of the patient’s conduction defect and/or the particular pacing mode applied.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abinader EG, Goldhammer E, Hassan A (1987) The significance of properly timed ventricular systole on diastolic mitral regurgitation occuring in complete heart block. PACE 10: 630
Adolph RJ, Homes JC, Fukusumi H (1968) Hemodynamik studies in patients with chronically implanted pacemakers. Am Heart J 76: 829
Aguirre JM, Ruiz de Azuä E, Molinero E et al. (1987) Hemodynamic response to isotonic exercise of rate-responsive pacemaker Activitrax vs WI. PACE 10: 1205
Albani E, Amati PC, Destro A et al. (1983) Echocardiographic parameters in DDD AV- sequential paced patients. PACE 6:A-76
Alicandri C, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC et al. (1978) Three cases of hypotension and syncope with ventricular pacing: possible role of atrial reflexes. Am J Cardiol 42: 137
Alt E, Wirtzfeld A, Klein G (1983) Hämodynamische Ergebnisse bei ventrikulärer und physiologischer Stimulation. Herz Kreislauf 2: 31
Alt E, Völker R, Högl B et al. (1988) Kardiopulmonale Belastungstest unter frequenzvariabler Stimulation: Ein Vergleich von Activitrax und Nova-MR-Schrittmachern zu WI-/AAI- Simulation. Z Kardiol 77: 456
Antonioli GE, Albani E, Amati PC et al. (1988) 2D and Doppler echocardiography in dual chambered paced patients. PACE ll[Suppl):846
Astrand I, Landegren J (1965) The effect of varying rate on physical work capacity in patients with complete heart block. Acta Med Scand 177: 657
Ausubel K, Steingart RM, Shimshi M et al. (1985) Maintenance of exercise stroke volume during ventricular versus atrial synchronous pacing: role of contractility. Circulation 72 (5): 1037
Baller D, Hoeft A, Korb H et al. (1981) Basic physiological studies on cardiac pacing with special references to the optimal mode and rate after cardiac surgery. Thorac Cardio vase Surg 29: 168
Baller D, Wolpers HG, Zipfel J et al. (1988) Comparison of the effects of right atrial, right ventricular apex and atrioventricular sequential pacing on myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac efficiency: a laboratory investigation. PACE 11: 394
Bathen J, Hegrenes L, Skjaerpe T (1983) Pulsed Doppler ultrasound for estimating blood flow in the aorta during cardiac pacing. PACE 6: A-87
Batey RL, Sweesy M, Scala M et al. (1990) Comparison of low-rate dual-chamber pacing to activity-responsive variable-ventricular pacing. PACE 13: 646
Bellocci F, Montenero S, Scabbia E et al. (1988) Long-term follow-up of activity-sensing rate- responsive pacemaker. PACE ll[Suppl]: 798
Benchimol A, Ellis J, Dimond G (1965) Hemodynamik consequences of atrial and ventricular pacing in patients with normal and abnormal hearts. Am J Med 39: 911
Benditt AG, Mianulli M, Fetter J et al. (1987) Single-chamber cardiac pacing with activity- initiated chronotropic response: evaluation by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Circulation 75: 184
Bergbauer M, Sabin G (1983) Hämodynamische Langzeitresultate der bifokalen Schritt macherstimulation. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 108: 545
Bernstein V, Roem C, Peretz DI (1971) Permanent pacemakers: 8-year follow-up study. Incidence and management of congestive cardiac failure and performance. Ann Intern Med 74: 361
Bevegard S, Johnsson B, Karlöf I et al. (1967) Effect of changes in ventricular rate and central pressures at rest and during exercise in patients with artificial pacemakers. Cardiovasc Res 1: 21
Beyer J, Thorban S, Adt M et al. (1983) Physiological vs WI pacing: Its effect on cardiac output with different left ventricular compliance. PACE 6: A-84
Bolli P, Müller FB, Linder L et al. (1987) The vasodilator potency of atrial natriuretic peptide in man. Circulation 75: 221
Bolt W, Buchter A, Grosser KD (1971) Die Leistungsbreite bei Patienten mit Herzschrittmachern. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 77: 457
Braunwald E, Frahm CJ (1961) Studies on Starling’s law of the heart. Observations on the hemodynamic functions of the left atrium in man. Circulation 14: 633
Braunwald E, Sonnenblick EH, Ross J et al. (1967) An analysis of the cardiac response to exercise. Circ Res XX/I: 44
BrofmanP, Rossi P,LouresD et al. (1987) Rate-responsive pacemaker in Chagas disease. PACE 10: 1208
BuckinghamT, Woodruff R, Pennington G et al. (1987) Hemodynamic effects of rate-responsive pacing in patients with left ventricular dysfunction measured by 2D and Doppler echocardiography. PACE 10/11: 652, A90
Buetikofer J, Milstein S, Mianulli M et al. (1987) Sustained improvement in peak oxygen consumption with activity-initiated rate-variable pacing. PACE 10/11: 652, A91
Camm AJ, Garratt CJ (1988) Rate-adaptive pacing guided by minute ventilation. In: Santini M, Pistolese M, Alliegro A (eds) Progress in clinical pacing. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 107
Capucci A, Caccin R, Boriani G et al. (1990) DDDR pacing modalities in patients with and without chronotropic incompetence compared to DDD and WIR modes. PACE 13: 1192
Castillo C, Samet P (1967) Retrograde conduction in complete heart block. Br Heart J 29: 553
Chamberlain DA, Leinbach RC, Vassaux CE et al. (1970) Sequential atrioventricular pacing in heart block complicating acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 282: 577
Chan W, Kertes P, Mond H et al. (1983) The effects of altering heart rate on supine cardiac volumes at rest during ventricular-inhibited pacing. PACE 6: A-79
Contini C, Pauletti M, Moscarelli E et al. (1983) Evaluation of myocardial function in pacemaker (PM) patients (PTS) by means of a non-invasive Doppler technique. PACE 6:A-87
Costa R, Moreira LF, Martinelli F et al. (1988) Atrial synchronous pacing: a real benefit in cardiomyopathy? PACE ll[Suppl.]: 816
Curtis JJ, Madigan NP, Withing RB et al. (1981) Clinical experience with permanent atrioventricular sequential pacing. Ann Thorac Surg 32: 179
Curtis J, Walls J, Boley T et al. (1983) Importance of atrio-ventricular contraction interval on hemodynamics. PACE 6:A-83
Daubert JC, Roussel A, Langella B et al. (1983) Hemodynamic and echocardiographic consequences of ventriculo-atrial conduction (VAC) in man. PACE 6: A-78
Davidson DM, Braak CA, Preston TA et al. (1972) Permanent ventricular pacing. Effect on long-term survival, congestive heart failure, and subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke. Ann Intern Med 77: 345
DiCarlo LA, Morady F, Krol R et al. (1987) Role of the atrium during ventricular pacing: hemodynamic consequences of atrio-ventricular and ventriculoatrial pacing in humans. PACE 10 /128: 438
DiCola VC, Stewart WJ, Harthorne JW et al. (1983) Doppler ultrasound measurement of cardiac output in patients with physiologic dual-chamber pacemakers. PACE 6: A-86
Djordjevic M, Stojanov P, Kocovic D et al. (1987) Comparative effects of rate-responsive activity pacing an WI pacing on exercise capacity. In: Beihassen B, Feldmann S, Copperman Y (eds) Cardiac pacing and electrophysiology. R&L Creative Communications, Jerusalem, p 47
Dolder A, Halter J, Nager F (1975) Schrittmacherimplantation bei bradykarder Herzin-suffizienz. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 100: 2070
Dreifus LS, Naito M,.David D et al. (1983) Hemodynamic consequences of abnormal atrioventricular sequential pacing. PACE 6: 81
Dreifus LS, Mitamura H, Rhauda A et al. (1986) Effects of AV-sequential versus asynchronous AV-pacing on pulmonary hemodynamics. PACE 9: 171
Duval AM, Lellouche D, Dubois-Rande JL et al. (1988) Relationship between AV delay and left ventricular filling in VDD mode pacing. PACE ll[Suppl]: 817
Edelstam C, Juhlia-Dannfeldt, Nordlander R et al. (1990) The hemodynamic importance of atrial systole — a function of the kinetic energy of blood flow? PACE 13: 1194
Edelstam C, Hjemdahl P, Pehrsson et al. (1990) Is DDD pacing superior to WI-R? Effects on myocardial sympathetic activity and oxygen consumption. PACE 13: 1193
Eimer HH, Witte J (1974) Zur Leistungsbreite bei Patienten mit festfrequentem Herz Herzschrittmacher unter Berücksichtigung von Hämodynamik, arteriovenöser Sauerstoff-differenz und Lungenfunktion. Z Kardiol 63: 1099
Eisinger GE, Winston SA, McGaughey MD (1988) Rate-responsive AV-delay and its effect on upper rate limit performance in DDD pacemakers. PACE ll[Suppl]: 815
Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ (1985) A time-related study of the hemodynamic benefit of atrioventricular synchronous pacing evaluated by Doppler echocardiography. PACE 8: 838
Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ (1987) Activity-sensing rate-responsive ventricular pacing (WI): relation between left ventricular dimensions and improvement in work capacity. PACE 10: 1211
Fananapazir L, Srinivas V, Bennett DH (1983) Comparison of resting hemodynamic indices and exercise performance during atrial synchronized and asynchronous pacing. PACE 6: 202
Fetter J, Mianulli M, Benditt DG (1987) Transcutaneous triggering of conventional implanted pulse-generators: a technique for predicting benefits of activity-initiated rate-variable pacing. PACE 10: 432
Frank O (1895) Zur Dynamik des Herzmuskels. Z Biol (Munich) 32: 371
Frank O (1901) Isometrie und Isotonie des Herzmuskels. Z Biol (Munich) 41: 14
Fujiyama M, Furuta Y, Matsumura J et al. (1983) Reconsideration of heart rate (HR) -cardiac output (COP) curve and resting cardiac function in bradyarrhythmias. PACE 6:A-83
Gammage M, Schofield S, Pentecost B (1990) Benefit of rate-respnsive pacing compared with fixed-rate demand pacing using a single setting for rate-responsive mode in elderly patients. PACE 13: 504
Gattenlöhner W, Schneider KW (1973) Schrittmachertherapie und Hämodynamik. Münch Med Wochenschr 115: 2137
Gerhard W, Smekal P, Grosser KD (1976) Kreislaufdynamik bei totalem atrioventrikulären Block vor und nach Anwendung eines elektrischen Schrittmachers unter verschiedenen Frequenzen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 34: 1488
Gesell RA (1919) Cardiodynamics in heart block as affected by auricular systole, auricular fibrillation and stimulation of the vagus nerve. Am J Physiol 40: 267
Gillespie WI, Greene DG, Karatzas NB et al. (1967) Effect of atrial systole on right ventricular stroke output in complete heart block. Br Med J 1: 75
Gilmore J, Sarnoff SJ, Mitchell JH et al. (1963) Synchronicity of ventricular contraction: observations comparing hemodynamic effects of atrial and ventricular pacing. Br Heart J 25: 299
Goldreyer BN, Bigger J (1970) Ventriculo-atrial conduction in man. Circulation 61: 935
Goldreyer BN (1982) Physiological pacing: the role of AV synchrony. PACE 5: 613
Greenberg P, Castellanet M, Messenger J et al. (1978) Coronary sinus pacing. Clinical follow- up. Circulation 57: 98
Greenberg B, Chatterjee K, Parmley WW et al. (1979) The influence of left ventricular filling pressure on atrial contribution to cardiac output. Am Heart J 98: 742
Haas JM, Strait GB (1974) Pacemaker-induced cardiovascular failure. Hemodynamic and angiographic observations. Am J Cardiol 33: 295
Hamby RI, Aintablian A, Wisoff BG (1973) The role of atrial systole in valve closure. Chest 64: 197
Hartzler GO, Maloney JD, Curtis J J et al. (1977) Hemodynamic benefits of atrioventricular sequential pacing after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 40: 232
Haskell RJ, French WJ (1986) Optimum AV interval in dual-chamber pacemakers. PACE 9: 670
Hayes DL, Furman S (1984) Stability of AV conduction in sick sinus syndrome patients with implanted atrial pacemakers. Am Heart J 107: 644
Hedman A, Nordlander R (1988) Q-T-sensing rate-responsive pacing versus fixed-rate ventricular pacing - a controlled clinical study. PACE 11: 506
Hedman A (1989) Long-term follow-up of patients treated with the Q-T interval-sensing rate- responsive pacemaker. J Intern Med 225: 385
Hetzel MR, Ginks WR, Pickersgill A J et al. (1978) Value of pacing in cardiac failure associated with chronic atrioventricular block. Br Heart J 40: 864
Humen DP, Kostuk WJ, Klein GJ (1985) Activity-sensing, rate-responsive pacing: improvement in myocardial performance with exercise. PACE 8: 52
Hummel J, Barr E, Hanich R et al. (1990) DDDR pacing is better tolerated than WI in patients with sinus node disease. PACE 13: 504
Humphries JO, Hinman EJ, Bernstein L et al. (1967) Effect of artificial pacing on cardiac and renal function. Circulation 36: 717
Ikkos D, Hanson JS (1960) Response to exercise in congenital complete atrioventricular block. Circulation 12: 583
Iwase M, Hatano K, Saito F et al. (1989) Evaluation by exercise Doppler echocardiography of maintenance of cardiac output during ventricular pacing with or without chronotropic response. Am J Cardiol 63: 934
Janosik D, Pearson A, Redd R et al. (1987) The importance of atrioventricular delay fallback in optimizing cardiac output during physiologic pacing. PACE 10: 410
Jochim K (1938) The contribution of the auricles to ventricular filling in complete heart block. Am J Physiol 122: 639
Johnson AD, Laiken SL, Engler RL (1978) Hemodynamic compromise associated with ventriculoatrial conduction following transvenous pacemaker placement. Am J Med 65: 75
Kappenberger L, Gloor HO, Babotai I et al. (1982) Hemodynamic effects of atrial synchronization in acute and long-term ventricular pacing. PACE 5: 639
Karlöf I (1975) Haemodynamic effect of atrial-triggered versus fixed-rate pacing at rest and during exercises in complete heart block. Acta Med Scand 197: 195
Kay GN, Bubien R (1988) Effect of His’ bundle ablation and rate-responsive pacing on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation. PACE 11: 500
Kay GN, Bubien RS (1990) Paired exercise treadmill testing for comparison of pacing modes: the importance of randomized test sequence. PACE 13: 534
Knapp K, Gmeiner R, Hammerle P et al. (1976) Der Einfluß der Vorhofkontraktion auf das Schlagvolumen bei Schrittmacherstimulation. Z Kardiol 65: 783
Koretsune Y, Kodama K, Nanto S et al. (1983) The effect of pacing mode on external work and myocardial oxygen consumption. PACE 6: A-77
Kourkoulados C, Gialafos J, Paraskevas P et al. (1985) Assessment of left ventricular function in ventricular and AV pacing using systolic time intervals and thermodilution technique. In: Gomez FP (ed) Cardiac pacing, electrophysiology, tachyarrhythmias. Editorial Grouz, Madrid, p 610
Kristensson BE, Amman K, Ryden L (1985) The hemodynamic importance of atrioventricular synchrony and rate increase at rest and during exercises. Eur Heart J 6: 773
Ladusans E, Priestley K, Rosenthal E et al. (1987) Rate-responsive pacing improves effort capacity compared with WI pacing in children with symptomatic bradycardia. PACE 10: 1216
Lascault G, Bigonzi F, Lechat P et al. (1988) Efficacy of DDD pacing in dilated cardio-myopathy: assessment by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Preliminary results. PACE ll[Suppl]: 851
Lau C, Tse W, Camm AJ (1988) Clinical experience with Sensolog 703: a new activity-sensing rate-responsive pacemaker. PACE 11: 1444
Lau C, Drysdale M, Ward D, Camm A J (1988) Clinical experience of Meta: a minute ventilation-sensing rate-responsive pacemaker. PACE 11: 507
Lau CP, Camm AJ (1988) Role of left ventricular function and Doppler-derived variables in predicting hemodynamic benefits of rate-responsive pacing. Am J Cardiol 62: 906
Lau CP, Ward DE, Camm AJ (1989) Single-chamber cardiac pacing with two forms of respiration-controlled rate-responsive pacemaker. Chest 95: 352
Laule M, Stangl K, Wirtzfeld A (1988) Adaptation to exercise: role of cardiac output, stroke volume and mixed venous oxygen saturation under atrial-triggered vs fixed-rate ventricular pacing. PACE ll[Suppl]: 814
Lindemans FW, Rankin IA, Murtaugh R et al. (1986) Clinical experience with an activity- sensing pacemaker. PACE 9 /11: 978
Lipkin DP, Buller N, Frenneaux M et al. (1987) Randomized crossover trial of rate-responsive Activitrax and conventional rate-ventricular pacing. Br Heart J 58: 613
Liu P, Burns RL, Weisel RD et al. (1983) Comprehensive evaluation of left ventricular function during physiological pacing. PACE 6: A-77
Manz M, Pfitzner P, Lüderitz B (1987) Rate-responsive pacing after His’ bundle ablation and for sick sinus syndrome. PACE 10: 1219
McMeekin JD, Lautner D, Hanson S et al. (1990) Importance of heart-rate response during exercise in patients using atrioventricular synchronous and ventricular pacemakers. PACE 13: 59
Mehta D, Gilmour S, Lau C et al. (1987) Optimal atrioventricular interval in patients with dual- chamber pacemakers. PACE 10: 437
Mitchell JH, Gilmore JP, Sarnoff SJ (1962) The transport function of the atrium. Am J Cardiol 9: 237
Mitchell JH, Gupta DN, Payne RM (1965) Influence of atrial systole on effective ventricular stroke volume. Circ Res 17: 11
Moreira LFP, Costa R, Fernandes PMP et al. (1985) Réévaluation of the role of atrial systole in the closure of atrioventricular valves. In: Gomez FP (ed) Cardiac pacing, electro-physiology, tachyarrhythmias. Editorial Grouz, Madrid, p 554
Müller OF, Bellet S (1961) Treatment of intractable heart failure in the presence of complete atrioventricular heart block by the use of the internal cardiac pacemaker. N Engl J Med 265: 769
Mugica J, Henry L, Attuel P et al. (1990) Long-term inprovement of patients’ behaviour with rate-modulated pacemakers. PACE 13: 1205
Munteanu J, Wirtzfeld A, Stangl K et al. (1985) Is the hemodynamic benefit of VDD pacing due to AV synchrony or to rate responsiveness? In: Gomez FP (ed) Cardiac pacing, electrophysiology, tachyarrhythmias. Editorial Grouz, Madrid, p 893
Nager F, Bühlmann A, Schaub F (1966) Klinische und hämodynamische Befunde beim totalen AV-Block nach Implantation elektrischer Schrittmacher. Helv Med Acta 33: 240
Naito M, Dreifus LS, Mardelli TJ et al. (1980) Echocardiographic features of atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial conduction. Am J Cardiol 46: 625
Naito M, David D, Michelson EL et al. (1980) Pulmonary venous regurgitation: a major factor adversely affecting hemodynamics ventriculoatrial pacing. PACE 3: 381
Narahara KA, Blettel ML (1983) Effect of rate on left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction during chronic ventricular pacing. Circulation 67 /2: 323
Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Vlietstra RE et al. (1982) Hemodynamics and symptomatic consequences of ventricular pacing. PACE 5: 903
Nitsch J, Seiderer M, Büll U et al. (1983) Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Schrittmacher stimulation auf linksventrikuläre Volumendaten-Untersuchungen mit der Radionukleid- Ventrikulographie. Z Kardiol 72: 718
Nobile A, Montenero S, Scabbia E et al. (1987) Long-term follow-up of activity-sensing rate- responsive pacemaker. PACE 10: 1223
Noll B, Krappe J, Goeke B (1988) Beeinflussung des atrialen natriuretischen Faktors durch die AV-Überleitungszeit bei Schrittmacherträgern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 113: 1994
Nordlander R, Pehrsson SK, Aström et al. (1987) Myocardial demands of atrial-triggered versus fixed-rate ventricular pacing in patients with complete heart block. PACE 10: 1154
Norman R, West RO, Burggraf GW (1986) Echocardiographic assessment of tricuspid regurgitation during ventricular demand pacing. PACE 9: 290
O’Connor AMJ, Arentzen CE, Anderson RW et al. (1988) Contribution of atrioventricular synchrony to left ventricular systolic function in a closed-chest canine model of complete heart block: implications for single-chamber rate-variable cardiac pacing. PACE 11: 404
Ogawa S, Dreifus L, Shenoy PN et al. (1978) Hemodynamic consequences of atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial pacing. PACE 1: 8
Page E, Wolf JE, Billette A et al. (1988) The usefulness of a noninvasive method to predict the benefits of rate-responsive pacing in patients with complete atrioventricular block previously implanted in VYI mode. PACE ll[Suppl]: 850
Pasquier J, Adamec R, Velebit V et al. (1986) Amelioration à long terme des performances à l’effort des porteurs du stimulateur cardiaque à frequence asservie à l’activité physique. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 116: 1604
Patel AK, Yap VU, Thomsen JH (1977) Adverse effects of right ventricular pacing in a patient with aortic stenosis. Hemodynamic documentation and management. Chest 72: 103
Pehrsson SK, Aström H (1983) Left ventricular function after long-term treatment with ventricular-inhibited compared to atrial-triggered ventricular pacing. Acta Med Scand 214: 295
Pehrsson SK, Hedman A, Hjemdahl P et al. (1987) Myocardial oxygen uptake and sympathetic activity — a comparison between fixed-rate ventricular pacing (WI), atrial synchronous (VAT) and rate responsive QT-sensing (TX) pacing. PACE 10: 1224
Perrins EJ, Morley ChA, Chan SL et al. (1983) Randomized controlled trial of physiological and ventricular pacing. Br Heart J 50: 112
Petzold D, Haan D, Sill V (1970) Langzeitelektrokardiographie und Spiroergometrie bei Schrittmacher-Patienten. Intensivmed 7: 39
Pipilis A, Bucknall C, Sowton E (1988) Sensolog — one year on. PACE ll[Suppl]: 804
Raza ST, Lajos TZ, Lewin AN et al. (1983) Hemodynamic advantages of AV-sequential (DVI) pacing. Further enhancement by optimizing cardiac function. PACE 6:A-80
Rediker DE, Eagle KA, Homma S et al. (1988) Clinical and hemodynamic comparison of WI versus DDD pacing in patients with DDD pacemakers. Am J Cardiol 61: 323
Reiter MJ, Hindman MC (1982) Hemodynamic effects of acute atrioventricular pacing in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 49: 687
Rettig G, Schieffer H, Doenecke P et al. (1975) Langzeitprognose bei Schritt-macherpatienten. Herz Kreislauf 10: 497
Reynolds DW, Wilson MF, Burow RD et al. (1983) Hemodynamic evaluation of atrioventricular sequential versus ventricular pacing in patients with normal and poor ventricular function at variable heart rates and posture. PACE 6: A-80
Rickards AF, Donaldson RM, Thalen HJT (1983) The use of QT interval to determine pacing rate: early clinical experience. PACE 11 /6: 346
Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Ikram H, Webster MW et al. (1985) Renal, hemodynamic, and hormonal effects of human alpha atrial natriuretic peptide in healthy volunteers. Lancet 1: 545
Ritter P, Daubert C, Mabo Ph et al. (1987) Improvement of the hemodynamic benefit of dual- chamber pacing by a rate-adapted AV delay. PACE 10 /11: 734
Ritter P, Daubert C, Mabo P et al. (1989) Haemodynamic benefit of a rate-adapted AV-delay in dual-chamber pacing. Eur Heart J 10: 637
Rognoni G, Occhetta E, Prando MD et al. (1986) Benefits of rate-responsive ventricular pacing with or without atrioventricular synchrony in patients with advanced or complete AV block. In: Santini M, Pistolese M, Alliegro A (eds) Progress in cardiac pacing. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 20
Rosenquist M, Ähren C, Nordlander R et al. (1988) Atrial rate-responsive pacing-effect on exercise capacity. PACE 11: 514
Rosenquist M, Obel IWB (1989) Atrial pacing and the risk for AV-block: is there a time to change in attitude? PACE 12: 97
Rossi P, Rognoni G, Occhetta E et al. (1985) Respiration-dependent ventricular pacing compared with fixed-ventricular and atrial-ventricular synchronous pacing: aerobic and hemodynamic variables. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 646
Rossi P, Prando DM, Magnani A et al. (1988) Physiological sensitivity of respiratory- dependent cardiac pacing: four-year follow-up. PACE 11: 1267
Ryden L, Karlsson Ö, Kristensson BE (1988) The importance of different atrioventricular intervals for exercise capacity. PACE 11: 1051
Sakai M, Ueda K, Ohkawa S et al. (1983) Echocardiography and pathologic studies on tricuspid regurgitation induced by transvenous right ventricular pacing. PACE 6: A-75
Samet Ph, Bernstein WH, Bernstein WH et al. (1964) Effect of alteration in ventricular rate on cardiac output in complete heart block. Am J Cardiol 14: 477
Scarpelli EM, Rudolph AM (1964) The hemodynamics of congenital heart block. Prog Cardio vase Dis 6: 327
Scherf D, Cohen J, Orphanus RP (1964) Retrograde activation of the atria in atrioventricular block. Am J Cardiol 13: 219
Schmid P, Klein WW, Hard H et al. (1969) Körperliche Belastbarkeit von Herzschrittmacherträgera. Z Kariol 68: 763
Schüller H, Brandt J, Fahraeus T et al. (1990) Feasibility of rate-adaptive atrial pacing: clinical results in 44 patients. PACE 13: 1209
Sedney MI, Weijers E, van der Wall EE et al. (1989) Short-term and long-term changes of left ventricular volumes during rate-adaptive and single-rate pacing. PACE 12: 1863
Sidney KH, Shephard RJ (1977) Maximum and submaximum exercise tests in men and women in the seventh, eighth, and ninth decades of life. J Appl Physiol 43: 280
Skinner NS, Mitchell J, Wallace AT et al. (1963) Hemodynamic effects of altering the time of atrial systole. Am J Physiol 205: 499
Smedgard P, Kristensson BE, Kruse I et al. (1987) Rate-responsive pacing by means of activity- sensing versus single-rate ventricular pacing: a double-blind cross-over study. PACE 10 /1: 902
SowtonE (1964) Hemodynamic studies in patients with artificial pacemakers. Br Heart J 26: 737
Sowton E (1967) The relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate in patients with artificial pacemakers. Cardiologia 50: 15
Spencer WH, Goodman DA, Hargis J et al. (1987) Comparison of exercise performance in three rate-responsive pacing modes. PACE 10: 1229
Stack MF, Rader B, Sobol BJ et al. (1958) Cardiovascular hemodynamic functions in complete heart block and the effect of isopropylnorepinephrine. Circulation 17: 526
Stangl K, Wirtzfeld A, Gobi G et al. (1986) Rate control with an external S02 closed-loop system. PACE 9: 992 /11
Stangl K, Weil J, Seitz K et al. (1988) Influence of AV synchrony on the plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP) in patients with total AV block. PACE 11: 1176
Starling EH (1915) The lineacre lecture on the law of the heart. Longmans, Cambridge
Stewart WJ,DicolaVC,HarthorneJW et al. (1984) Doppler ultrasound measurement of cardiac output in patients with physiological pacemakers. Effects of left ventricular function and retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction. Am J Cardiol 54: 308
Sutton R, Citron P (1979) Electrophysiological and hemodynamic basis for application of new pacemaker technology in sick sinus syndrome and atrioventricular block. Br Heart J 41: 600
Sutton R, Perrins EJ, Citron P (1980) Physiological cardiac pacing. PACE 3: 207
Sutton R, Perrins EJ, Morley C et al. (1983) Sustained improvement in exercise tolerance following physiological cardiac pacing. Eur Heart J 4: 781
Sutton R, Kenny RA (1986) The natural history of sick sinus syndrome. PACE 9 /11: 1110
Swift PC, Cowell LC, Woolard KV (1987) A comparison of the exercise response to DDD and activity-response ventricular pacing. PACE 10 /11: 751
Trappe HJ, Klein H, Frank G et al. (1988) Rate-responsive pacing as compared to fixed-rate WI pacing in patients after ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system. Eur Heart J 9: 642
Travill CM, Varadas P, Ingram A et al. (1988) Benefits of WIR over WI: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - a new quantitative assessment? PACE 11 [Suppl]: 860
Treese N, Hungfleisch S, Rhein S et al. (1988) Cardiopulmonary exercise: a new approach for control of rate-responsive pacing. PACE ll[Suppl]: 847
Treese N, Stegmaier A, Slamer P et al. (1990) Rate-responsive pacing improves the oxygen uptake work rate ratio. PACE 13: 1213
Tscheliessnigg KG, Stenzl W, Dacar D et al. (1985) Hemodynamic importance of a constant AV delay. In: Gomez FP (ed) Cardiac pacing, electrophysiology, tachyarrhythmias. Editorial Grouz, Madrid, p 572
Unger G, Biolonozyk C, Leonhartsberger H et al. (1983) Influence of pacing mode on parameters of left ventricular function (LVF) measured by Tc-nucleid-ventriculography (TcN). PACE 6:A-80
Van Erckelens F, Sigmund M, Reupke C et al. (1990) exercise responsiveness of cardiopulmonary function under rate-adaptive pacing: Q-T interval vs minute ventilation for regulation. PACE 13: 1193
Van Mechelen R, Hagemeijer F, de Boer H et al. (1983) Atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial conduction in patients with symptomatic sinus node dysfunction. PACE 6: 13
Vardas P, Williams M, Travill C et al. (1987) Atrial natriuretic peptide in complete atrioventricular block, untreated and after DDD and WI pacing. In: Belhassen B, Feldmann S, Copperman Y (eds) Cardiac pacing and electrophysiology. R&L Creative Communications, Jerusalem, p 261
Velimirovic YD, Djordjevic M, Kocovic D et al. (1988) Metabolic and hemodynamic assessments of rate-responsive pacing: a comparative study. PACE ll[Suppl]: 851
Videen JS, Huang SK, Bazgan ID et al. (1986) Hemodynamic comparison of ventricularpacing, atrioventricular sequential pacing and atrial synchronous ventricular pacing using radionuclide ventriculography. Am J Cardiol 57: 1305
Vogt P, Goy JJ; Kuhn M et al. (1988) Single-versus dual-chamber rate-responsive pacing: comparison by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. PACE ll[Suppl]: 797
V. Bibra H, Busch U, Wirtzfeld A (1984) Hemodynamic effects of short AV intervals in DDD pacemaker patients. Circulation 70: 408
Weinhold C, Fülle P, Steinbeck G (1990) Hemodynamic investigation in patients with dual- chamber rate-responsive pacemakers under exercise. PACE 13: 1214
Wessale JL, Geddes LA, Fearnot NE et al. (1988) Cardiac output versus pacing rate at rest and with exercise in dogs with AV block. PACE 11: 575
Wessale JL, Voelz MB, Geddes LA (1990) Stroke volume and the three phase cardiac output rate relationship with ventricular pacing. PACE 13: 673
Westermann KW (1972) Hämodynamische Untersuchungen bei Schrittmacherträgern während AV-Block, starrfrequenter und vorhofgesteuerter Stimulation. Intensivmed 9: 360
Westveer DC, Stewart JR, Goodfleish R et al. (1984) Prevalence and significance of ventriculoatrial conduction. PACE 7: 184
Winters WL, Tyson RR, Barrera F et al. (1965) Cardiac pacemaking. Physiological studies. Ann Intern Med 62: 220
Wirtzfeld A, Himmler FC, Präuer HW et al. (1979) Atrial and ventricular pacing in patients with the sick sinus syndrome. In: Meere CM (ed) Cardiac pacing. Proceedings of the Vlth world symposion on cardiac pacing, Montreal
Wirtzfeld A, Himmler FC, Blömer H (1981) Klinische Gesichtspunkte der Schritt-machertherapie bradykarder Herzrhythmusstörungen. Verh Dtsch Ges Kreislaufforsch 47: 98
Wirtzfeld A, Schmidt G, Himmler FC et al. (1987) Physiological pacing: present status and future developments. PACE 10: 41
Witte J, Dressler L, Schröder G (1979) 10 years of experience with permanent atrial electrodes. In: Meere CM (ed) Cardiac pacing. Proceedings of the Vlth world symposion on cardiac pacing, Montreal
Zegelman M, Cieslinsky G, Kreuzer J et al. (1987) 140 times body activity directed pacing - nonphysiological sensor with satisfying clinical results? PACE 10: 123472/5:1037
Ziljstra F, Polak PE, Tanis CJ et al. (1987) Comparison of two pacing modes of rate- responsive pacing. In: Beihassen B, Feldmann S, Copperman Y (eds) Cardiac pacing and electrophysiology. R&L Creative Communications, Jerusalem, p 133
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Stangl, K., Alt, E. (1993). Hemodynamics of the Paced Heart. In: Alt, E., Barold, S.S., Stangl, K. (eds) Rate Adaptive Cardiac Pacing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76649-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76649-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76651-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76649-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive