Abstract
Retroviruses are a heterogeneous group of plus strand RNA viruses which replicate their RNA genome through a DNA intermediate. During their life cycle the retroviruses interact with the host in a variety of ways. Thus, viral gene products interact with cellular proteins and modulate or subvert their function. Furthermore, the proviral DNA integrates into the cellular genome introducing mutations which alter the biology of the infected cell. These interactions between the virus and the host and the phenomena associated with them determine the pathogenicity of retroviruses (Lazo and Tsichlis 1990 and this volume).
The work in PNT’S laboratory is supported by public Health Services grant CA-38047, and CA-06927, RR-05539 to the Fox Chase Cancer Center and an appropriation from the Comomn Wealth of Pennsyivania.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adari H, Lowy DR, Williamson BM, Der C, McCormick F (1988) Guanosine triphosphate activity protein (GAP) interacts with the p21 ras effector binding domain. Science 240: 518–521
Adler HT, Reynolds PJ, Kelley CM, Sefton BM (1988) Transcriptional activation of Ick by retrovirus promoter insertion between two lymphoid-specific promoters. J Virol 62: 4113–4122
Amongel P, Laudet V, Martin P, Li RP, Quatannens B, Stehelin D, Sanle S (1989) Two nuclear oncogenic proteins, p135gag-myb-ets and p61/63myc, cooperate to induce transformation of chicken neuroretina cells. J Virol 63: 3382–3388
Anagnqu NP, Economou-Pachnis A, O’Brien SJ, Modi WS, Nienhuis AW, Tsichlis PN (1989) The human homolog of the Moloney murine leukemia virus integration 2 locus maps to band p14 of chromosome 5. Genomics 5: 354–358
Arima N, Daitoku Y, Ohgaki S, Fukumori J, Tanaka H, Yamamoto Y, Fujimoto K, Onoue K (1986) Autocrine growth of interleukin-2 producing leukemic cells in a patient with adult T cell leukemia. Blood 68: 779–782
Asjo B, Skoog L, Palminger I, Wiener F, Isaak D, Cerny J, Fenyo EM (1985) Influence of genotype and the organ of origin on the subtype of T cell in Moloney lymphomas induced by transfer of preleukemic cells from athymic and thymus bearing mice. Cancer Bes 45: 1040–1045
Aziz DC, Hanna Z, Jolicoeur P (1989) Severe immunodeficiency disease induced by a defective murine leukemia virus. Nature 338: 505–508
Bacon LD, Witter RL, Fadly AM (1989) Augmentation of retrovirus-induced lymphoid leukosis by Marek’s disease herpesviruses in white leghorn chickens. J Virol 63: 504–512
Baeuerle PA, Baltimore D (1988) 1KB: a specific inhibitor of the NF-kB transcription factor. Science 242: 540–546
Ballard DW, Böhnlein E, Lowenthal JW, Wano J, Franza BR, Greene WC (1988) HTLV-1 tax induces cellular proteins that activate the kB element in the IL-2 receptor a gene. Science 241:1652–1655
Bar-Sagi D, Feramisco JR (1985) Microinjection of the ras oncogene protein into PC12 cells induces morphological differentiation. Cell 42: 841–848
Bartholomew C, Morishita K, Askew D, Buchberg A, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Ihle JN (1989) Retroviral insertions in the CB-1 /Firn-3 common site of integration activate expression of the Ew-1 gene. Oncogene 4: 529–534
Barton DE, Foellmer BE, Wood Wl, Francke U (1989) Chromosome mapping of the growth hormone receptor gene in man and mouse. Cytogenet Cell Genet 50: 137–141
Bassin RH, Ruscetti S, Ali I, Haapala DK, Rein A (1982) Normal DBA/2 mouse cells synthesize a glycoprotein which interferes with MCF virus infection. Virology 123: 139–151
Baumbach WR, Stanley ER, Cole MD (1987) Induction of clonal monocyte-macrophage tumors in vivo by a mouse c-myc retrovirus: rearrangement of the CSF-1 gene as a secondary transforming event. Mol Cell Biol 7: 664–671
Baumbach WR, Colston EM, Cole MD (1988) Integration of the BALB/c ecotropic provirus into the colony-stimulating factor-1 growth factor locus in a myc retrovirus-induced murine monocyte tumor. J. Virol 62: 3151–3155
Bear SE, Tsichlis PN, Schwartz RS (1980) H-2-mediated resistance to an ecotropic type C retrovirus: localization of controlling genes and ontogenic studies of resistance. Immunogenetics 11: 451–465
Bear SE, Bellacosa A, Lazo PA, Jenkins N, Copeland N, Hanson C, Levan G, Tsichlis PN (1989) Provirus insertion in Tpl-1, an Ets-1 related oncogene, is associated with tumor progression in MoMuLV induced rat thymic lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7495–7499
Bellacosa A, Lazo PA, Bear SE, Shinton S, Tsichlis PN (1989) Induction of multiple independent T cell lymphomas in rats inoculated with Moloney murine leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 4269–4272
Bellacosa A, Testa JR, Staal SP, Tsichlis PN (1991) A retroviral oncogene, Akt coding for a Serine-Threonine kinase containing a sre homology-2 (SH2)-like region. Science, in press
Ben-David Y, Prideaux VR, Chow V, Benchimol S, Bernstein A (1988) Inactivation of the p53 oncogene by internal deletion or retroviral integration in erythroleukemic cell lines induced by Friend leukemia viruses. Oncogene 3: 179–185
Ben-David Y, Giddens EB, Bernstein, A (1990) Identification and mapping of a common proviral integration site Fli-1 in erythroleukemia cells induced by Friend murine leukemia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 1332–1336
Benezra R, Davis RL, Lockshon D, Turner DL, Weintraub H (1990) The protein Id: a negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins. Cell 61: 49–59
Bentley DL, Groudine M (1986) A block to elongation is largely responsible for decreased transcription of c-myc in differentiated HL60 cells. Nature 321: 702–706
Berns A, Cuypers HT, Selten G, Domen J (1987) P/m-1 activation in T cell lymphomas. In: Kjeldgaard, Forchhammer, (eds) Proceeding Benzon Symposium on Viral Carcinogenesis. Munskgaard, Copenhagen, pp 211–224
Bernstein A, Chabot B, Dubreuil P, Reith A, Nocka K, Majumder S, Ray P, Besmer P (1990) The mouse Wlc-kit locus. Molecular control of haemopoiesis. Ciba Foundation Symposium 148. Wiley, Chichester, pp 158–172
Bhat NK, Thompson CB, Lindsten T, June CH, Fujiwara S, Koizumi S, Fisher RJ, Pappas TS (1990) Reciprocal expression of human ETS1 and ETS2 genes during T-cell activation: regulatory role for the proto-oncogene ETS1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3723–3727
Biedenkapp H, Borgmeyer U, Sippel AE, Klempnauer K-H (1988) Viral myb oncogene encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding activity. Nature 335: 835–837
Bilello JA, Pitts OM, Hoffman PM (1986) Characterization of a progressive neurodegenerative disease induced by a temperature-sensitive Moloney murine leukemia virus infection. J Virol 59: 234–241
Bishop JM (1987) The molecular genetics of cancer. Science 235: 305–311
Bishop JM, Varmus H (1985) Functions and origins of retroviral transforming genes. In: Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H, Coffin JM (eds) RNA Tumor Viruses, vol 2. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp. 249–356
Blatt C, Mileham K, Haas M, Nesbitt MN, Harper ME, Simon Ml (1983) Chromosomal mapping of the mink cell focus-inducing and xentropic env gene family in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 6298–6302
Blatt C, Aberdam D, Schwartz R, Sachs L (1988) DNA rearrangement of a homeobox gene in myeloid leukemic cells. EMBO J 7: 4283–4290
Blayney DW, Jaffe ES, Fisher Rl, Schechter GP, Cossman J, Robert-Guroff M, Kalyanaraman VS, Blattner WA, Gallo RC (1983) The human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, lymphoma, lytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia. Ann Intern Med 98: 144–151
Böhnlein E, Lowenthal JW, Siekevitz M, Ballard DW, Franza BR, Greene WC (1988) The same inducible nuclear proteins regulates mitogen activation of both the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha gene and type 1 HIV. Cell 53: 827–836
Böhnlein E, Ballard DW, Bogerd H, Peffer NJ, Lowenthal JW, Greene WC (1989) Induction of interleukin-2 receptor-a gene expression is regulated by post-translational activation of ?cB specific DNA binding proteins. J Biol Chem 264: 8475–8478
Boral AL, Okenquist SA, Lenz J (1989) Identification of the SL3–3 virus enhancer core as a Tlymphoma cell-specific element. J Virol 63: 76–84
Bordereaux D, Fichelson S, Sola B, Tambourin P, Gisselbrecht S (1987) Frequent involvement of the fim-3 region in Friend murine leukemia virus-induced myeloblasts leukemias. J Virol 61: 4043–4045
Boulukos KE, Pognonec P, Rabault B, Begue A, Ghysdael J (1989) Definition of an Eis-1 protein domain required for nuclear localization in cells and DNA-binding activity in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 9: 5718–5721
Boyle WJ, Lampert MA, Li AC, Baluda MA (1985) Nuclear compartmentalization of the v-myb oncogene product. Mol Cell Biol 5: 3017–3023
Brady J, Jeang KT, Duvall J, Khoury G (1987) Identification of p40x-responsive regulatory sequences within the human T cell leukemia virus type I long terminal repeat. J Virol 61: 2175–2181
Breuer ML, Cuypers HT, Berns A (1989a) Evidence for the involvement of pim-2, a new common proviral insertion site, in progression of lymphomas. EMBO J 8: 743–747
Breuer M, Slebos R, Verbeek S et al. (1989b) Very high frequency of lymphoma induction by a chemical carcinogen in pim-1 transgenic mice. Nature 340: 61–63
Brightman BK, Davis BR, Fan H (1990) Preleukemic hematopoietic hyperplasia induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus is an indirect consequence of viral infection. J Virol 64: 4582–4584
Britt WJ, Chesebro B (1983) H-20 control of recovery from Friend virus leukemia: H-2D region influences the kinetics of the T lymphocyte response to Friend virus. J Exp Med 157:1736–1745
Buchberg AM, Bedigian HG, Taylor BA, Brownell E, Ihle JN, Nagata S, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1988) Localization of evi-2 to chromosome 11: linkage to other proto-oncogene and growth factor loci using interspecific backcross mice. Oncogene Res 2: 149–165
Buchberg AM, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1989) Localization of the murine macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene to chromosome 3 using interspecific backcross analysis. Genomics 5: 363–367
Buchberg AM, Bedigian HG, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1990) Evi-2, a common integration site involved in murine myeloid leukemogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 10: 4658–4666
Buller RS, Ahmed A, Portis JL (1987) Identification of two forms of an endogenous murine retroviral env gene linked to the Rmcf locus. J Virol 61: 29–34
Buss JE, Sefton BM (1986) Direct identification of palmitic acid as the lipid attached to p21ras. Mol Cell Biol 6: 116–122
Buss JE, Solski PA, Schaeffer JP, MacDonald MJ, Der CJ (1989) Activation of the cellular proto-oncogene product p21 ras by addition of a myristylation signal. Science 243: 1600–1602
Campbell GR, Zimmerman K, Blank RD, Alt FW, D’Eustachio, P (1989) Chromosomal location of N-myc and L-myc genes in the mouse. Oncogene Res 4: 47–54
Casey G, Smith R, McGillivray D, Peters G, Dickson C (1986) Characterization and chromosome assignment of the human homolog of int-2, a potential proto-oncogene. Mol Cell Biol 6: 502–510
Cawthon RM, Weiss R, Xu G, Viskochil D, Culver M, Stevens J, Robertson M, Dunn D, Gesteland R, O’Connell P, White R (1990) A major segment of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene: cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and point mutations. Cell 62: 193–201
Ceci JD, Siracusa LD, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1989) A molecular genetic linkage map of mouse chromosome 4 including the localization of several proto-oncogenes. Genomics 5: 699–709
Chabot B, Stephenson DA, Chapman VM, Besmer P, Bernstein A (1988) The proto-oncogene c-kit encoding a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor maps to the mouse W locus. Nature 335:88–89
Chatis PA, Holland CA, Hartley JW, Rowe WP, Hopkins N (1983) Role of the 3’ end of the genome in determining disease specificity of Friend and Moloney murine leukemia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 4408–4411
Chatis PA, Holland CA, Silver JE, Fredrickson TN, Hopkins N, Hartley JW (1984) A 3’-end fragment encompassing the transcriptional enhancer of a non-defective Friend virus confers erythro-leukemogenicity on Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 52: 248–254
Chattopadhyay SK, Lander MR, Gupta S, Rands E, Lowy DR (1981) Origin of mink cytopathic focus-forming (MCF) viruses: comparison with ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia virus genomes. Virology 113: 465–483
Chesebro B, Wehrly K (1978)Rfv-1 and Rfv-2, two H-2 associated genes that influence recovery from Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly. J Immunol 120: 1081–1085
Chesebro B, Wehrly K (1979) Identification of a non-H-2 gene (Rfv-3) influencing recovery from viremia and leukemia induced by Friend virus complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 425–429
Chesebro B, Wehrly K, Stimpfling J (1974) Host genetic control of recovery from Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly. Mapping of a gene within the major histocompatibility complex. J Exp Med 140: 1457–1467
Chesebro B, Miyazawa M, Britt WJ (1990) Host genetic control of spontaneous and induced immunity to Friend murine retrovirus infection. Ann Rev Immunol 8: 477–499
Chow V, Ben-David Y, Bernstein A, Benchimol S, Mowat M (1987) Multistage Friend erythroleukemia: independent origin of tumor clones with normal or rearranged p53 cellular oncogenes. J Virol 61: 2777–2781
Clark SC, Kamen R (1987) The human hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors. Science 236:1229–1237
Clark SP, Kaufhold R, Chan A, Mak TW (1985) Comparison of the transcriptional properties of the Friend and Moloney long terminal repeats: importance of tandem duplications and of the core enhancer sequence. Virology 144: 481–494
Clark MF, Kukowska-Latallo JK, Westin E, Smith M, Prochownik E (1988) Constitutive expression of a c-myb cDNA blocks Friend murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 8: 884–892
Cloyd MD (1983) Characterization of target cells for MCF viruses in AKR mice. Cell 32: 217–225
Cloyd MD, Hartley JW, Rowe WP (1980) Lymphomogenicity of recombinant mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia virus. J Exp Med 151: 542–549
Coffin JM (1979) Structure, replication and recombination of retrovirus genomes: some unifying hypotheses. J Gen Virol 42: 1–26
Coffin J (1986) Genetic variation in AIDS viruses. Cell 46: 1–4
Coffin JM, Tsichlis PN, Barker CS, Voynow S, Robinson HL (1980) Variation in avian genomes. Ann NY Acad Sci USA 354: 410–425
Cohen JB, Unger T, Rechavi G, Canaani E, Givol D (1983) Rearrangement of the oncogene c-mos in mouse myeloma NSI and hybridomas. Nature 306: 797–799
Colen C, Hancock JF, Marshall CJ, Hall A (1988) The cytoplasmic protein GAP is implicated as the target for regulation by the ras gene product. Nature 332: 548–551
Corcoran LM, Adams JM, Dunn AR, Cory S (1984) Murine T cell lymphomas in which the cellular myc oncogene has been activated by retroviral insertion. Cell 37: 113–122
Crews S, Barth R, Hood L, Prehn J, Calame K (1982) Mouse c-myc oncogene is located on chromosome 15 and translocated to chromosome 12 in plasmacytomas. Science 218:1319–1321
Cross S, Feinberg MB, Solf J, Holbrook N, Wong-Staal F, Leonard W (1987) Regulation of the human interleukin-2 receptor a chain promoter: activation of a non functional promoter by the traris-activator gene of HTLV-I. Cell 49: 47–56
Cullen BR, Lomedico PT, Ju G (1984) Transcriptional interference in avian retroviruses-implications for the promoter insertion model of leukaemogenesis. Nature 307: 241–245
Cuypers HT, Selten G, Quint W, Zijlstra M, Robanus-Maandag E, Boelens W, van Wezenbeek P, Melief C, Berns A (1984) Murine leukemia virus-induced T cell lymphomagenesis: integration of proviruses in a distinct chromosomal region. Cell 37: 141–150
Cuypers HT, Selten G, Berns A, Geurts van Kessel A (1986) Assignment of the human homolog of pim- 1, a mouse gene implicated in leukemogenesis, to the pter-12 region of chromosome 6. Human Genet 72: 262–265
Davidson MT, Roderick TH (1987) Locus map of the mouse (Mus musculus). In: O’Brien SJ (ed) Genetic maps, vol 4. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp 430–463
Davies MG, Kenney SC, Kamine J et al. (1987) Immediate-early gene region of human cytomegalovirus trans-activates the promoter of human immunedeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 8642–8646
Davis BR, Chandy KG, Brightman BK, Gupta S, Fan H (1986) Effects of nonleukemogenic and wild-type Moloney murine leukemia virus on lymphoid cells in vivo: identification of a preleukemic shift in thymocyte subpopulations. J Virol 60: 423–430
Davis BR, Brightman BK, Chandy KG, Fan H (1987) Characterization of a preleukemic state induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus: evidence for two infection events during leukemogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 4875–4879
Debre P, Gisselbrecht S, Pozo F, Levy JP (1979) Genetic control of sensitivity to Moloney leukemia virus in mice. II. Mapping of three resistant genes within the H-2 complex. J Immunol 123:1806–1812
Debre P, Boyer B, Gisselbrecht S, Bismuth A, Levy JP (1980) Genetic control of sensitivity to Moloney leukemia virus in mice. III. The three H-2 linked Rmvgenes are immune response genes controlling the antiviral antibody response. Eur J Immunol 10: 914–918
Delpelchin A, Letesson JJ, Lostrie-Trussart N, Mammerickx M, Portetelle D, Burny A (1989) Bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected B-cells express a marker similar to the CD5 T-cell marker. Immunol Lett 20: 69–76
Depper JM, Leonard WJ, Kronke M, Waldmann TA, Green WC (1984) Augmented T cell growth factor receptor expression in HTLV-1 infected human leukemic cells. J Immunol 133: 1691–1695
DesGroScillers L, Jolicoeur P (1983) Physical mapping of the Fv-1 tropism host range determinant of BALB/c murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 48: 685–696
DesGroScillers L, Jolicoeur P (1984) Mapping the viral sequences conferring leukemogenicity and disease specificity in Moloney and amphotropic murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 52: 448–456
DesGroScillers L, Rassart E, Jolicoeur P (1983a) Thymotropism of murine leukemia virus is conferred by its long terminal repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 4203–4207
DesGroScillers L, Villemur R, Jolicoeur P (1983b) The high leukemic potential of Gross passage A murine leukemia virus is conferred by its long terminal repeat. J Virol 47: 24–32
DesGroScillers L, Barrett M, Jolicoeur P (1984) Physical mapping of the paralysis-inducing determinant of a wild mouse ecotropic neurotropic retrovirus. J Virol 52: 356–363
DesGroScillers L, Rassart E, Robitaille Y, Jolicoeur P (1985) Retrovirus-induced spongiform encephalopathy: the 3’-end long terminal repeat containing viral sequences influence the incidence of the disease and the specificity of the neurological syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 8818–8822
De Vos AM, Tong L, Milburn MV, Matias PM, Jancarik J, Nogtichi S, Nishimora S, Niora K, Ohtsuka E, Kim SH (1988) Three dimensional structure of an oncogene protein: catalytic domain of human c-H-ras p21. Science 239: 888–893
Dickson C, Eisenman R, Fan H (1985) Protein biosynthesis and assembly. In: Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H, Coffin JM (eds) RNA Tumor Viruses, vol 2, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp 135–145
Doig D, Chesebro B (1979) Anti-Friend virus antibody is associated with recovery from viremia and loss of viral leukemia cell surface antigens in leukemic mice. Identification of Rfv-3 as a gene locus in influencing antibody production. J Exp Med 150: 10–19
Dolcetti R, Rizzo S, Viel A, Maestro R, DeRe V, Feriotto G, Boiocchi M (1989) N-myc activation by proviral insertion in MCF247-induced murine T-cell lymphomas. Oncogene 4: 1009–1014
Domen J, von Lindern J, Hermans A, Breuer M, Grosveld G, Berns A (1987) Comparison of the human and mouse pirn-1 cDNAs: nucleotide sequence and immunological identification of the in vitro synthesized pim-1 protein. Oncogene Res 1: 103–112
Donahue RE, Seehra J, Metzger M, Lefebvre D, Rock B, Carbone S, Nathan DG, Garnick M, Sehgal PK, Laston D et al. (1988) Human IL-3 and GM-CSF act synergistically in stimulating hematopoiesis in primates. Science 241: 1820–1823
Donner L, Fedele LA, Garon CF, Anderson SJ, Sherr CJ (1982) McDonough feline sarcoma virus: characterization of the molelcularly cloned provirus and its feline oncogene (v-fms). J Virol 41:489–500
Dougherty JB, Temin HM (1988) Determination of the rate of base pair substitution and insertion mutations in retrovirus replication. J Virol 62: 2817–2822
Downing JR, Rettenmier CW, Sherr CJ (1988) Ligand-induced tyrosine kinase activity of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor in a murine macrophage cell Jine. Mol Cell Biol 8:1795–1799
Downward J, DeGunzburg J, Weinberg RA (1988) p21 ras induced responsiveness of phospha-tidylinositol turnover to bradykinin is a receptor number effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5774–5778
Dreyfus F, Sola B, Fichelson S, Varlet P, Charon M, Tambourin P, Wendling F, Gisselbrecht S (1990) Rearrangements of the pirn-1, c-myc, and p53 genes in Friend helper virus-induced mouse erythroleukemias. Leukemia 4: 590–594
Dührsen U, Stahl J, Gough NM (1990) In vivo transformation of factor-dependent hemopoietic cells: role of intracisternal A-particle transposition for growth factor gene activation. EMBO J 9:1087–1096
Dunbar CE, Browder TM, Abrams JS, Nienhuis AW (1989) COOH-terminal-modified interleukin-3 is retained intracellularly and stimulates autocrine growth. Science 245:1493–1496
Dynan WS, Tjian R (1985) Control of eukaryotic messenger RNA synthesis by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Nature 316: 774–778
Eick D, Berger R, Polack A, Bornkamm GW (1987) Transcription of c-myc in human mononuclear cells is regulated by an elongation block. Oncogene 2: 61–65
Eilers M, Picard D, Yamamoto KR, Bishop JM (1989) Chimaeras of myc oncoprotein and steroid receptors cause hormone-dependent transformation of cells. Nature 340: 66–68
Ellis C, Moran M, McCormick F, Pawson T (1990) Phosphorylation of GAP and GAP-associated proteins by transforming and mitogenic tyrosine kinases. Nature 343: 377–381
Ellis RW, DeFeo D, Furth M, Scolnick EM (1982) Mouse cells contain two distinct ras gene mRNA species that can be translated into a p21 one protein. Mol Cell Biol 2: 1339–1345
Evans LH, Malik FG (1987) Class II polytropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) of AKR/J mice: possible role in the generation of class I oncogenic polytropic MuLVs. J Virol 61:1882–1892
Evans LH, Morrey JD (1987) Tissue-specific replication of Friend and Moloney murine leukemia viruses in infected mice. J Virol 61: 1350–1357
Felber BK, Paskalis H, Kleinman-Ewing C, Wong-Staal F, Pavlakis GN (1986) The pX protein of HTLV-1 is a transcriptional activator of its long terminal repeats. Science 229: 675–679
Feuerstein J, Goody RS, Wittinghofer A (1987) Preparation and characterization of nucleotide-free and metal ion-free p21 apoprotein. J Biol Chem 262: 8455–8458
Finlay CA, Hinds PW, Levine AJ (1989) The p53 proto-oncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation. Cell 57: 1083–1093
Flanagan JR, Krieg AM, Max EE, Khan AS (1989) Negative control region at the 5’ end of murine leukemia virus long terminal repeats. Mol Cell Biol 9: 739–746
Fleischman LF, Chahwala SB, Cantley L (1986) ftas-transformed cells: altered levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and catabolites. Science 231: 407–410
Frankel WN, Stoye JP, Taylor BA, Coffin JM (1989a) Genetic analysis of endogenous xenotropic murine leukemia viruses: association with two common mouse mutations and the viral restriction locus Fv-1. J Virol 63: 1763–1774
Frankel WN, Stoye JP, Taylor BA, Coffin JM (1989b) Genetic identification of endogenous polytropic proviruses using recombinant inbred mice. J Virol 63: 3810–3821
Frankel WN, Stoye JP, Taylor BA, Coffin JM (1990) A linkage map of endogenous murine leukemia proviruses. Genetics 124: 221–236
Franza RB, Josephs SF, Gilman MZ, Ryan W, Clarkson B (1987) Characterization of cellular proteins recognizing the HIV enhancer using a microscale DNA-affinity precipitation assay. Nature 330: 391–395
Fujisawa J, Sciki M, Sato M, Yoshida M (1986) A transcriptional enhancer sequence of HTLV-I is responsible for trans-activation mediated by p40x of HTLV-I. EMBO J 5: 713–718
Fung MC, Hapel AJ, Ymer S, Cohen DR, Johnson RM, Campbell HD, Young IG (1984) Molecular cloning of cDNA for murine interleukin-3. Nature 307: 233–237
Fung YKT, Lewis WG, Crittenden LB, Kung HJ (1983) Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erb-B by LTR insertion: molecular basis for induction of erythroblastosis by avian leukosis virus. Cell 33: 357–368
Gardner MB (1985) Retroviral spongiform poljoencephalomyelopathy. Rev Infect Dis 7: 99–110
Gardner MB, Henderson BE, Officer JE, Rongey RW, Parker JC, Oliver C, Estes JD, Huebner RJ (1973) A spontaneous lower motor neuron disease apparently caused by indigenous type C RNA virus in wild mice. JNCI 51: 1243–1249
Gardner MB, Rasheed S, Pal BK, Estes JD, O’ Brien SJ (1980)Akvr-1, a dominant murine leukemia virus restriction gene, is polymorphic in leukemia-prone wild mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 531–535
Gattoni-Celli S, Hsiao WLW, Weinstein IB (1983) Rearranged c-mos locus in a MOPC21 murine myeloma cell line and its persistence in hybridomas. Nature 306: 795–796
Gegonne A, Leprince D, Pognonec P, Dernis D, Raes MB, Stehelin D, Ghysdael J (1987a) The 5’ extremity of the v-ets oncogene of avian leukemia virus E26 encodes amino acid sequences not derived from the major c-efs-encoded cellular proteins. Virology 156: 177–180
Gegonne A, Leprince D, Duterque-Coquilland M, Vandenbunder B, Flaurens A, Ghysdael J, Debuire B, Stehelin D (1987b) Multiple domains for the chicken cellular sequences homologous to v-Ets oncogene in E26 retrovirus. Mol Cell Biol 7: 806–812
Gehring WJ (1987) Homeo boxes in the study of development. Science 236: 1245–1252
Geib RW, Anand R, Lilly F (1987) Characterization of cell lines derived from enlarged spleens induced in C57BL/6 mice by the variant BSB strain of Friend erythroleukemia virus. Virus Res 8: 61–72
Gentz R, Rauscher FJ III, Abate C, Curran T (1989) Parallel association of fos and jun leucine zippers juxtaposes DNA binding domains. Science 243: 1695–1699
George DL, Glick B, Trusko S, and Freeman N (1986) Enhanced c-Ki-ras expression associated with Friend virus integration in a bone marrow-derived mouse cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1651–1655
Gerald PS, Grzeschik KH (1984) Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosomes 10, 11, and 12 (HGM7). Cytogenet Cell Genet 37: 103–126
Gewirtz AM, Calabretta B (1988) A c-myb antisense oligonucleotide inhibits normal human hematopoiesis in vitro. Science 242: 1303–1306
Gibbs JB, Sigal IS, Peo M, Scolnick EM (1984) Intrinsic GTPase activity distinguishes normal and oncogenic ras p21 molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 5704–5708
Gisselbrecht S, Fichelson S, Sola B et al. (1987) Frequent c-fms activation by proviral insertion in mouse myeloblasts leukaemias. Nature 329: 259–261
Golay J, Introna M, Graf T (1988) A single point mutation in the v-efs oncogene affects both erythroid and myelomonocytic cell differentiation. Cell 55: 1147–1148
Goldman DS, Kiessling AA, Millette CF, Cooper GM (1987) Expression of c-mos RNA in germ cells of male and female mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 4509–4513
Golemis E, Li Y, Fredrickson TN, Hartley JW, Hopkins N (1989) Distinct segments within the enhancer region collaborate to specify the type of leukemia induced by nondefective Friend and Moloney viruses. J Virol 63: 328–337
Golemis EA, Speck NA, Hopkins N (1990) Alignment of U3 region sequences of mammalian type C viruses: identification of highly conserved motifs and implications for enhancer design. J Virol 64: 534–542
Gonda TJ, Metcalf D (1984) Expression of myb, myc and fos proto-oncogenes during the differentiation of a murine myeloid leukaemia. Nature 310: 249–251
Goodenow MM, Hayward WS (1987) 5’ long terminal repeats of myc-associated proviruses appear structurally intact but are functionally impaired in tumors induced by avian leukosis viruses. J Virol 61: 2489–2498
Gootenberg JE, Ruscetti FW, Mier JE, Gazdar A, Gallo RC (1981) Human cutaneous T cell lymphoma and leukemia cell lines produce and respond to T-cell growth factor. J Exp Med 154:1403–1417
Grabstein KH, Urdal DL, Tushinski RJ, Mochizuki DY, Price VL, Cantrell MA, Gillis S, Conlong PJ (1986) Induction of macrophage tumoricidal activity by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Science 232: 506–508
Grassmann R, Dengler C, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Fleckenstein B, McGuire K, Dokhelar MC, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA (1989) Transformation to continuous growth of primary human T lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemia virus type IX-region genes transduced by a Herpesvirus saimiri vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3351–3355
Grausz JD, Fradelizi D, Dautry F, Monier R, Lehn P (1986) Modulation of c-fos and c-myc mRNA levels in normal human lymphocytes by calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol ester. Eur J Immunol 16: 1217–1221
Graves BJ, Eisenman RN, McKnight SL (1985a) Delineation of transcriptional control signals within the Moloney murine sarcoma virus long terminal repeat. Mol Cell Biol 5: 1948–1958
Graves BJ, Eisenberg SP, Coen DM, McKnight SL (1985b) Alternate utilization of two regulatory domains within the Moloney murine sarcoma virus long terminal repeat. Mol Cell Biol 5: 1959–1968
Green JE, Hinrichs SH, Vogel J, Jay G (1989a) Exocrinopathy resembling Sjogren’s syndrome in HTLV-1 tax transgenic mice. Nature 341: 72–74
Green JE, Begley CG, Wagner DK, Waldmann TA, Jay G (1989b)Trans activation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the interleukin-2 receptor in transgenic mice carrying the human T-lymphotropic virus type I tax gene. Mol Cell Biol 9: 4731–4737
Green N, Hiai H, Elder JH, Schwartz RS, Khiroya RM, Thomas CY, Tsichlis PN, Coffin JM (1980) Expression of leukemogenic recombinant viruses associated with a recessive gene in HRS/J mice. J Exp Med 152: 249–264
Green WR (1983) Cell surface expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-defined, AKR/Gross leukemia virus-associated tumor antigens by normal AKR.H-2b splenic B cells. J Immunol 131:3078–3084
Greene WC, Robb RJ, Depper JM, Leonard WJ, Drogula C, Svetlik PB, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Waldmann T (1984) Phorbol diester induces expression of Tac antigen on human acute T-lymphocytic leukemic cells. J Immunol 133: 1042–1047
Greene WC, Leonard WJ, Wane Y, Svetlik PB, Peffer NJ, Sodrowski JG, Rosen CA, Goh WC, Haseltine WA (1986) Trans-activator genes of HTLV-II induces IL-2 receptor and IL-2 cellular gene expression. Science 232: 877–880
Greene WC, Böhnlein E, Ballard DW (1989) HIV-1, HTLV-1 and normal T cell growth: transcriptional strategies and surprises. Immunology Today 10: 272–278
Griep AE, Westphal H (1988) Antisense myc sequences induce differentiation of F9 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 6806–6810
Grodzicker T (1980) Adenovirus-SV40 hybrids in DNA tumor viruses. In: Tooze J (ed) DNA tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp 577–614
Gross L (1960) Development of myeloid (chloro) leukemia in thymectomized C3H mice following inoculation of lymphatic leukemia virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 103: 509–514
Grzeschik KH, Kazazian HH (1985) Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosomes 10, 11 and 12. Cytogenet Cell Genet 40: 179–203
Gunther CV, Nye JA, Bryner RS, Graves BJ (1990) Sequence-specific DNA binding of the proto-oncoprotein ete-1 defines a transcriptional activator sequence within the long terminal repeat of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Genes Dev 4: 667–679
Gutierrez L, Magee AI, Marshall CJ, Hancock JF (1989) Posttranslational processing of p21ras is two-step and involves carboxylmethylation and carboxy-terminal proteolysis. EMBO J 8:1093–1098
Habenicht AJ, Goerig M, Rothe DE, Specht E, Ziegler R, Glomset JA, Graft T (1989) Early reversible reduction of leukotriene synthesis in chicken myelomonocytic transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of avian leukemia virus E26. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 921–924
Hancock JF, Childs J, Magee A, Marshall CJ (1989) All p21 ras proteins are isoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated. Cell 57: 1167–1177
Hann SR, King MW, Bentley DL, Anderson CW, Eisenman RN (1988) A non-AUG translational initiation of c-myc exon 1 generates an N-terminally distinct protein whose synthesis is disrupted in Burkitt’s lymphomas. Cell 52: 185–195
Harper ME, Franchini G, Love J, Simon Ml, Gallo RC, Wong-Stahl F (1983) Chromosomal sublocalization of human c-myb and c-fes cellular one genes. Nature 304: 169–171
Hartley JW, Wolford NK, Old LJ, Rowe, WP (1977) A new class of murine leukemia virus associated with development of spontaneous lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 789–792
Hartley JW, Yetter RA, Morse HC III (1983) A mouse gene on chromosome 5 that restricts infectivity of mink cell focus-forming recombinant murine leukemia viruses. J Exp Med 158: 16–24
Hattori S, Ulsh LS, Halliday K, Shih TY (1985) Biochemical properties of a highly purified v-ras H protein overproduced in Escherichia coli and inhibition of its activities by a monoclonal antibody. Mol Cell Biol 5: 1449–1455
Hayward WS, Neel BG, Astrin SM (1981) Activation of a cellular one gene by promotor insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis. Nature 290: 475–480
Heikkila R, Schwab G, Wickstrom E, Loke SL, Pluznik DH, Watt R, Neckers LM (1987) A c-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits entry into S phase but not progress from G0 to Gr Nature 328: 445–449
Henglein B, Synovzik H, Groitl P, Bornkamn GW, Hartl P, Lipp M (1989) Three breakpoints of variant t(2;8)translocations in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells fall within a region 140 kilobases distal from c-myc. Mol Cell Biol 9: 2105–2113
Hiai H, Morrissey P, Khiroya R, Schwartz RS (1977) Selective expression of xenotropic virus in congenic HRS/J (hairless) mice. Nature 270: 247–249
Hicks GG, Mowat M (1988) Integration of Friend murine leukemia virus into both alleles of the p53 oncogene in an erythroleukemic cell line. J Virol 62: 4752–4755
Hilkens J, Cuypers HT, Selten G, Kroezen V, Hilgers J, Berns A (1986) Genetic mapping of pirn-1 putative oncogene to mouse chromosome 17. Somat Cell Mol Genet 12: 81–88
Hinrichs SH, Nerenberg M, Reynold RK, Khoury G, Jay G (1987) A transgenic mouse model for human neurofibromatosis. Science 237: 1340–1343
Hogan MD, O’Neill RR, Kozak CA-(1986) Non-ecotropic murine leukemia viruses in BALB/c and NFS/N mice: characterization of the BALB/c ßxv-1 provirus and the single NFS endogenous xenotrope. J Virol 60: 980–986
Hogan MD, Halden NF, Buckler CE, Kozak CA (1988) Genetic mapping of the mouse c-fms proto-oncogene to chromosome 18. J Virol 62: 1055–1056
Holland CA, Hartley JW, Rowe WP, Hopkins. N (1985a) At least four viral genes contribute to the leukemogenicity of murine retrovirus MCF 247 in AKR mice. J Virol 53: 158–165
Holland CA, Wozney J, Chatis PA, Hopkins N, Hartley JW (1985b) Construction of recombinants between molecular clones of murine retrovirus MCF 247 and Akv: determinant of an in vitro host range property that maps in the long terminal repeat. J Virol 53: 152–157
Holland CA, Thomas CY, Chattopadhyay SK, Koehne C, O’Donnell PV (1989) Influence of enhancer sequences on thymotropism and leukemogenicity of mink cell focus-forming viruses. J Virol 63: 1284–1292
Horvat TR, Wood C, Balachandran N (1989) Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus promoter by human herpes virus 6. J Virol 63: 970–973
Hoyos B, Ballard DW, Böhnlein E, Siekevitz M, Greene WC (1989) Kappa B-specific DNA binding proteins: role in the regulation of human interleukin-2 gene expression. Science 244:457–460
Huebner K, Isobe M, Croce CM, Golde DW, Kaufman SE, Gasson JC (1985) The human gene encoding GM-CSF is at 5q21-q32, the chromosome region deleted in the 5q-anomaly. Science 230: 1282–1285
Hunt T (1989) Under arrest in the cell cycle. Nature 342: 483–484
Hunter T (1987) A thousand and one protein kinases. Cell 50: 823–829
Huppi K, Mock BA, Schricker P, D’Hoostelaere LA, Potter M (1988) Organization of the distal end of mouse chromosome 4. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 137: 276–288
Hurley JB, Simon Ml, Teplow DB, Robishalu JD, Gilman AG (1984) Homologies between signal transducing G-proteins and ras gene products. Science 226: 860–862
Iguchi-Ariga SMM, Itani T, Yamaguchi M, Ariga H (1987a) C-myc protein can be substituted for SV40 T-antigen DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 15: 4889–4899
Iguchi-Ariga SMM, Itani T, Kiji Y, Ariga H (1987b) Possible function of the c-myc product: promotion of cellular DNA replication. EMBO J 6: 2365–2371
Ihle JN, Enjuanes L, Lee JC et al. (1982) The immune response to C-type viruses and its potential role in leukemogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 101: 31–49
Ihle JN, Smith-White B, Sisson B, Parker D, Blair DG, Schultz A, Kozak C, Lunsford RD, Askew D, Weinstein Y, Isport RJ (1989) Activation of the c-H-ras protooncogene by retrovirus insertion and chromosomal rearrangement in a Moloney leukemia virus-induced T cell leukemia. J Virol 63: 2959–2966
Ikeda H, Sugimura H (1989) Fv-4 resistance gene: a truncated endogenous murine leukemia virus with ecotropic interference properties. J Virol 63: 5405–5412
Ikeda H, Laigret F, Martin MA, Repaske R (1985) Characterization of a molecularly cloned retroviral sequence associated with Fv-4 resistance. J Virol 55: 768–777
Inoue J, Sciki M, Taniguchi T, Tsuru S, Yoshida M (1986) Induction of interleukin-2 receptor gene expression by p40 encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type I. EMBO J 5: 2883–2888
Isfort RJ, Stevens D, May WS, Ihle JN (1988) lnterleukin-3 binds to a 140-kDa phosphotyrosine-containing cell surface protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 7982–7986
Ishimoto A, Hartley JW, Rowe WP (1977) Detection and quantitation of phenotypically mixed viruses: mixing of ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses. Virology 81: 263–269
Ishimoto A, Adachi A, Sakai K, Matsuyama M (1985) Long terminal repeat of Friend-MCF virus contains the sequence responsible for erythroid leukemia. Virology 141: 30–42
Ishimoto A, Takimoto M, Adachi A, Kakuyama M, Kato S, Kakimi K, Fukuoka K, Ogiu T, Matsuyama M (1987) Sequences responsible for erythroid and lymphoid leukemia in the long terminal repeats of Friend mink cell focus-forming and Moloney murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 61: 1861–1866
Isobe M, Emanuel BS, Givol D, Oren M, Croce CM (1986) Localization of gene for human p53 tumour antigen to band 17p13. Nature 320: 84–85
Itoh N, Yonehara S, Schreurs J, Gorman DM, Maruyama K, Ishii A, Yahara I, Arai K, Miyajima A (1990) Cloning of an interleukin-3 receptor gene: a member of a distinct receptor gene family. Science 247: 324–327
Janeway CA Jr (1988a) Molecular recognition. Frontiers of the immune system. Nature 333:804–806
Janeway CA Jr (1988b) T-cell development. Accessories or coreceptors? Nature 335: 208–210
Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Taylor BA, Lee BK (1982) Organization, distribution and stability of endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus DNA in chromosomes of Mus musculus. J Virol 43: 26–36
Johnson PF, Lanschulz WH, Graves BJ, McKnight SL (1987) Identification of a rat liver nuclear protein that binds to the enhancer core element of three animal viruses. Genes 1: 133–146
Jolicoeur P, Rassart E (1981) Fate of unintegrated viral DNA in Fv-1 permissive and resistant mouse cells infected with murine leukemia virus. J Virol 37: 609–619
Joyner AL, Lebo RV, Kan YW, Tjian R, Cox DR, Martin GR (1985) Comparative chromosome mapping of a conserved homeo box region in human and mouse (Abstract). Cytogenet Cell Genet 40: 663
Jurdie P, Benchaibi M, Gandrillon O, Samarut J (1987) Transforming and mitogenic effects of avian leukemia virus E28 on chicken hematopoietic cells and fibroblasts, respectively, correlate with level of expression of the provirus. J Virol 61: 3058–3065
Kai K, Furuta T (1984) Isolation of paralysis-inducing murine leukemia viruses from Friend virus passaged in rats. J Virol 50: 970–973
Kaushansky K, Shoemaker SG, Alfaro S, Brown C (1989) Hematopoietic activity of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor is dependent upon two distinct regions of the molecule: functional analysis based upon the activities of interspecies hybrid growth factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1213–1217
Kawasaki ES, Ladner MB, Wang AM, Arsdell JV, Warren MK, Coyne MY, Schweickart VL, Lee MT, Wilson KJ, Boosman A, Stanley ER, Ralph P, Mark DF (1985) Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding human macrophage-specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1). Science 230: 291–296
Kawakami K, Scheiderest C, Roeder RG (1988) Identification and purification of a human immunoglobulin-enhancer-binding protein (NF-kB) that activates transcription from a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4700–4704
Keshet E, Rosenberg MP, Mercer JA, Propst F, Vande Woude GF, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1988) Developmental regulation of ovarian-specific mos expression. Oncogene 2: 235–240
Khan AS (1984) Nucleotide sequence analysis establishes the role of endogenous murine leukemia virus DNA segments in formation of recombinant mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 50: 864–871
King DP, Jones PP (1983) Induction of la and H-2 antigens on a macrophage cell line by immune interferon. J Immunol 131: 315–318
King W, Patel MD, Lobel LI, Goff SP, Nguyen-Huu MC (1985) Insertion mutagenesis of embryonal carcinoma cells by retroviruses. Science 228: 554–558
Kinoshita T, Shimoyama M, Tobinai K, Ito M, Ito SI, Ikeda S, Tajima K, Shimotohno K, Sugimura T (1989) Detection of mRNA for the tax A /rex 1 gene of human T cell leukemia virus type I in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult T cell leukemia patients and viral carriers by using the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 5620–5624
Kitayama H, Sugimoto Y, Matsuzaki T, Ikawa Y, Nöda M (1989) A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity. Cell 56: 77–84
Klempnauer KH, Gonda TJ, Bishop JM (1983a) Nucleotide sequence of the retroviral leukemia gene v-myb and its cellular progenitor c-myb\ the architecture of a transduced oncogene. Cell 31:453–463
Klempnauer KH, Ramsay G, Bishop JM, Moscovici MG, Moscovici C, McGrath JP, Levinson AD (1983b) The product of the retroviral transforming gene v-myb is a truncated version of the protein encoded by the cellular oncogene c-myb. Cell 33: 345–355
Klempnauer KH, Symonds G, Evan Gl, Bishop JM (1984) Subcellular localization of proteins encoded by oncogenes of avian myeloblastosis virus and avian leukemia virus E26 and by the chicken c-myb gene. Cell 37: 537
Klemsz MJ, McKercher SR, Celada A, Van Bueren C, Maki RA (1990) The macrophage and B cell specific transcription factor Pu.1 is related to the ets oncogene. Cell 61: 113–124
Knudson AG Jr (1985) Hereditary cancer, oncogenes, and antioncogenes. Cancer Res 45: 1437–1443
Koehne CF, Lazo PA, Alves K, Lee JS, Tsichlis PN, O’Donnell PV (1989) The MM-1 locus involved in the induction of rat T cell lymphomas and the pvM /mis-1 locus are identical. J Virol 63:2366–2369
Kohl NE, Kanda N, Schreck RR, Bruns G, Latt SA, Gilbert F, Alt FW (1983) Transposition and amplification of oncogene-related sequences in human neuroblastomas. Cell 35: 359–367
Koizumi S, Fisher RJ, Fujiwara S, Jorcyk C, Bhat NK, Seth A, Papas TS (1990) Isoforms of the human eis-1 protein: generation by alternative splicing and differential phosphorylation. Oncogene 5: 675–681
Kozak CA (1985) Analysis of wild-derived mice for Fv-1 and Fv-2 murine leukemia virus restriction loci: a novel wild mouse Fv-1 allele responsible for lack of host range restriction. J Virol 55: 281–285
Kozak CA, Sears JF, Hoggan MD (1983) Genetic mapping of the mouse oncogenes c-Ha-ras-1 and c-fes to chromosome 7. J Virol 47: 217–220
Kozak CA, Strauss PG, Tsichlis PN (1985) Genetic mapping of a cellular DNA region involved in the induction of thymic lymphomas (Mlvi-1) to mouse chromosome 15. Mol Cell Biol 5: 894–897
Kumar V, Resnick P, Eastcott JW, Bennett M (1978a) Mechanism of genetic resistance to Friend virus leukemia in mice. V. Relevance of Fv-3 gene in the regulation in in vivo immunosuppression. JNCI 61: 1117–1123
Kumar V, Goldschmidt L, Eastcott JW, Bennett M (1978b) Mechanisms of genetic resistance to Friend virus leukemia in mice. IV. Identification of a gene (Fv-3) regulating immunosuppression in vitro, and its distinction from Fv-2 and genes regulating marrow allograft reactivity. J Exp Med 147:422–433
Lacal JC, Moscat J, Aaronson SA (1987) Novel source of 1,2-diacylglycerol elevated in cells transformed by Ha-ras oncogene. Nature 330: 269
Laimins LA, Gruss P, Pozatti R, Khoury G (1984a) Characterization of the enhancer elements in the long terminal repeat of Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 49: 183–189
Laimins L, Tsichlis PN, Khoury G (1984b) Multiple enhancer domains in the 3’ terminus of the Prague strain of Rous sarcoma virus. Nucl Acid Res 12: 6427–6442
Lane DP, Crawford LV (1979) T antigen is bound to host protein in SV40-transformed cells. Nature 278: 261–263
Lane DP, Benchimol S (1990) p53: oncogene or anti-oncogene. Gene Dev 4: 1–8
Langdon WY, Hartley JW, Klinken SP, Ruscetti SK, Morse HC III (1989) V-cbi, an oncogene from a dual-recombinant murine retrovirus that induces early B cell lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1168–1172
Lazo PA, Tsichlis PN (1988) Recombination between two integrated proviruses one of which was inserted near c-myc in a retrovirus induced rat thymoma: implications for tumor progression. J Virol 62: 788–794
Lazo PA, Tsichlis PN (1990) Biology and pathogenesis of retroviruses. Semin Oncol 17: 269–294
Lazo PA, Klein-Szanto AJP, Tsichlis PN (1990a) T cell lymphoma lines derived from rat thymomas induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus: phenotypic diversity and its implications. J Virol 64: 3948–3959
Lazo PA, Lee JS, Tsichlis PN (1990b) Long distance activation of the c-myc proto-oncogene by provirus insertion in M/W-1 or Mlvi-4 in rat T-cell lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:170–173
Leary AG, Yang YC, Clark SC, Gasson JC, Golde DW, Ogawa M (1987) Recombinant gibbon interleukin-3 supports formation of human multilineage colonies and blast cell colonies in culture: comparison with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 70: 1343–1348
Le Beau MM, Westbrook CA, Diaz MO, Larson RA, Rowley JD, Gasson JC, Golde DW, Sherr CJ (1986) Evidence for the involvement of GM-CSF and FMS in the deletion (5q) in myeloid disorders. Science 231: 984–987
Ledbetter JA, June CH, Rabinovitch PS, Grossmann A, Tsu TT, Imboden JB (1988) Signal transduction through CD4 receptors: stimulatory vs. inhibitory activity is regulated by CD4 proximity to the CD3/T cell receptor. Eur J Immunol 18: 525–532
Lee JC, Ihle JN (1981a) Increased response to lymphognes are correlated with preleukemia in mice inoculated with Moloney leukemia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 7712–7716
Lee JC, Ihle JN (1981b) Chronic immune stimulation is required for Moloney leukaemia virus-induced lymphomas. Nature 289: 407–409
Lee J, Mehta K, Blick MB, Gutterman JU, Lopez-Berestein G (1987) Expression of c-fos, c-myb, and c-myc in human monocytes: correlation with monocytic differentiation. Blood 69: 1542–1545
LeGouy E, DePinho R, Zimmerman D, Ferrier P, Collum R, Alt FW (1987) Structure and expression of myc-family genes. In: Alt FW, Harlow E, Ziff EB (eds) Nuclear Oncogenes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, pp 144–151
Lenz J, Celander D, Crowther RL, Patarca R, Perkins DW, Haseltine WA (1984) Determination of the leukaemogenicity of a murine retrovirus by sequences within the long terminal repeat. Nature (London) 308: 467–470
Leprince D, Duterque-Coquilland M, Ruo-Ping Li, Henry C, Flaurens A, Debuire B, Stehelin D (1988) Alternative splicing within the chicken c-eis-1 locus: Implications for transduction within the E26 retrovirus of the c-ets protooncogene. J Virol 62: 3233–3241
Leung K, Nabel GJ (1988) HTLV-I trans-activator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-KB-like factor. Nature 333: 776–778
Levy DE, Lemer RA, Wilson MC (1985) The Gv-1 locus coordinately regulates the expression of multiple endogenous murine retroviruses. Cell 41: 289–299
Li JP, D’Andrea AD, Lodish HF, Baltimore D (1990) Activation of cell growth by binding of Friend spleen-focus-forming virus gp55 glycoprotein to the erythropoietin receptor. Nature 343:762–764
Li Y, Holland CA, Hartley JW, Hopkins N (1984) Viral integration near c-myc in 10–20% of MCF247-induced AKR lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 6808–6811
Li Y, Golemis E, Hartley JW, Hopkins N (1987) Disease specificity of non-defective Friend and Moloney murine leukemia viruses is controlled by a small number of nucleotides. J Virol 61: 693–700
Lilly F (1970)Fv-2: Identification and location of a second gene governing the spleen focus response to Friend leukemia virus in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 45: 163–169
Lilly F, Pincus T (1973) Genetic control of murine viral leukemogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 64: 231–277
Lilly F, Boyse EA, Old LJ (1964) Genetic basis of susceptibility to viral leukemogenesis. Lancet 2: 1207–1209
Linzer DIH, Levine AJ (1979) Characterization of a 54K dalton cellular SV40 tumor antigen present in SV40 transformed cells and uninfected embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell 17: 43–52
Lonai P, Katz E, Peled A, Haran-Ghera N (1981) H-21-linked control of immunological resistance to viral leukemogenesis as a response to preleukemic cells. Immunogenetics 12: 423–432
Lopez AF, To LB, Yang YC, Gamble JR, Shannon MF, Burns GF, Dyson PG, Juttner CA, Clark S, Vadas MA (1987) Stimulation of proliferation, differentiation, and function of human cells by primate interleukin 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2761–2765
LoSardo JE, Cupelli LA, Short MK, Berman JW, Lenz J (1989) Differences in activities of murine retroviral long terminal repeats in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T lymphoma cells. J Virol 63:1087–1094
LoSardo JE, Boral AL, Lenz J (1990) Relative importance of elements within the SL3–3 virus enhancer for T cell specificity. J Virol (in press)
Lowenthal JW, Bohnlein E, Ballard DW, Greene WC (1988) Regulation of interleukin 2 receptor a subunit (Tac or CD25 antigen) gene expression: binding of inducible nuclear proteins to discrete promoter sequences correlates with transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4468–4472
Lowenthal JW, Ballard DW, Bogerd H, Bohnlein E, Greene, WC (1989a) Tumor necrosis factor-β activation of the IL-2 receptor-a gene involves the induction of k B-specific DNA binding proteins. J Immunol 142: 3121–3128
Lowenthal JW, Ballard DW, Bohnlein E, Green WC (1989b) Tumor necrosis factor a induces proteins that bind specifically to k B-like enhancer elements and regulate interleukin-2 receptor β-chain gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 2331–2335
Lung ML, Hartley JW, Rowe WP, Hopkins NH (1983) Large RNase Tr resistant oligonucleotides encoding p15E and the U3 region of the long terminal repeat distinguish two biological classes of mink cell focus-forming type C viruses of inbred mice. J Virol 45: 275–290
Lusso PE, Ensoli B, Markham PD, Ablashi DV, Salahuddin SZ, Tschachler E, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC (1989) Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T-lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6. Nature 337: 370–373
Lusso P, DiMarzo-Veronese F, Ensoli B, Franchini G, Jemma C, DeRocco SE, Kalyanaraman VS, Gallo RC (1990) Expanded HIV-1 cellular tropism by phenotypic mixing with murine endogenous retroviruses. Science 247: 848–852
Macara IG (1989) Elevated phosphorylcholine concentration in ras- transformed NIH 3T3 cells arises from increased choline kinase activity, not from phosphatidylcholine breakdown. Mol Cell Biol 9: 325–328
Magee Al, Gutierrez L, McKay IA, Marshall CJ, Hall A (1987) Dynamic fatty acylation of p21 N-ras. EMBO J 6: 3353–3357
Manager R, Najita L, Nichols EJ, Hakomori S, Rohrschneider L (1984) Cell surface expression of the McDonough strain of feline sarcoma virus fms gene product (gpfms). Cell 39: 327–337
Manley NR, O’Connell MA, Sharp PA, Hopkins N (1989) Nuclear factors that bind to the enhancer region of nondefective Friend murine leukemia virus. J Virol 63: 4210–4223
Mann R, Mulligan RC, Baltimore D (1983) Construction of a retrovirus packaging mutant and its use to produce helper-free defective retrovirus. Cell 33: 153–159
Manne V, Bekesi E, Kung HF (1985) Ha-ras proteins exhibit GTPase activity: point mutations that activate Ha-ras products result in decreased GTPase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 376–380
Marshall CJ, Lloyd AC, Morris JDH, Paterson H, Price B, Hall A (1989) Signal transduction by p21 ras. Int J Cancer (Supplement) 4: 29–31
Marth JD, Peet R, Krebs EG, Perimutter RM (1985) A lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase gene is rearranged and overexpressed in the murine T cell lymphoma LSTRA. Cell 43: 393–404
Marth JD, Disteche C, Pravtcheva D, Ruddle F, Krebs EG, Perlmutter RM (1986) Localization of a lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase gene (LCK) at a site of frequent chromosomal abnormalities in human lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7400–7404
Maruyama M, Shibuya H, Harada M, Hatakeyama M, Sciki M, Fujita T, Inoue J, Yoshida M, Taniguchi T (1987) Evidence for aberrant activation of the interleukin-2 loop by HTLV-I encoded p40x and T3/Ti complex triggering. Cell 48: 343–350
McCarter JA, Ball JK, Frei JV (1977) Lower limb paralysis induced in mice by a temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney leukemia virus. JNCI 59: 179–183
McCormick F (1989)ras GTPase activity protein: signal transmitter and signal terminator. Cell 56:5–8
Meier H, Myers DD, Huebner RJ (1969) Genetic control by the hr- locus of susceptibility and resistance to leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 63: 759–766
Mercer WE, Nelson D, Deleo AB, Old LJ, Baserga R (1982) Microinjection of monoclonal antibody to protein p53 inhibits serum-induced DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:6309–6312
Mercer WE, Avignolo C, Baserga R (1984) Role of the p53 protein in cell proliferation as studied by microinjection of monoclonal antibodies. Mol Cell Biol 4: 276–281
Meruelo D (1979) A role for elevated H-2 antigen expression in resistance to neoplasia caused by radiation-induced leukemia virus. Enhancement of effective tumor surveillance by killer lymphocytes. J Exp Med 149: 898–909
Meruelo D, Bach R (1983) Genetics of resistance to virus-induced leukemias. Adv Cancer Res 40: 107–188
Meruelo D, Lieberman M, Ginzton N, Deak B, McDevitt HO (1977) Genetic control of radiation leukemia virus-induced tumorigenesis. J Exp Med 146: 1079–1087
Meyerhans A, Cheynier R, Albert J et al. (1989) Temporal fluctuations in HIV quasi species in vivo are not reflected by sequential HIV isolations. Cell 58: 901–910
Miles BD, Robinsons HL (1985) High-frequency transduction of c-erbB in avian leukosis virus-induced erythroblastosis. J Virol 54: 295–303
Moelling K, Pfaff E, Beug H, Beimling P, Bunte T, Schaller HE, Graf T (1985) DNA-binding activity is associated with purified Myb proteins from AMV and E26 viruses and is temperature-sensitive for E26 ts mutants. Cell 40: 983–990
Montminy MR, Sevarino KA, Wagner JA, Mandel G, Goodman RH (1986) Identification of a cyclic-AMP-responsive element within the rat somatostatin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 6682–6686
Mooslehner K, Karls U, Harbers K (1990) Retroviral integration sites in transgenic Mov mice frequently map in the vicinity of transcribed DNA regions. J Virol 64: 3056–3058
Moreau-Gachelin F, Tavitian A, Tambourin P (1988) Spi-1 is a putative oncogene in virally induced murine erythroleukemias. Nature 331: 277–280
Moreau-Gachelin F, Ray D, Mattei GG, Tambourin P, Tavitian A (1989) The putative oncogene Sp/’-1: murine chromosomal localization and transcriptional activation in murine acute erythroleukemias. Oncogene 4: 1449–1456
Morishita K, Parker DS, Mucenski ML, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Ihle JN (1988) Retroviral activation of a novel gene encoding a zinc finger protein in IL-3-dependent myeloid leukemia cell lines. Cell 54: 831–840
Morishita K, Parganas E, Bartholomew C, Sacchi N, Valentine MB, Raimondi SC, LeBeau MM, Ihle JN (1990) The human Evi-1 gene is located on chromosome 3q24-q28 but is not rearranged in three cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemias containing t(3;5)(q25;q34) translocations. Oncogene Res 5: 221–231
Morrissey PJ, Parkinson DR, Schwartz RS, Waksal SD (1980) Immunologic abnormalities in HRS/J mice. I. Specific deficit in T-lymphocyte helper function in a mutant mouse. J Immunol 125:1558–1562
Morse HC, Yetter RA, Via CS et al. (1989) Functional and phenotypic alterations in T cell subsets during the course of MAIDS, a murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome. J Immunol 143: 844–850
Mosca JD, Bednank NB, Raj NBK et al. (1987) Activation of human immunedeficiency virus by herpes virus infection: identification of a region within the long terminal repeat that responds to a transacting factor encoded by herpes simplex virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:7408–7412
Mowat M, Cheng A, Kimura N, Bernstein A, Benchimol S (1985) Rearrangements of the cellular p53 gene in erythroleukaemic cells transformed by Friend virus. Nature 314: 633–636
Mucenski ML, Taylor BA, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1986) AKXD recombinant inbred strains: models for studying the molecular genetic basis of murine lymphomas. Mol Cell Biol 6: 4236–4243
Mucenski ML, Gilbert DJ, Taylor BA, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1987a) Common sites of viral integration in lymphomas arising in AKXD recombinant inbred mouse strains. Oncogene Res 2: 33–48
Mucenski ML, Taylor BA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1987b) Characterization of somatically acquired ecotropic and mink cell focus-forming viruses in lymphomas of AKXD recombinant inbred mice. J Virol 62: 2929–2933
Mucenski ML, Bedigian HG, Shull MM, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1988a) Comparative molecular genetic analysis of lymphomas from six inbred mouse strains. J Virol 62: 839–846
Mucenski ML, Taylor BA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1988b) Chromosomal location of EW-1, a common site of ecotropic viral integration in AKXD murine myeloid tumors. Oncogene Res 2:219–233
Mucenski ML, Taylor BA, Ihle JN, Hartley JW, Morse III HC, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1988c) Identification of a common ecotropic viral integration site, evi-1, in the DNA of AKXD murine myeloid tumors. Mol Cell Biol 8: 301–308
Mullins Jl, Brody DS, Binari RC Jr, Cotter SM (1983) Viral transduction of c-myc gene in naturally occurring feline leukemias. Nature 308: 856–858
Murray AW, Kirschner MW (1989) Cyclin synthesis drives the early embryonic cell cycle. Nature 339: 275–280
Murray AW, Solomon MJ, Kirschner MW (1989) The role of cyclin synthesis and degradation in the control of maturation promoting factor activity. Nature 339: 280–286
Murre C, McCaw PS, Baltimore D (1989a) A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and myc proteins. Cell 56: 777–783
Murre C, McCaw PS, Vaessin H, Caudy M, Jan LY, Jan YN, Cabrera CV, Buskin JN, Hauschka SD, Lassar AB, Weintraub H, Baltimore D (1989b) Interactions between heterologous helix-loop-helix proteins generate complexes that bind specifically to a common DNA sequence. Cell 58: 537–544
Mushinsky JF, Potter M, Bauer SR, Reddy EP (1983) DNA rearrangement and altered RNA expression of the c-myb oncogene in mouse plasmocytoid lymphosarcoma. Science 220: 795–798
Nagarajan L, Louie E, Tsujimoto Y, ar-Rushdi A, Huebner K, Croce CM (1986) Localization of the human pirn oncogene (PIM) to a region of chromosome 6 involved in translocations in acute leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 2556–2560
Nagata K, Ohtani K, Nakamura M, Sugamura K (1989) Activation of endogenous c-fos proto-oncogene expression by human T cell leukemia virus type I encoded p40iax protein in the human T-cell line, Jurkat. J Virol 63: 3220–3226
Neel BG, Hayward WS, Robinson HL, Fan J, Astrin SM (1981) Avian leukosis virus-induced tumors have common proviral integration sites and synthesize discrete new RNAs: oncogenesis by promoter insertion. Cell 23: 323–334
Neil JC, Hughes R, McFarlane R, Wilkie MM, Onions DE, Lees G, Jarrett O (1983) Transduction and rearrangement of the myc gene by feline leukemia virus in naturally occurring T cell leukemias. Nature 308: 814–820
Nerenberg M, Hinrichs S, Reynolds RK, Khoury G, Jay G (1987) The iaigene of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 induces mesenchymal tumors in transgenic mice. Science 237: 1324–1329
Nichols EJ, Manger R, Hakomori S, Rohrschneider LR (1987) Transformation by the oncogene v-fms: the effects of castanospermine on transformation-related parameters. Exp Cell Res 173: 486–495
Nimer SD, Gasson JC, Hu K, Smalberg I, Williams JL, Chen ISY, Rosenblatt JD (1989) Activation of the GM-CSF promoter by HTLV-I and II tax proteins. Oncogene 4: 671–676
Nottenburg C, Stubblefield E, Varmus HE (1987) An aberrant avian leukosis virus provirus inserted downstream from the chicken c-myc coding sequence in a bursal lymphoma results from intrachromosomal recombination between two proviruses and deletion of cellular DNA. J Virol 61: 1828–1833
Nunn M, Weiher H, Bullock P, Duesberg P (1984) Avian erythroblastosis virus E26: nucleotide sequence of the tripartite one gene and of the LTR and analysis of the cellular prototype of the viral ets sequence. Virology 139: 330–339
Odaka T (1970) Inheritance of susceptibility to Friend mouse leukemia virus. VII. Establishment of a resistant strain. Int J Cancer 6: 18–23
Odaka T, Ikeda H, Moriwaki K, Matsuzawa A, Mizuno M, Kondo K (1978) Genetic resistance in Japanese wild mice (Mus musculus molossirius) to an NB-tropic Friend murine leukemia virus. J Natl Cancer Inst 61: 1301–1306
Odaka T, Ikeda H, Yoshikura H, Moriwaki K, Suzuki S (1981) Fv-4: gene controlling resistance to NB-tropic Friend murine leukemia virus. Distribution in wild mice, introduction into genetic background of BALB/c mice, and mapping of chromosomes. J Natl Cancer Inst 67: 1123–1127
O’Donnell PV, Woller R, Chu A (1984) Stages in development of mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) virus-accelerated leukemia in AKR mice. J Exp Med 160: 914–934
O’Donnell PV, Fleissner E, Lonial H, Koehne CF, Reicin A (1985) Early clonality and high-frequency proviral integration into the c-myc locus in AKR leukemias. J Virol 55: 500–503
Oliff A, Signorelli K, Collins L (1984) The envelope gene and long terminal repeat sequences contribute to the pathogenic phenotype of helper-independent Friend viruses. J Virol 51:788–794
Oliff A, McKinney MD, Agranovsky O (1985) Contribution of the gag and pol sequences to the leukemogenicity of Friend murine leukemia virus. J Virol 54: 864–868
O’Neill HC, McGrath MS, Allison JP, Weissman IL (1987) A subset of T-cell receptors associated with L3T4 molecules mediates C6VL leukemia cell binding of its cognate retrovirus. Cell 49:143–151
O’Neill RR, Khan AS, Hoggan MD, Hartley JW, Martin MA, Repaske R (1986) Specific hybridization probes demonstrate fewer xenotropic than mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia virus env- related sequences in DNAs from inbred laboratory mice. J Virol 53: 359–366
Papkoff J, Nigg EA, Hunter T (1983) The transforming protein of Moloney murine sarcoma virus is a soluble cytoplasmic protein. Cell 33: 161–172
Parada LF, Land H, Weinberg RD, Wolf D, Rotter V (1984) Cooperation between gene encoding p53 tumor antigen and ras in cellular transformation. Nature 312: 649–651
Paskalis H, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN (1986) Cis acting sequences responsible for the transcriptional activation of human T cell leukemia virus type I constitute a conditional enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 6558–6562
Paul R, Schuetze S, Kozak L, Kabat D (1989) A common site for immortalizing proviral integrations in Friend erythroleukemia: molecular cloning and characterization. J Virol 63: 4958–4961
Paul R, Schuetze S, Kozak SL, Kozak CA, Kabat DA (1990) The Sfpi-1 proviral integration site of Friend erythroleukemia encodes the Ets-1 related transcription actor PU.1 and a small RNA. J Virol (in press)
Peters G, Lee AE, Dickson C (1986) Concerted activation of two potential proto-oncogenes in carcinomas induced by mouse mammary tumor virus. Nature 320: 628–631
Peters G, Brookes S, Smith R, Placzek M, Dickson C (1989) The mouse homolog of the hst/k-FGF gene is adjacent to int-2 and is activated by proviral insertion in some virally induced mammary tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 5678–5682
Pettenati MJ, Le Beau MM, Lemons RS, Shima EA, Kawasaki ES, Larson RA, Sherr C, Daz MO, Rowley JD (1987) Assignment of CSF-1 to 5q33.1: evidence for clustering of genes regulating hematoposoiesis and for their involvement in the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 in myeloid disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 84: 2970–2974
Phillips NE, Parker DC (1987) Fc-y receptor effects on induction of c-myc mRNA expression in mouse B lymphocytes by anti-immunoglobulin. Mol Immunol 24: 1199–1205
Pincus T, Hartley JW, Rowe WP (1971a) A major genetic locus affecting resistance to infection with murine leukemia viruses. I. Tissue culture studies of naturally occurring viruses. J Exp Med 133: 1219–1233
Pincus T, Rowe WP, Lilly F (1971 b) A major genetic locus affecting resistance to infection with murine leukemia viruses. II. Apparent identity to a major locus described for resistance to Friend murine leukemia virus. J Exp Med 133:1234–1241
Plata F (1982) Specificity studies of cytolytic T-lymphocytes directed against murine leukemia virus-induced tumors. Analysis by monoclonal cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 155: 1050–1062
Plata F, Lilly F (1979) Viral specificity of H-2-restricted T-killer cells directed against syngeneic tumors induced by Gross, Friend, or Rauscher leukemia virus. J Exp Med 150: 1174–1186
Poe M, Scolnick EM, Stein RB (1985) Harvey ras p21 expressed in Escherichia coli purifies as a binary one-to-one complex with GDP. J Biol Chem 260: 3906–3909
Pognonec P, Boulukos KE, Gesquiere JC, Stehelin D, Ghysdael J (1988) Mitogenic stimulation of thymocytes results in the calcium-dependent phosphorylation of c-eis-1 proteins. EMBO J 7:977–983
Pognonec P, Boulukos KE, Ghysdael J (1989) The c-eis-1 protein is chromatin associated and binds to DNA in vitro. Oncogene 4: 691–697
Pognonec P, Boulukos KE, Bosselut R, Boyer C, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Ghysdael J (1990) Identification of a Etsl variant protein unaffected in its chromatin and in vitro DNA binding capacities by T cell antigen receptor triggering and intracellular calcium rises. Oncogene 5: 603–610
Poirier Y, Kozak C, Jolicoeur P (1988) Identification of a common helper provirus integration site in Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma DNA. J Virol 62: 3985–3992
Popovic M, Lange-Wantzin G, Sarin PS, Mann D, Gallo RC (1983) Transformation of human umbilical cord blood T cells by human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:5402–5406
Poteat HT, Kadison P, McGuire K, Park L, Park RE, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA (1989) Response of the human T cell leukemia virus type 1 long terminal repeat to cyclic AMP. J Virol 63: 1604–1611
Poteat HT, Chen FY, Kadison P, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA (1990) Protein kinase A-dependent binding of a nuclear factor to the 21-base-pair repeat of the human T cell leukemia virus type I long terminal repeat. J Virol 64: 1264–1270
Propst F, Rosenberg MP, Iyer A, Kaul K, Vande Woude GF (1987) c-mos proto-oncogene RNA transcripts in mouse tissues: structural features, developmental regulation, and localization in specific cell types. Mol Cell Biol 7: 1629–1637
Propst F, Vande Woude GF, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Lee BK, Hunt PA, Eicher EM (1989) The mos proto-oncogene maps near the centromere on mouse chromosome 4. Genomics 5: 118–123
Quint W, Boelens W, van Wezenbeek P, Cuypers T, Maandag ER, Selten G, Berns A (1984) Generation of AKR mink cell focus-forming viruses: a conserved single copy xenotropic-like provirus provides recombinant long terminal repeat sequences. J Virol 50: 432–438
Rabbitts TH, Foster A, Hamlyn P, Baer R (1984) Effect of somatic mutation within translocated c-myc genes in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Nature (London) 309: 592–597
Rapp UR, Goldsborough MD, Mark GE, Bonner Tl, Groffen J, Reynolds FH Jr, Stephenson JR (1983) Structure and biological activity of v-raf, a unique oncogene transduced by a retrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 4218–4222
Ratner L, Poiesz BJ (1988)Leukemias associated with human T cell lymphotropic virus type I in non-endemic region. Medicine 67: 401–422
Rauscher FJ III, Cohen DR, Curran T, Bos TJ, Vogt PK, Bohmann D, Tjian R, Franza RB Jr (1988) Fos- associated protein p39 is the product of the jun proto-oncogene. Science 240: 1010–1016
Rayter SI, Iwata KK, Michitsch RW, Sorvill JM, Valenzuela DM, Foulkes JG (1989) Biochemical functions of oncogenes. In: Clover DM, Hanes BD (eds) Oncogenes. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 113–189
Rechavi G, Givol D, Canaani E (1982) Activation of a cellular oncogene by DNA rearrangement: possible involvement of an IS-like element. Nature 300: 607–611
Reed JC, Alpers JD, Nowell PC, Hoover RG (1986) Sequential expression of protooncogenes during lectin-stimulated mitogenesis of normal human lymphogytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 3982–3986
Reddy ES, Rao VN (1988) Structure, expression and alternative splicing of the human c-eis-1 proto-oncogene. Oncogene Res 3: 239–246
Reicin A, Yang JQ, Marcu KB, Fleissner E, Koehne CF, O’Donnell PV (1986) Deregulation of the c-myc oncogene in virus-induced thymic lymphomas of AKR/J mice. Mol Cell Biol 6: 4088–4092
Rice AP, Mathews MB (1988) Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences, expressed in an adenovirus vector by the adenovirus E1A 13S protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4200–4204
Rimsky L, Hauber J, Dukovich M et al. (1988) Functional replacement of HIV-1 rev protein by the HTLV-1 rex protein. Nature 335: 738–740
Risser R (1982) The pathogenesis of Abelson virus lymphomas in the mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta 651: 213–244
Roberts L (1990) Down to the wire for the NF gene. Science 249: 236–238
Robinson HL, Gagnon GC (1986) Patterns of proviral insertion and deletion in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas. J Virol 57:28–36
Robinson HL, Pearson MN, De Simone DW, Tsichlis PN, Coffin JM (1979) Subgroup E avian leukosis virus associated disease in chickens. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant. Biol 44: 1133–1142
Robinson HL, Blais BM, Tsichlis PN, Coffin JM (1982) Two regions of the viral genome determine the oncogenic potential of avian leukosis viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1225–1229
Rohdewohld H, Weiher H, Reik W, Jaenisch R (1987) Retrovirus integration and chromatin structure: Moloney murine leukemia proviral integration sites map near DNase l-hypersensitive sites. J Virol 61: 336–343
Rosen CA, Haseltine WA, Lenz J, Ruprecht R, Cloyd MW (1985) Tissue selectively of murine leukemia virus infection is determined by long terminal repeat sequences. J Virol 55: 862–866
Rosson D, Dugan D, Reddy EP (1987) Aberrant splicing events that are induced by proviral integration: implication for myb oncogene activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:3171–3175
Rothwell VM, Rohrschneider LR (1987) Murine c-fms cDNA: cloning, sequence analysis and retroviral expression. Oncogene Res 1: 311–324
Rotter V, Wolf D, Pravtcheva D, Ruddle F (1984) Chromosomal assignment of the murine gene encoding the transformation related protein p53. Mol Cell Biol 4: 383–385
Roussel MF, Rettenmier CW, Look AT, Sherr CJ (1984) Cell surface expression of v-fms coded glycoproteins is required for transformation. Mol Cell Biol 4: 1999–2009
Roussel MF, Downing JR, Rettemier CW, Sherr CJ (1988) A point mutation in the extracellular domain of the human CSF-1 receptor (c-fms protooncogene product) activates its transforming potential. Cell 55: 979–988
Rovinski B, Munroe D, Peacok M, Mowat M, Bernstein A, Benchimol S (1987) Deletion of 5’ coding sequences of the cellular p53 gene in mouse erythroieukemia: a novel mechanism of oncogene regulation. Mol Cell Biol 7: 847–853
Rowe WP, Humphrey JB, Lilly F (1973) A major genetic locus affecting resistance to infection with murine leukemia viruses. III. Assignment of the Fv-71ocus to linkage group VIII of the mouse. J Exp Med 173: 850–853
Rowe WP, Cloyd MW, Hartley JW (1979) Status of the association of mink cell focus-forming viruses with leukemogenesis. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 44: 1265–1268
Ruben S, Poteat H, Tan TH et al. (1988) Cellular transcription factors and regulation of IL-2 receptor gene expression by HTLV-1 tax gene. Science 241: 89–92
Ruegg CL, Monell CR, Strand M (1989) Identification, using synthetic peptides, of the minimum amino acid sequence from the retroviral transmembrane protein p15E required for inhibition of lymphoproliferation and its similarity to gp 21 of human T lymphotropic virus types I and II. J Virol 63: 3250–3256
Ruscetti S, Davis L, Feild J, Oliff A (1981) Friend murine leukemia virus-induced leukemia is associated with the formation of mink cell focus-inducing viruses-and is blocked in mice expressing endogenous mink cell focus-inducing xenotropic viral envelope genes. J Exp Med 154: 907–920
Sacchi N, Watson DK, Geurts van Kessel AHM, Hagemeijer A, Kersey J, Drabkin HD, Patterson D, Papas TS (1986) Hu-efs-1 and Hu-eis-2 genes are transposed in acute leukemias with (4; 11) and (8; 21) translocations. Science 231: 379–381
Sagata N, Oskarsson M, Copeland T, Brumbauch J, Vande Woude GF (1988) Function of c-mos proto-oncogene product in meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes. Nature 335: 519–525
Sagata N, Watanabe N, Vande Woude GF, Ikawa Y (1989) The c-mos proto-oncogene product is a cytostatic factor responsible for meiotic arrest in vertebrate eggs. Nature 342: 512–518
Saizawa K, Rojo J, Janeway CA (1987) Evidence for a physical association of CD4 and the CD3: a: β T cell receptor. Nature 328: 260–263
Sakaguchi AY, Lalley PA, Zabel BU, Ellis RW, Scolnick EM, Naylor SL (1984) Chromosome assignments of four mouse cellular homologs of sarcoma and leukemia virus oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 525–529
Sarnow P, Ho YS, Williams J, Levine AJ (1982) Adenovirus E1b-58kd tumor antigen and SV40 large tumor antigen are physically associated with the same 54kd cellular protein in transformed cells. Cell 28: 387–394
Sassone-Corsi P, Ransone LJ, Lamph WW, Verma IM (1988) Direct interaction between fos and jun nuclear oncoproteins: role of the leucine zipper domain. Nature 336: 692–695
Schupbach J (1989) Human retrovirology: facts and concepts. Cur Top Microbiol Immunol 142: 1–115
Scolnick EM, Papageorge AG, Shih TY (1979) Guanine nucleotide-binding activity as an assay for src protein of rat-derived murine sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 5355–5359
Sciki M, Eddy R, Show TB et al. (1984) Non specific integration of the HTLV provirus genome into adult T cell leukemia cells. Nature 309: 640–642
Selten G, Cuypers HT, Zijlstra M, Melief C, Berns A (1984) Involvement of c-myc in MuLV-induced T cell lymphomas in mice: frequency and mechanism of activation. EMBO J 3: 3215–3222
Selten G, Cuypers HT, Berns A (1985) Proviral activation of the putative oncogene P/m-1 in MuLV induced T cell lymphomas. EMBO J 4: 1793–1798
Selten G, Cuypers HT, Boelens W, Robanus-Maandag E, Verbeek J, Domen J, Van Beveren C, Berns A (1986) The primary structure of the putative oncogene pim-1 shows extensive homology with protein kinases. Cell 46: 603–611
Sen, R, Baltimore D (1986) Inducibility of k in Immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein NF-kB by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell 47: 921–928
Seto E, Yen TS, Peterlin BM et al (1988) Transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by the hepatitis B virus X protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8286–8290
Setoguchi M, Higuchi Y, Yoshida S, Nasu N, Miyazaki Y, Akizuki S, Yamamoto S (1989) Insertional activation of N-myc by endogenous Moloney-like murine retrovirus sequences in macrophage cell lines derived from myeloma cell line-marcrophage hybrids. Mol Cell Biol 9: 4515–4522
Shaw G, Kamen R (1986) A conserved AU sequence from the 3’ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell 46:659–667
Sheiness D, Gardinier M (1984) Expression of a proto-oncogene (proto-myb) in hemopoietic tissues of mice. Mol Cell Biol 4: 1206–1212
Shen-Ong GLC, Potter M, Mushinsky JF, Lavu S, Reddy EP (1984) Activation of the c-myb locus by viral insertional mutagenesis in plasmocytoid lymphosarcomas. Science 226: 1077–1080
Shen-Ong GLC, Morse HC III, Potter M, Mushinski F (1986) Two modes of c-myb activation in virus-induced mouse myeloid tumors. Mol Cell Biol 6: 380–392
Sherr CJ (1988) The fms oncogene. Biochim Biophys Acta 948: 225–243
Sherr CJ, Rettenmier CW, Sacca R, Roussel MF, Look AT, Stanley ER(1985) The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1. Cell 41: 665–676
Shibuya T, Mak TW (1982a) A host gene controlling early anemia or polycythemia induced by Friend erythroleukemia virus. Nature 296: 577–579
Shih CC, Stoye JP, Coffin JM (1988) Highly preferred targets for retrovirus integration. Cell 53: 531–537
Shobat O, Greenberg M, Reisman D, Oren M, Rotter V (1987) Inhibition of cell growth mediated by Plasmids encoding p53 antisense. Oncogene 1: 277–283
Short MK, Okenquist SA, Lenz J (1987) Correlation of leukemogenic potential of murine retroviruses with transcriptional preference of the viral long terminal repeats. J Virol 61: 1067–1072
Sieff CA, Emerson SG, Donahue RE, Nathan DG (1985) Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. A multilineage hematopoietin. Science 230: 1171–1173
Sieff CA, Niemeyer CM, Nathan DG, Ekern SC, Bieber FR, Yang YC, Wong G, Clark SC (1987) Stimulation of human hematopoietic colony formation by recombinant gibbon multi-colony-stimulating factor or interleukin 3. J Clin Invest 80: 818–823
Siekevitz M, Feinberg MB, Holbrook N, Wong-Staal F, Greene WC (1987) Activation of interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor (Tac) promoter expression by the trans activator (tat) gene product of human T cell leukemia virus, type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 5389–5393
Silver BJ, Bokar JA, Virgin JB, Valien EA, Milsted A, Wilson JH (1987) Cyclic AMP regulation of the human glycoprotein hormone a subunit gene is mediated by an 18 base pair element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2198–2202
Silver J, Buckler CE (1986) A preferred region for integration of Friend murine leukemia virus in hematopoietic neoplasms is closely linked to the int-2 oncogene. J Virol 60: 1156–1158
Silver J, Kozak C (1986) Common proviral integration region on mouse chromosome 7 in lymphomas and myelogenous leukemias induced by Friend murine leukemia virus. J Virol 57: 526–533
Silver J, Teich N (1981) Expression of resistance to Friend virus-stimulated erythropoiesis in bone marrow chimeras containing Fv-2rr and Fv ss bone marrow. J Exp Med 154: 126–137
Silvers WK (1979) White-spotting, patch and rump-white. In: The coat colors of mice: a model for gene action and interaction. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp 206–241
Simpson RU, Hsu T, Begley DA, Mitchell BS, Alizadeh BN (1987) Transcriptional regulation of c-myc proto-oncogene by 1,25-di hydroxy vitamin D3in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 262: 4104–4108
Singh B, Hannink M, Donoghue DJ, Arlinghaus RB (1986) p37mos-associated serine/threonine protein kinase activity correlates with the cellular transformation function of v-mos. J Virol 60: 1148–1152
Singh B, Wittenberg C, Hannink M, Reed SI, Donoghue DJ, Arlinghaus RB (1988) The histidine-221 to tyrosine substitution in v-mos abolishes its biological function and its protien kinase activity. Virology 164: 114–120
Sola B, Fichelson S, Bordereaux D, Tambourin PE, Gisselbrecht S (1986) fim-1 and fim-2: two new integration regions of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias. J Virol 60:718–725
Sola B, Simon S, Mattei MG, Fichelson S, Bordereaux D, Tambourin PE, Guenet JL, Gisselbrecht S (1988) F/m-1, fim-2/c-fms, and fim- 3, three common integration sites of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblasts leukemias, map to mouse chromosome 13, 18 and 3 respectively. J Virol 62:3973–3978
Speck NA, Baltimore D (1987) Six different nuclear factors interact with the 75-base pair direct repeat of the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer. Mol Cell Biol 7: 1101–1110
Speck NA, Renjifo B, Hopkins N (1990a) Point mutations in the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer identify a lymphoid-specific viral core motif and 1, 3-phorbol myristate acetate-inducible element. J Virol 64:543–550
Speck NA, Renjifo B, Golemis E, Fredrickson TN, Hartley JW, Hopkins N (1990b) Mutation of the core or adjacent LVb elements of the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer alters disease specificity. Genes 4: 233–242
Spector DH, Wade E, Wright DA, Koval V, Clark C, Jaquish D, Spector SA (1990) Human immunodeficiency virus pseudotypes with expanded cellular and species tropism. J Virol 64: 2298–2308
Spector DL, Watt RA, Sullivan NF (1987) The v- and c-myc oncogene proteins colocalize in situ with small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Oncogene 1: 5–12
Spiro C, Gliniak B, Kabat D (1988) A tagged helper-free Friend virus causes clonal erythroblast immortality by specific proviral integration in the cellular genome. J Virol 62: 4129–4135
Sporn MB, Roberts AB (1985) Autocrine growth factors and cancer. Nature 313: 745–747
Stacey DW, Kung HF (1984) Transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by microinjection of Ha-ras p21 protein. Nature 310: 508–511
Steffen D (1984) Proviruses are adjacent to c-myc in some murine leukemia virus-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2097–2101
Steeves RA, Mirand EA, Bulba A, Trudel PJ (1970) Spleen foci and polycythemia in C57BL mice infected with host-adapted Friend leukemia virus. Int J Cancer 5: 346–356
Stockert E, Old LJ, Boyse EA (1971) The Gix System. A cell surface allo-antigen associated with murine leukemia virus; implications regarding chromosomal integration of the viral genome. J Exp Med 149: 200–215
Stockert E, Boyse EA, Obata Y, Ikeda H, Sarker NH, Hoffman HA (1975) New mutant and congenic mouse stocks expressing the murine leukemia virus-associated thymocyte surface antigen Gix. J Exp Med 142: 512–517
Stocking C, Löliger C, Kawai M, Suciu S, Gough N, Ostertag W (1988) Identification of genes involved in growth autonomy of hematopoietic cells by analysis of factor-independent mutants. Cell 53: 869–879
Storch TG, Chused TM (1984) Sex and H-2 haplotype control the resistance of CBA-BALB hybrids to the induction of T-cell lymphoma by Moloney leukemia virus. J Immunol 133: 2797–2800
Storch TG, Arnstein P, Monahar U, Leiserson WM, Chused TM (1985) Proliferation of infected lymphoid precursors before Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphoma. JNCI 74: 137–143
Stoye J, Coffin J (1985) Endogenous retroviruses. In: Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H et al. (eds) RNA tumor viruses, vol 2 (edn 2). Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp 357–404
Stoye JP, Coffin JM (1987) The four classes of endogenous murine leukemia virus: structural relationships and potential for recombination. J Virol 61: 2659–2669
Stoye JP, Coffin JM (1988a) Polymorphism of murine endogenous proviruses revealed by using virus class-specific oligonucleotide probes. J Virol 62:168–175
Stoye JP, Fenner S, Greenoak GE, Moran C, Coffin JM (1988b) Role of endogenous retroviruses as mutagens: the hairless mutation of mice. Cell 54: 383–391
Sturzbecher HW, Chumakov P, Welch WJ, Jenkins JR (1987) Mutant p53 proteins bind p53 hsp 72/73 cellular heat-shock-related proteins in SV40-transformed monkey cells. Oncogene 1: 201–211
Sumegi J, Spira J, Hazin H, Szpirer J, Levan G, Klein G (1983) Rat c-myc oncogene is located on chromosome 7 and rearranges in immunocytomas with t(6:7) chromosomal translocation. Nature 306: 497–498
Suzuki S (1975)Fv-4: a new gene affecting the splenomegaly induction by Friend leukemia virus. Jpn J Exp Med 45: 473–478
Suzuki S, Axelrad A (1980)Fv-2 locus controls the proportion of erythropoietic progenitor cells (BFU-E) synthesizing DNA in normal mice. Cell 19: 225–236
Suzuki S, Tsuji K, Moriwaki K (1981) Friend murine leukemia virus resistance in Japanese wild mice: possible allelism with Fv-4 in FRG mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 66: 729–731
Swain SL (1983) T cell subsets and the recognition of MHC class. Immunol Rev 74: 129–142
Szpirer J, Defeo-Jones D, Ellis RW, Levan G, Szpirer C (1985) Assignment of three rat cellular RAS oncogenes to chromosomes 1, 4 and X. Somat Cell Mol Genet 11: 93–97
Takatsuki K, Yamaguchi K, Kawano F et al. (1985) Clinical diversity in adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma. Cancer Res 45: 4644 S-4645 S (Suppl)
Tanabe T, Nukada T, Nishikawa Y, Sugimoto K, Suzuki H, Takahashi H, Nöda M, Haga T, Ichiyama A, Kangawa K, Minamino N, Mastuo H, Numa S (1985) Primary structure of the alpha-subunit of transducing and its relation to ras proteins. Nature 315: 242–245
Taub R, Kirsch I, Morton C, Lenoir G, Swan D, Tronick S, Aaronson S, Leder P (1982) Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 7837–7841
Teich N (1982) Taxonomy of retroviruses. In: Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H et al. (eds) RNA tumor viruses, vol 1(edn 2). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. New York, pp 25–207
Teich N, Wyke J, Mak T et al. (1982) Pathogenesis of retrovirus induced disease. In: Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H et al. (eds) Molecular biology of tumor viruses. RNA tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp 785–998
Testa JR, Parsa NZ, Le Beau MM, Vande Woude, GF (1988) Localization of the proto-oncogene MOS to 8q11-q12 by in situ chromosomal hybridization. Genomics 3: 44–47
Thomas CY, Coffin JM (1982) Genetic alterations of RNA leukemia viruses associated with the development of spontaneous thymic leukemia in AKR/J mice. J Virol 43: 416–426
Thomas CY, Boykin BJ, Famulari NG, Coppola MA (1986) Association of recombinant murine leukemia viruses of the class II genotype with spontaneous lymphomas in CWD mice. J Virol 58: 314–323
Thompson CB, Challoner PB, Neiman PE, Groudine M (1986) Expression of the c-myb proto-oncogene during cellular proliferation. Nature 319: 374–380
Thornell A, Hallberg B, Grundström T (1988) Differential protein binding in lymphocytes to a sequence in the enhancer of the mouse retrovirus SL3–3. Mol Cell Biol 8: 1625–1637
Toda T, Uno I, Ishikawa T, Powers S, Kataoka T, Broek D, Cameron S, Broach J, Mastumoto K, Wigler M (1985) In yeast, RAS proteins are controlling elements of adenylate cyclase. Cell 40: 27–36
Tong L, De Vos AM, Milburn MV, Jancarik J, Naguchi S, Nishimura S, Miura K, Ohtsuka E, Kim SH (1989) Structural differences between a ras oncogene protein and the normal protein. Nature 337: 90–93
Trahey M, McCormick F (1987) A cytoplasmic protein stimulates normal N-ras p21 GTPase, but does not affect oncogenic mutants. Science 238: 542–545
Trahey M, Milley RJ, Cole GE, Innis M, Paterson H, Marshall CJ, Hall A, McCormick F (1987) Biochemical and biological properties of the human N-ras p21 protein. Mol Cell Biol 7: 541–544
Treisman R (1985) Transient accumulation of c-fos RNA following serum stimulation requires a conserved 5’ element and c-fos sequences. Cell 42: 889–902
Treisman R (1986) Identification of a protein-binding site that mediated transcriptional response of the c-fos gene to serum factors. Cell 46: 567–574
Tsichlis PN (1987) Oncogenesis by Moloney murine leukemia virus. Anticancer Res 7: 171–180
Tsichlis PN, Coffin JM (1979) Role of the C region in relative growth rates of endogenous and exogenous avian oncoviruses. Cold-Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 44: 1123–1132
Tsichlis PN, Coffin JM (1980) Recombinants between endogenous and exogenous avian tumor viruses: role of the C region and other portions of the genome in the control of replication and transformaton. J Virol 33: 238–249
Tsichlis PN, Bear SE, Tucker HSG, Schwartz RS (1979) Genetic resistance to ecotropic type-C RNA viruses. In: Immune mechanisms and disease. Academic, New York, pp 101–130
Tsichlis PN, Donehower L, Hager G, Zeller N, Malavarca R, Astrin S, Skalka AM (1982) Sequence comparison of the crossover region of an oncogenic avian retrovirus recombinant and its non-oncogenic parent: genetic regions that control growth rate and oncogenic potential. Mol Cell Biol 2: 1331–1338
Tsichlis PN, Strauss PG, Hu LF (1983) Two common regions for proviral DNA integration in MoMuLV-induced rat thymic lymphomas. Nature 302: 445–449
Tsichlis PN, Strauss PG, Kozak C (1984) A cellular DNA region involved in the induction of thymic lymphomas (M/w-2) maps to mouse chromosome 15. Mol Cell Biol 4: 997–1000
Tsichlis PN, Lohse MA, Szpirer C, Szpirer J, Levan G (1985a) Cellular DNA regions involved in the induction of rat thymic lymphomas {Mlvi-1, M/W-2, Mlvi-3, and c-myc) represent independent loci as determined by their chromosomal map location in the rat. J Virol 56: 938–942
Tsichlis PN, Strauss PG, Lohse MA (1985b) Concerted DNA rearrangements in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced thymomas: a potential synergistic relationship in oncogenesis. J Virol 56: 258–267
Tsichlis PN, Shepherd BM, Bear S (1989) Activation of the MM-1 lmis-Mpvt-1 locus in Moloney murine leukemia virus induced T cell lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 5487–5491
Tsichlis PN, Lee JS, Bear SE, Lazo PA, Patriotis CP, Gustafson E, Shinton S, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Huebner K, Croce C, Levan G, Hanson C (1990) Activation of multiple genes by provirus integration in the Mlvi-4 locus in T cell lymphomas induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 64: 2236–2244
Tsichlis PN, Bear SE (1991) Infection by mink cell focus forming (MCF) viruses confers interleukin-2 (IL-2) independence to an IL-2 dependent rat T cell lymphoma line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4611–4615
Tuchinsky RJ, Stanley ER (1985) The regulation of mononuclear phagocyte entry into S phase by the colony stimulating factor CSF-1. J Cell Physicol 122: 221–228
Tucker HSG, Weens J, Tsichlis PN, Schwartz RS, Khiroya R, Donnelly J (1977) Influence of H-2 complex on susceptibility to infection by murine leukemia virus. J Immunol 118: 1239–1243
Uchiyama T, Hori T, Tsudo M, Wano Y, Umadome H, Tamori S, Yodoi J, Maeda M, Sawami H, Uchino H (1985) lnterleukin-2 receptor (Tac antigen) expressed on adult T cell leukemia cells. J Clin Invest 76: 446–453
Van Cong N, Moreau-Gachelin F, Ray D, Gross MS, de Tand MF, Tavitian A, Frezal J (1989a) Assignment of SP11 oncogene to chromosome 11 (somatic cell hybrid analysis), region p 11,22 (in situ hybridization). HGM 10, p 1097 (Abstract) Human Genome Mapping 10
Van Cong N, Fichelson S, Gross MS, Sola B, Bordereaux D, de Tand MF, Guilhot S, Gisselbrecht S, Frezal J. Tambourin P (1989b) The human homologues of Fim-1, Fim-2/c, fms, and Fim-3, three retroviral integration regions involved in mouse myeloblastic leukemias, are respectively located on chromosome 6p23, 5q33, and 3q27. Hum Genet 81: 257–263
Van Lohuizen M, Breuer M, Berns A (1989a) N-myc is frequently activated by proviral insertion in MuLV induced T cell lymphomas. EMBO J 8: 133–136
Van Lohuizen M, Verbeek S, Krimpenfort P, Domen J, Saris C, Radaszkiewics T, Berns A (1989b) Predisposition to lymphomagenesis in pirn-1 transcgenic mice: cooperation with c-myc and N-myc in Murine leukemia virus-induced tumors. Cell 56: 673–682
Varmus H (1988) Regulation of HIV and HTLV gene expression. Genes 2: 1055–1062
Vasmel WLF, Zijlstra M, Radaszkiewicz T, Leupers CJM (1988) Major histocompatibility complex class ll-regulated immunity to murine leukemia virus protects against early T-but not late B cell lymphomas. J Virol 62: 3156–3166
Veillette A, Horak ID, Bolen JB (1988a) Post-translational alterations of the tyrosine kinase p56Ickin response to activators of protein kinase C. One Res 2: 385–401
Veillette A, Horak ID, Horak EM, Bookman MA, Bolen JB (1988b) Alterations of the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56Ick during T-cell activation. Mol Cell Biol 8: 4353–4361
Veillette A, Bookman MA, Horak EM, Bolen JB (1988c) The CD4 and CD8 T cell surface antigens are associated with the internal membrane tyrosine-protein kinase p56 lck. Cell 55: 301–308
Velu TJ, Beguinot L, Vass WC, Willingham MC, Merlino GT, Pastan I, Lowy DR (1987) Epidermal growth factor-dependent transformation by a human EGF receptor proto-oncogene. Sdence 238: 1408–1410
Vijaya S, Steffen DL, Robinson HL (1986) Acceptor sites for retroviral integrations map near DNase l-hypersensitive sites in chromatin. J Virol 60: 683–692
Vijaya S, Steffen DL, Kozak C, Robinson HL (1987) Dsi-1, a region with frequent proviral insertions in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat thymomas. J Virol 61: 1164–1170
Villemur R, Monczak Y, Rassart E, Kozak C, Jolicoeur P (1987) Identification of a new common provirus integration site in gross passage a murine leukemiavirus-induced mouse thymoma DNA. Mol Cell Biol 7: 512–522
Viskochil D, Buchberg AM, Xu G, Cawthon RM, Stevens J, Wolff RK, Culver M, Carey JC, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, White R, O’Connell P (1990) Deletions and a translocation interrupt a cloned gene at the neurofibromatosis type 1 locus. Cell 62: 187–192
Vogt PK (1967) Phenotypic mixing in the avian tumor virus group. Virology 32: 708–718
Voronova AF, Sefton BM (1986) Expression of a new tyrosine protein kinase is stimulated by retrovirus promoter insertion. Nature 319: 682–685
Voronova AF, Adler HT, Sefton BM (1987) Two Ick transcripts containing different 5’ untranslated regions are present in T cells. Mol Cell Biol 7: 4407–4413
Wachsman W, Golde DW, Chen ISY (1986) HTLV and human leukemia: perspective 1986. Semin Hemat 23: 245–256
Waldmann TA, Greene WC, Sarin PS, Satinger C, Blayney DW, Blattner WA, Goldman CK, Bongiovanni K, Sharrow S, Depper JM, Lenord W, Takashi U, Gallo RC (1984) Functional and phenotypic comparison of human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus positive adult T cell leukemia with human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus negative Sezary leukemia, and their distinction using anti-Tac J Clin Invest 73: 1711–1717
Wasylyk B, Wasylyk C, Flores P, Begue A, Leprince D, Stehelin D (1980) The c-ets proto-oncogenes encode transcription factors that cooperate with c-fos and c-jun for transcriptional activation. Nature 346: 191–193
Watanabe N, Vande Woude GF, Ikawa Y, Sagata N (1989) Specific protelysis of the c-mos protooncogene product by calpain on fertilization of xenopus eggs. Nature 342: 505–511
Watson DK, McWilliams MJ, Papas TS (1988) Molecular organization of the chicken ets locus. Virology 164: 99–105
Weiher J, Zonig M, Gruss P (1983) Multiple point mutations affecting the simian virus 40 enhancer. Science 219: 626–631
Weinstein Y, Ihle JN, Lavu S, Reddy EP (1986) Truncation of the c-myb gene by a retroviral integration in an interleukin 3-dependent myeloid leukemia cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 5010–5014
Weinstein Y, Cleveland JL, Askew DS, Rapp UR, Ihle JN(1987) Insertion and truncation of c-myb by murine leukemia virus in a myeloid cell line derived from cultures of normal hematopoietic cells. J Virol 61: 2339–2343
Weisbart RH, Golde DW, Clark SC, Wong GG, Gasson JC (1985) Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a neutrophil activator. Nature 314: 361–363
Weiss R (1980) Rhabdovirus pseudotypes. In: Bishop DHL (ed) Rhabdoviruses, vol 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 51–65
Weissman IL, McGrath MS (1982) Retrovirus lymphomagenesis: relationship of normal immune receptors to malignant cell proliferation. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 98: 103–112
Wejman JC, Taylor BA, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (1984) Endogenous xenotropic murine leukemia virus related sequences map to chromosomal regions encoding mouse lymphocyte antigens. J Virol 50: 237–247
Weston K, Bishop JM (1989) Transcriptional activation by the v-myb oncogene and its cellular progenitor, c-myb. Cell 58: 85–93
Wheeler EF, Askew D, May S, Ihle JN, Sherr CJ (1987) The v-fms oncogene induces factor-independent growth and transformation of the interleukin-3-dependent myeloid cell line FDC-P1. Mol Cell Biol 7: 1673–1680
Willingham MC, Pastan I, Shih TY, Scolnick EM (1980) Localization of the ras gene product of the Harvey strain of MSV to plasma membrane of transformed cells by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Cell 19: 1005–1014
Willingham MC, Banks-Schlegel SP, Pastan IH (1983) Immunocytochemical localization in normal and transformed human cells in tissue culture using a monoclonal antibody to the ras protein of the Harvey strain of murine sarcoma virus. Exp Cell Res 149: 141–149
Willumsen BM, Norris K, Papageorge AG, Hubbert NL, Lowy DR (1984) Harvey murine sarcoma virus p21 ras protein: biological and biochemical significance of the cysteine nearest the carboxy terminus. EMBO J 3: 2581–2585
Witte ON (1990) Steel locus defines new multipotent growth factor. Cell 63: 5–6
Wolf D, Rotter V (1984) Inactivation of p53 gene expression by an insertion of Moloney murine leukemia virus-like DNA sequences. Mol Cell Biol 4: 1402–1410
Wolf D, Harris N, Rotter V (1984) Reconstitution of p53 expression in a nonproducer Ab-MuLV-transformed cell line by transfection of a functional p53 gene. Cell 38: 119–126
Wong GG, Temple PA, Leary AC, Witek-Giannotti JS, Yang YC, Ciarletta AB, Chung M, Murtha P, Kriz R, Kaufman RJ, Ferenz CR, Sibley BS, Turner KJ, Hewick RM, Clark SC, Yanai N, Yokota H, Yamada M, Saito M, Motoyoshi K, Takaku F (1987) Human CSF-1: molecular cloning and expression of 4-kb cDNA encoding the human urinary protein. Science 235: 1504–1508
Wong GHW, Clark-Lewis I, Harris AW, Schrader JW (1984) Effect of cloned interferon-γ on expression of H-2 and la antigens on cell lines of hemopoietic, lymphoid, epithelial, fibroblastic and neuronal origin. Eur J Immunol 14: 52–56
Wong PKY (1990) Moloney murine leukemia virus temperature-sensitive mutants: a model for retrovirus induced neurologic disorders. Curr Topics Microb Immunol 160: 29–60
Wong PKY, Soong MM, MacLeod R, Gallick GE, Yuen PH (1983) A group of temperature-sensitive mutants of Moloney leukemia virus which is defective in cleavage of env precursor polypeptide in infected cells also induces hind limb paralysis in newborn CFW/D mice. Virology 125: 513–518
Wong PM, Chung SW, Dunbar CE, Bodine DM, Ruscetti S, Nienhuis AW (1989) Retrovirus-mediated transfer and expression of the interleukin-3 gene in mouse hematopoietic cells result in a myeloproliferative disorder. Mol Cell Biol 9: 798–808
Woolford J, Rothwell V, Rohrschneider L (1985) Characterization of the human c-fms gene product and its expression in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Mol Cell Biol 5: 3458–3466
Woolford J, McAuliffer A, Rohrscheider LR (1988) Activation of the feline c-fms proto-oncogene: multiple alterations are required to generate a fully transformed phenotype. Cell 55: 965–977
Ymer S, Tucker WQJ, Sanderson CJ, Hapel AJ, Campbell HD, Young IG (1985) Constitutive synthesis of interleukin-3 by leukemia cell line WEHI-3B is due to retroviral insertion near the gene. Nature 317: 255–258
Yoosook C, Steeves R, Lilly F (1980) Fv- 2’-mediated resistance of mouse bone-marrow cells to Friend spleen focus-forming virus infection. Int J Cancer 26: 101–106
Yoshida M, Sciki M (1987) Recent advances in the molecular biology of HTLV-1: transactivation of viral and cellular genes. Ann Rev Immunol 5: 541–559
Yoshida T, Miyagawa K, Odagiri H, Sakamoto H, Little PFR, Terada M, Sugimura T (1987) Genomic sequence of hst, a transforming gene encoding a protein homologous to fibroblast growth factors and the int-2 encoded protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7305–7309
Yuan CC, Kan N, Dunn KJ, Papas TS, Blair DG (1989) Properties of a murine retroviral recombinant of avian acute leukemia virus E26: a murine fibroblast assay for v-ets function. J Virol 63: 205–215
Zijlstra M, Melief CJM (1986) Virology, genetics and immunology of murine lymphomagenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 865: 197–231
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tsichlis, P.N., Lazo, P.A. (1991). Virus-Host Interactions and the Pathogenesis of Murine and Human Oncogenic Retroviruses. In: Kung, HJ., Vogt, P.K. (eds) Retroviral Insertion and Oncogene Activation. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 171. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76524-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76524-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76526-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76524-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive