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Die Auswirkungen von Diät und Hungern auf das Verhalten

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Bulimia und Anorexia nervosa

Zusammenfassung

Betrachtet man die wissenschaftliche Literatur über Eßstörungen und Untersuchungsergebnisse zu Gewichtsregulierung und Diätverhalten, so lassen sich einleitend folgende Thesen festhalten:

  1. 1.

    In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden Frauen zu Opfern eines tragischen Idealbildes körperlicher Erscheinung, das sie unter großen Druck setzte, Diäten zu machen, um den sozialen Erwartungen von Dünnsein zu entsprechen.

  2. 2.

    Im allgemeinen widersetzt sich das Körpergewicht Veränderungen. Es scheint, als reguliere sich das Gewicht physiologisch um einen „set point“, ein Gewicht also, das der Körper zu verteidigen versucht. Bedeutsame Abweichungen von diesem Gewicht führen zu zahlreichen physiologischen Kompensationsleistungen, die alle das Ziel verfolgen, den Organismus zu seinem „set point“ zurückzuführen.

  3. 3.

    Diäten sind eine relativ ineffektive Art der Gewichtskontrolle, da sie gewöhnlich diesen biologischen Determinanten des Körpergewichts entgegenarbeiten.

  4. 4.

    Hinsichtlich des „set point“ bestehen deutliche interpersonelle Unterschiede: einige Menschen sind von Natur aus schwerer, andere leichter. Das natürliche Gewicht der meisten Frauen liegt entschieden höher, als es das derzeitige weibliche Schönheitsideal vorschreibt.

  5. 5.

    Die Bulimie wie auch bestimmte andere beunruhigende biologische und soziale Veränderungen stehen möglicherweise in Zusammenhang mit chronischer Zurückhaltung beim Essen.

  6. 6.

    Bulimie und Erbrechen entwickeln sich zu einem eskalierenden Teufelskreis, da das Erbrechen dem Diäthaltenden erlaubt, seinem Bedürfnis zu essen nachzugeben, ohne die Konsequenzen der hohen Kalorienzufuhr zu fürchten.

  7. 7.

    Die langsame Rückkehr zu dem Gewicht, das der Körper von sich aus anstrebt, führt gleichzeitig zur allmählichen Abnahme dieser Symptome, einschließlich der Heißhungeranfälle.

Übersetzt von C. Jacobi und E. Gallagher. Gekürzte und ins Deutsche übersetzte Fassung des Beitrages: Garner DM, Rockert W, Olmsted MP, Johnson C, Coscina DV (1985) Psychoeducational principles in the treatment of bulimia and anorexia nervosa. In: Garner DM, Garfinkel PE (eds) Handbook of psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Guilford, New York, pp 513-572

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  1. D. M. Garner
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  2. W. Rockert
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  3. P. Olmstedt
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  4. C. Johnson
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Psychologisches Institut III, Universität Hamburg, von Melle Park 5, W-2000, Hamburg 13, Deutschland

    Corinna Jacobi

  2. Bogenstraße 60, W-2000, Hamburg 20, Deutschland

    Thomas Paul

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Garner, D.M., Rockert, W., Olmstedt, P., Johnson, C., Coscina, D.V. (1991). Die Auswirkungen von Diät und Hungern auf das Verhalten. In: Jacobi, C., Paul, T. (eds) Bulimia und Anorexia nervosa. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76461-5_3

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