Abstract
Pulmonary transmicrovascular fluid flux has traditionally been evaluated in relationship to the Starling-Landis equation [Starling 1890]:
In this equation Qf is the net fluid flux, kf is the filtration coefficient, Pmv the capillary pressure, Pi the pressure in the interstitial space, a the reflection coefficient, πpl the oncotic pressure in the plasma and πi the oncotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. Since lymph flow is a very accurate index of the net fluid flux (Qf) the flow of lymph (QL) has been used almost exclusively to define this term. The caudal mediastinal lymph node of the sheep has a single efferent and surgical manipulation of the systemic contamination to the node resulting in lymph which is almost exclusively from the lung [Staub 1975]. The ease with which the lung lymphatic can be cannulated and the facility with which you can then obtain the remainder of the terms in the Starling-Landis equation have resulted in the use of ovine models to study several aspects of microvascular pathophysiology.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams T Jr., Traber DL (1982) The effects of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibition on the cardiopulmonary response to endotoxin in sheep. Circ Shock 9:681–689
Albertine KH (1988) Lung injury & neutrophil density during air embolization in sheep after leukocyte depletion with nitrogen mustard. Am Rev Respir Dis 138(6):1444–1453
Basadre JO, Singh H, Herndon DN, Stothert J, Horn K, LeBlanc K, Flynn JT, Traber DL (1988) Effect of antibody mediated neutropenia on the cardiopulmonary response to endotoxemia. J Surg Res 45:266–275
Brigham KL, Bowers R, Haynes J (1979) Sheep lung vascular permeability with E coli LPS. Circ Res 45(2):292–297
Brigham KL, Meyrick B (1986) Endotoxin and lung injury. An Rev Resp Dis 133:913–927
Brigham KL, Woolverton WC, Blake LH, Staub NC (1974) Increased sheep lung vascular permeability caused by Pseudomonas bacteremia. J Clin Invest 54:792–804
Buege JA, Aust SD (1978) Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 52:302–310
Cunnion, RE, Parrillo JE (1989) Myocardial dysfunction in sepsis. Crit Care Clin 5:99–118
Dehring, DJ, Wismar BL (1989) Intravascular macrophages in pulmonary capillaries of man. Am Rev Resp Dis 139:1027–1029
Demling RH, Lelonde C, Ryan P, Zhu D, Liu Y (1988) Endotoxemia produces an increase in arterial but not venous lipid peroxides in the sheep. J Appl Physiol 64:592–598
Demling RH, Smith M, Gunther R, Flynn J, Gee M (1981) Pulmonary injury & prostaglandin production during endotoxemia in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol 240:H348–H353
Doty S, Traber LD, Herndon D, Kimura R, Lubbesmeyer H, Davenport S, Traber DL (1988) Beta endorphin, a vasoconstrictor during septic shock. J Trauma 28:131–139
Godsoe A, Kimura R, Herndon D, Flynn JT, Schlag G, Traber LD, Traber DL (1988) Cardiopulmonary changes with intermittent endotoxin administration in sheep. Cir Shock, 25:61–74
Granger DN (1988) Role of xanthine oxidase and granulocytes in ischemia-reperfussion injury. Am J Physiol 255: H1269–1275
Havermann K, Gramse M (1984) Physiology and pathophysiology of neutral proteases of human granulocutes. Advan Exptl Med Biol 167:1–20
Heflin AC , Brigham KL (1981) Prevention by granulocyte depletion on altered lung mechanics after endotoxemia in sheep. J Clin Invest 68:1253
Huttemeier PC, Watkins WD, Peterson MR, Zapol WM (1982) Acute pulmonary hypertension & lung thromboxane release after LPS infusion in normal & leukopenic sheep. Circ Res 50:688–694
Lefer AM (1987) Interaction between myocardial depressant factor and vasoactive mediators with ischemia and shock. Am J Physiol 252:R193–205
Mann R, Traber LD, Herndon DN, Traber DL (1988) Prior infusion of endotoxin diminishes the pulmonary response to bolus administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Proc Amer Burn Assoc 20:138
Meyrick B, Hoffman LH, Brigham KL (1984) Chemotaxis of granulocytes across bovine pulmonary art intimai explants without endothelial cell injury. Tissue-Cell 16:1–16
Morel DR, Huttemeier PC, Skoskiewicz MJ, Nguyenduy T, Melvin C, Robinson DR, Aapol WM (1987). Dose-dependent effects of a pyridoquinazoline thromboxane synthetase inhibitor on arachidonic acid metabolites and hemodynamics during E. Coli encotoxemia in anesthetized sheep. Prostaglandins 33:879–902.
Navaratnam RLN, Morris SE, Traber DL, Flynn J, Woodson L, Linares H, Herndon DN Endotoxin (LPS) Increases mesenteric vascular resistance and bacterial translocation. J Trauma (In Press)
Ogletree ML, Oates JA, Brigham KL, Hubbard WC (1982). Evidence for pulmonary release of 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraeneoic acid (5-hete) during endotoxemia in unanesthetized sheep. Prostaglandins 223:459–468
Parillo JE (1989) Cardiovascular dysfunction in human septic shock and endotoxemia. Perspectives in Shock Research: Metabolism, Immunology, Mediators, and Models 299:107–113
Simchowitz L, Mehta J, Spilberg I (1979) Chemotactic factor-induced generation of suuperoxide radicals by human Pmn’s. Arthritis Rheum 22:755–763
Seekamp A, Lalonde C, Zhu D, Demling R (1988) Catalase prevents prostanoid release & lung lipid peroxidation after endotoxemia in sheep. Am J Physiol 65:1210–1216
Starling EH (1890) On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces. J Physiol (London) 19:312–326
Staub NG (1988) Pulmonary intravascular macrophages. Chest 93:84S-85S
Staub NG, Bland DR, Brigham KL, Demling R, Erdman AJ III, Woolverton CW (1975) Preparation of chronic lung lymph fistulas in sheep. J. Surg. Res. 19:315–320
Talke P, Dunn A, Lawlis L, Sziebert L, White A, Herndon D, Flynn JT, Traber DL (1985) A model of ovine endotoxemia characterized by an increased cardiac output. Circ Shock 17:103–108
Traber DL, Adair TH, Adams T Jr. (1981) Hemodynamic consequences of endotoxemia in sheep. Circ Shock 8:551–561
Traber DL, Adair TH, Adams T Jr., Hendricksen N, Traber LD (1982) Is endotoxin responsible for the cardiopulmonary lesions seen during acute burn wound sepsis? Adv Shock Res 7:91–100
Traber DL, Adams T Jr., Hendricksen N, Traber LD, Thoson P (1983) Reproducibility of cardiopulmonary effects of different endotoxins in the same sheep. J Appl Physiol 54:1167–1171
Traber, DL, Adams T Jr., Sziebert L, Stein M, Traber LD (1985) Potentiation of lung vascular response to endotoxin by superoxide dismutase. J Appl Physiol 58:1005–1009
Traber DL, Flynn JP, Herndon DN, Redl H, Schlag G, Traber LD (1989) Comparison of the cardiopulmonary responses to single bolus and continuous infusion of endotoxin in an ovine model. Circulatory Shock 27(2): 123–138
Traber DL, Herndon DN, Traber LD (1989b) Cardiopulmonary response to endotoxin and the eicosanoids. IN: Progress in Clinical and Biological Reseach. Eds. — Gunther Schlag and Heinz Redl, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 308:201–206
Traber DL, Redl H, Schlag G, Herndon DN, Kimura R, Prien T, Traber LD (1988) Cardiopulmonary responses to continuous administration of endotoxin. Amer J Physiol 254:H833-H839
Traber DL, Schlag G, Redl H, Strohmair W, Traber LD (1987) Pulmonary microvascular changes during hyperdynamic sepsis in an ovine model. Circ Shock 22:185–193
Traber, DL, Schlag G, Redl, H Traber LD (1988) Reduction of the cardiopulmonary response to endotoxin by the administration of aprotinin. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 369(5):145–148
Traber L, Sugi K, Herndon DN, Flynn J, Traber DL (1989) Endogenous leukotrienes and the cardiovascular response during sepsis. Proc Amer Burn Assoc 21:A170
Traber DL, Thomson PD, Blalock JE, Smith EM, Adams T Jr., Sziebert LA, Traber LD, (1983) Action of an opiate receptor blocker on ovine cardiopulmonary responses to endotoxin. Am J Physiol 245:H189–H193
Warner AE, Brain JD (1986) Intravascular pulmonary macrophages: a novel cell removes particles from blood. Am J Physiol 250:R728–R732
Winn R, Mauder R, Harlan J (1986) Neutrophils depletion does not prevent lung edema following endotoxin infusion in goats. J Appl Physiol 62:116–121
Zadoff AD, Kobayashi T, Brigham KL, Newman JH (1986) Diethylcarbamazine on pulmonary vascular response to endotoxin in awake sheep. J Appl Physiol 60:1380–1385
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Traber, D.L., Herndon, D.N., Fujioka, K., Traber, L.D. (1991). Permeability Changes during Experimental Endotoxemia and Sepsis. In: Schlag, G., Redl, H., Siegel, J.H., Traber, D.L. (eds) Shock, Sepsis, and Organ Failure. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76511-7_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76511-7_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-53831-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76511-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive