Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epstein-Barr Virus and Rheumatoid Arthritis

  • Conference paper
Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Research on the role of Epstein-Barr virus (BV) in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been an exciting topic for the past 15 years. The use of EBV as a probe for cellular and humoral immune responses has contributed to our current understanding of RA. However, it is still difficult to assign a definitive role to EBV in the pathogenesis of RA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Epstein MA, Achong BG (1979) The Epstein-Barr virus. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. McGeoch DJ (1989) The genomes of the human herpesviruses. Ann Rev Microbiol 43:235–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Liebowitz D, Kieff E, Sample J, Birkenbach M, Wang F (1990) Epstein-Barr virus transformation of B lymphocytes: molecular pathogenesis. In: Ablashi D (ed) EBV and human diseases II. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 3–15

    Google Scholar 

  4. Miller G (1980) Biology of Epstein-Barr virus. In: Klein G (ed) Advances in viral oncology. Raven Press, New York, pp 713–719

    Google Scholar 

  5. Blazar BA, Murphy AM (1990) Induction of B cell responsiveness to growth factors by Epstein-Barr virus conversion: comparison of endogenous factors and interleukin-1. Clin Exp Immunol 80:62–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tosato G, Tanner J, Jones KD, Revel M, Pike SE (1990) Identification of interleukin-6 as an autocrine growth factor for Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells. J Virol 64:3033–3041

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Reisbach G, Sindermann J, Kremer JP, Hültner L, Wolf H, Dörner P (1989) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) is expressed by spontaneously outgrowth EBV-B cell lines and activated normal B lymphocytes. Blood 74:959–964

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang D, Liebowitz D, Wang F, Gregory C, Rickinson A, Larson R, Springer T, Kieff E (1988) Epstein-Barr virus latent infection membrane protein alters the human B-lymphocyte phenotype: deletion of the amino terminus abolishes activity. J Virol 62:4173–4184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cordier M, Calender A, Bilaud M, Zimber U, Rousselet G, Pavlish O, Banchereau J, Tursz T, Bornkamm G, Lenoir GM (1990) Stable transfection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 in lymphoma cells containing the EBV P3HR1 genome induces expression of B-cell activation molecules CD21 and CD23. J Virol 64:1002–1013

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang F, Gregory C, Sample, Rowe M, Liebowitz D, Murray R, Rickinson A, Kieff E (1990) Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein (LMP1) and nuclear proteins 2 and 3C are effectors of phenotypic changes in B lymphocytes: EBNA-2 and LMP1 cooperatively induce CD23. J Virol 64:2309–2318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Slaughter L, Carson DA, Jensen FC, Holbrook TL, Vaughan JH (1978) In vitro effects of Epstein-Barr virus on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and normal subjects. J Exp Med 148:1429–1434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pearson GR, Vroman B, Chase B, Sculley T, Hummel M, Kieff E (1983) Identification of polypeptide components of the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen complex with monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 47:193–201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Allday MJ, Crawford DH, Griffin BE (1989) Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression during the initiation of B cell immortalization. Gen Virol 70:1755–1764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Longnecker RE, Kieff E (1990) A second Epstein-Barr virus membrane protein (LMP2) is expressed in latent infection and colonizes with LMP1. J Virol 64:2319–2326

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rowe DT, Hall L, Joab I, Laux G (1990) Identification of the Epstein-Barr virus terminal protein gene products in latenly infected cells. J Virol 64:2866–2875

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Frech B, Zimber Strobl U, Suentzenich KO, Pavlish O, Lenoir GM, Bornkamm GW, Mueller Lantzsch N (1990) Identification of Epstein-Barr virus terminal protein 1 (TP 1) in extracts of four lymphoid cell lines, expression in insect cells, and detection of antibodies in human sera. J Virol 64:2759–2767

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tomei LD, Noyes I, Blocker D, Holliday J, Glaser R (1987) Phorbol ester and Epstein-Barr virus dependent transformation of normal primary human skin epithelial cells. Nature 329:73–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sixbey JW, Vesterinen EH, Nedrud JG, Raab-Traub N, Walton LA, Pagano JS (1983) Replication of Epstein-Barr virus in human epithelial cells infected in vitro. Nature 306:480–483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dawson CW, Rickinson AD, Young LS (1990) Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein inhibits human epithelial cell differentiation. Nature 344:777–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sauvageau G, Stocco R, Kasparian S, Menezes J (1990) Epstein-Barr virus receptor on human CD8+ (cytotoxic/suppressor) T lymphocytes. J Gen Virol 71:379–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Watry D, Hedrick JA, Siervo S, Rhodes G, Lamberti JJ, Lambris JD, Tsoukas CD

    Google Scholar 

  22. (1991) Infection of human thymocytes by Epstein-Barr Virus. J Exp Med 173:971–980

    Google Scholar 

  23. Fingeroth JD, Weis JJ, Tedder TF, Strominger JL, Bird PA, Fearon DT (1984) Epstein-Barr virus receptor of human B lymphocytes is the C3d receptor CR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:4510–4516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nemerow GR, Moore MD, Cooper NR (1990) Structure and function of the B-lymphocyte Epstein-Barr virus/C3d receptor. Adv Cancer Res 54:273–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nemerow GR, Houghton RA, Moore MD, Cooper NR (1989) Identification of an epitope in the major envelope protein of Epstein-Barr virus that mediates viral binding to the B lymphocyte EBV receptor (CR2). Cell 56:369–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nemerow GR, Wolfert R, McNaughton ME, Cooper NR (1985) Identification and characterization of the Epstein-Barr virus receptor on human B lymphocytes and its relationship to the C3d complement receptor. J Virol 55:347–351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Nemerow GR, Mullen JJ, Dickson PW, Cooper NR (1990) Soluble recombinant CR2 (CD21) inhibits Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Virol 64:1348–1352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tanner J, Whang Y, Sample J, Sears A, Kieff E (1988) Soluble gp50/220 and deletion mutant glycoproteins block Epstein-Barr virus adsorption to lymphocytes. J Virol 62:4452–4464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ahern JM, Fearon DT (1989) Structure and function of the complement receptors, CR1 (CD35) and CR2 (CD21). Adv Immunol 46:183–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Gordon J, Walker L, Guy GR, Brown G, Rickinson A, Rowe M (1986) Control of human B-lymphocyte replication II. Transforming Epstein-Barr virus exploits three distinct signals to undermine three separate control points. Immunology 58:591–595

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Guy GR, Gordon J (1989) Epstein-Barr virus and tumor-promoting phorbol ester use similar mechanisms in the stimulation of human B-cell proliferation. Int J Cancer 43:703–708

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Young LS, Sixbey JW, Rickinson AD (1986) Epstein-Barr virus receptors on human pharyngeal epithelia. Lancet 1:240–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Young LS, Dawson CW, Brown KW, Rickinson AB (1989) Identification of a human epithelial cell surface protein sharing an epitope with the C3d/Epstein-Barr virus receptor molecule of B lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 43:786–794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Shapiro IM, Volsky DJ, Seamundson A, Anisimova E, Klein G (1982) Infection of the human T cell derived leukemia line Molt-4 by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): induction of EBV determined antigen and virus production. Virology 120:171–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Stevenson M, Volsky B, Hedenskog M, Volsky D (1986) Immortalization of human T lymphocytes after transfection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Science 223:980–984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kikuta H, Taguchi Y, Tomizawa K, Kojima K, Kawamura N, Ishizaka A, Sakiyama Y, Matsumoto S, Imai S, Kinoshita T, Koizumi S, Osato T, Kobayashi I, Hamada I, Hirai K (1988) Epstein-Barr virus genome-positive T lymphocytes in a boy with chronic active EBV infection associated with Kawasaki-like disease. Nature 333:455–457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jones JF, Shurin S, Abramowski C, Tubbs RR, Sciotto CG, Wahl R, Sands J, Gottman D, Katz BZ, Sklar J (1988) T cell lymphomas containing Epstein-Barr viral DNA in patients with chronic Epstein-Barr virus infections. N Engl J Med 318:733–741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fearon DT (1984) Cellular receptors for fragments of the third component of complement. Immunol Today 5:105–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Inada S, Brown EJ, Gaither TA, Hammer CH, Takahashi T, Frank MM (1983) C3d receptors are expressed on human monocytes after in vitro cultivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:2351–2355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Fujisaku A, Harley JB, Frank MB, Gruner BA, Frazier B, Holers VM (1989) Genomic organization and polymorphism of the human C3d/Epstein-Barr virus receptor. J Biol Chem 264:2118–2125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Toothaker LE, Henjes AJ, Weis JJ (1989) Variability of CR2 gene products is due to alternative exon usage and different CR2 alleles. J Immunol 142:3668–3675

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hurley E, Thorley-Lawson DA (1988) B cell activation and the establishment of Epstein-Barr virus latency. J Exp Med 168:2059–2075

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Abbot SD, Rowe M, Cadwallader K, Ricksten A, Gordon J, Wang F, Rymo L, Rickinson AB (1990) Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 induces expression of the virus-encoded latent membrane protein. J Virol 64:2126–2134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Miller G, Robinson J, Heston L, Lipman M (1974) Differences between laboratory strains of Epstein-Barr virus based on immortalization, abortive infection and interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:4006–4010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rabson M, Gradoville L, Heston L, Miller G (1982) Non-immortalizing P3J-HR-1 Epstein-Barr virus: a deletion mutant of its transforming parent, Jijoye. J Virol 44:834–844

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wang F, Gregory CD, Rowe M, Rickinson AD, Wang D, Birkenbach M, Kikutani H, Kishimoto T, Kieff E (1987) Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 specifically induces expression of the B cell activation antigen CD23. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:3452–3456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Thorley-Lawson DA, Mann KP (1985) Early events in Epstein-Barr virus infection provide a model for B cell activation. J Exp Med 162:45–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Straub C, Zubler RH (1989) Immortalization of EBV-infected B cells is not influenced by exogenous signals acting on B cell proliferation. J Immunol 142:87–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tosato G, Blaese RM, Yarchoan R (1985) Relationship between immunglobulin production and immortalization by Epstein-Barr virus. J Immunol 135:959–964

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Scala G, Morrone G, Tamburrini M, Alfinito F, Pastore CI, D’Alessio G, Venuta S (1987) Autocrine growth function of human interleukin 1 molecules on ROHA-9, an EBV-transformed human B cell line. J Immunl 138:2527–2534

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Tosato G, Seamon KB, Goldman ND, Sehgal PB, May LT, Whashington GC, Jones KD, Pike SE (1988) Identification of a monocyte-derived human B cell growth factor as interferon-2 (BSF-2; IL-6). Science 239:502–504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Scala G, Quinti I, Ruocco MR, Arcucci A, Mallardo M, Caretto P, Forni G, Venuta S (1990) Expression of an exogenous interleukin 6 gene in human Epstein Barr virus B cells confers growth advantage and in vivo tumorigenicity. J Exp Med 172:61–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Breen EC, Rezai AR, Nakajima K, Beall GN, Mitsuyasu RT, Hirano T, Kishimoto T, Martinez-Maza O (1990) Infection with HIV is associated with elevated IL-6 levels and production. J Immunol 144:480–484

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Van Oers MHJ, Van der Heyden AAPAM, Aarden LA (1988) Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in serum and urine of renal transplant recipients. Clin Exp Immunol 71:314–319

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Swendeman S, Thorley-Lawson DA (1987) The activation antigen BLAST-2, when shed, is an autocrine BCGF for normal and transformed B cells. EMBO J 6:1637–1642

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cairns JA, Gordon J (1990) Intact, 45-kDa (membrane) from CD23 is consistently mitogenic for normal and transformed B lymphoblasts. Eur J Immunol 20:539–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Paul CC, Baumann MA (1990) Modulation of spontaneous outgrowth of Epstein-Barr virus immortalized B-cell clones by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. Blood 75:54–58

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jansson O, Kabelitz D (1988) Tumor necrosis factor selectively inhibits activation of human B cells by Epstein-Barr virus. J Immunol 140:125–130

    Google Scholar 

  59. Lotz M, Tsoukas CD, Fong S, Carson DA, Vaughan JH (1985) Regulation of Epstein-Barr virus infections by recombinant interferon. Selected sensitivity to interferon-gamma. Eur J Immunol 15:520–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Knutson JC (1990) The level of c-fgr RNA is increased by EBNA-2, an Epstein-Barr virus gene required for B-cell immortalization. J Virol 64:2530–2536

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Patel M, Leevers SJ, Brickell PM (1990) Regulation of c-fgr proto-oncogene expression in Epstein-Barr virus infected B-cell lines. Int J Cancer 45:342–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tsujimoto Y (1989) Overexpression of the human BCL-2 gene product results in growth enhancement in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:1958–1962

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lacy J, Summers WP, Summers WC (1989) Post-transcriptional mechanisms of deregulation of MYC following conversion of a human B cell line by Epstein-Barr virus. EMBO J 8:1973–1980

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lombardi L, Newcomb EW, Dalla-Favera R (1987) Pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma: expression of an activated c-myc oncogene causes the tumorigenic conversion of EBV-infected human B lymphoblasts. Cell 49:161–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Seremetis S, Inghirami G, Ferrero D, Newcomb EW, Knowles DM, Dotto GP, Dalla-Favera R (1989) Transformation and plasmacytoid differentiation of EBV-infected human B lymphoblasts by ras oncogenes. Science 243:660–663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Aman P von, Gabain A (1990) An Epstein-Barr virus immortalization associated gene segment interferes specifically with the IFN-induced anti-proliferative response in human B-lymphoid cell lines. EMBO J 9:147–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Blomhoff HK, Smeland E, Mustafa AS, Godal T, Ohlsson R (1987) Epstein-Barr virus mediates a switch in responsiveness to transforming growth factor, type beta, in cells of the B cell lineage. Eur J Immunol 17:299–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kehrl JH, Roberts AB, Wakefiled Jakolew MB, Sporn MB, Fauci AS (1986) Transforming growth factor β is an important immunomodulatory protein for human B lymphocytes. J Immunol 137:3855–3860

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Casali P, Burastero SE, Nakamura M, Inghirami G, Notkins AL (1987) Human lymphocytes making rheumatoid factor and antibody to ssDNA belong to Leu-1 + B-cell subset. Science 236:77–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Fong S, Vaughan JH, Carson DA (1983) Two different rheumatoid factor-producing cell populations distinguished by the mouse erythrocyte receptor and responsiveness to polyclona B cell activators. J Immunol 130:162–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rickinson AB, Finerty S, Epstein MA (1982) Interaction of Epstein-Barr virus with leukemie B cells in vitro. I. Abortive infection and rare establishment from chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Clin Exp Immunol 50:347–354

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Crain MJ, Sanders SK, Butler JL, Cooper MD (1989) Epstein-Barr virus preferentially induces proliferation of primed B cells. J Immunol 143:1543–1548

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Aman P, Lewin N, Nordström, Klein G (1986) EBV-activation of human B-lymphocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 132:266–271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hui MF, Lam P, Dosch HM (1989) Properties and heterogeneity of human fetal pre-B cells transformed by EBV. J Immunol 143:2470–2479

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lotz M, Tsoukas CD, Curd JG, Carson DA, Vaughan JH (1987) Effects of recombinant human interferons on rheumatoid arthritis B lymphocytes activated by Epstein-Barr virus. J Rheumatol 14:42–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Thyphronitis G, Tsokos G, June CH, Levine AD, Finkelman FD (1989) IgE secretion by Epstein-Barr virus-infected purified human B lymphocytes is stimulated by interleukin 4 and suppressed by interferon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5580–584

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Rickinson AB (1989) Immune control mechanisms over EBV infection. In: Ablashi D (ed) EBV and Human Disease. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 171–178

    Google Scholar 

  78. Luka J, Chase RC, Person GR (1984) A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the major EBV-associated antigens. I. Correlations between ELISA and immunofluorescence titers using purified antigens. J Immunol Methods 67:145–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hoffman GJ, Lazarowitz SG, Hayward SD (1980) Monoclonal antibody against a 250,000-dalton glycoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus identifies a membrane antigen and a neutralizing antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2979–2983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Strnad BC, Schuster T, Klein R, Hopkins RF, Witmer T, Neubauer RH, Rabin H (1982) Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen. J Virol 41:258–264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rhodes G, Carson DA, Valbracht J, Houghten R, Vaughan JH (1985) Human immune responses to synthetic peptides from the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen. J Immunol 134:211–216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rhodes GH, Rumpold H, Smith RS, Horwitz CA, Vaughan JH (1987) Autoantibody generation during infectious mononucleosis. In: Levine PH, Ablashi DV, Nonoyama M, Pearson GR, Glaser R (eds) Epstein-Barr virus and human diseases. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 399–400

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  83. Rumpold H, Rhodes GH, Bloch PL, Carson DA, Vaughan JH (1987) The glycine-alanine repeating region is the major epitope of the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1). J Immunol 138:593–599

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lam V, DeMars R, Chen BP, Hank JA, Kovats S, Fisch P, Sondei PM (1990) Human T cell receptor-gamma delta-expressing T-cell lines recognize MHC-controlled elements on autologous EBV-LCL that are not HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -DQ, or -DP. J Immunol 145:36–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Murray RJ, Kurilla MG, Griffin HM, Brooks JM, Mackett M, Arrand JR, Rowe M, Burrows SR, Moss DJ, Kieff E, Rickinson AD (1990) Human cytotoxic T-cell responses against Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens demonstrated by using recombinant vaccinia viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:2906–2910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Burrows SR, Misko IS, Sculley TB, Schmidt C, Moss DH (1990) An Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell epitope present on A- and B-type transformants. J Virol 64:3974–3976

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Burrows SR, Sculley TB, Misko IS, Schmidt C, Moss DJ (1990) An Epstein Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T cell epitope in EBV nuclear antigen 3 (EBNA 3). J Exp Med 171:345–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Thorley-Lawson DA, Iraelsohn ES (1987) Generation of specific cytotoxic T cells with a fragment of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded p63/latent membrane protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5384–5388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Petersen J, Rhodes G, Patrick K, Roudier J, Vaughan JH (1989) Human T cell responses to the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA 1) as evaluated by synthetic peptide. Cell Immunol 123:325–333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Roudier J, Petersen J, Rhodes G, Carson DA (1989) T-cell response to peptides encompassing a 5 amino acid sequence shared by the EBV gp 110 and the HLA DR4 beta 1 chain. In: Ablashi D (ed) EBV and human disease II. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  91. Roudier J, Rhodes G, Petersen J, Vaughan JH, Carson DA (1988) The Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein gp110, a molecular link between HLA DR4, HLA DR1, and rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol 27:367–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Roudier J, Petersen J, Rhodes GH, Luka J, Carson DA (1989) Susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis maps to a T-cell epitope shared by the HLA Dw4 and DRβ-1 chain and the Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein gp110. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5104–5108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bejarano MT, Masucci GM, Morgan A, Morein B, Klein G, Klein E (1990) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens processed and presented by B cells, B blasts, and macrophages trigger T-cell-mediated inhibition of EBV-induced B-cell transformation. J Virol 64:1398–1401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Morgan AJ, Finerty S, Lovgren K, Scullion FT, Morein B (1988) Prevention of Epstein-Barr (EB) virus-induced lymphoma in cottontop tamarins by vaccination with the EB virus envelope glycoprotein gp340 incorporated into immunostimulating complexes. J Gen Virol 69:2093–2096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Lotz M, Tsoukas CD, Fong S, Dinarello CA, Carson DA, Vaughan JH (1986) Release of lymphokines following Epstein-Barr virus infection in vitro. I. The sources and kinetics of production of interferons and interleukins in normal humans. J Immunol 136:3636–3642

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Thorley-Lawson DA, Chess L, Strominger JL (1977) Supression of in vitro Epstein-Barr virus infection. A new role for adult T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 146:495–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Thorley-Lawson DA (1981) The transformation of adult but not newborn lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus and phytohaemagglutinin is inhibited by interferon: the early suppression by T cells of Epstein-Barr infection is mediated by interferon. J Immunol 126:829–833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Andersson U, Britton S, DeLey M, Bird G (1983) Evidence for the ontogenic precedence of suppressor T cell functions in the human neonate. Eur J Immunol 13:6–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Delcayre AX, Salas F, Mathur S, Kovats K, Lotz M, Lernhardt W (1991) Epstein-Barr virus/Complement C3d receptor is an alpha interferon receptor. EMBO J 10:919–926

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Uze G, Lutfalla G, Gesser I (1990) Genetic transfer of a functional human interferon a receptor into mouse cells: cloning and expression of its cDNA. Cell 60:225–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Moore KW, Vieira P, Fiorentino DF, Trounstine ML, Khan TA, Mosmann TR (1990) Homology of cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (IL-10) to the Epstein-Barr virus gene BCRFI. Science 248:1230–1234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hsu DH, De Waal Malefyt R, Fiorentino DF, Dang MN, Vieria P, De Vries J, Spits H, Mossman TR, Moore KW (1990) Expression of Interleukin-10 activity by Epstein Barr Virus protein BCRF-1. Science 250:830–831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. 99b. Roudier J, Sette A, Lamont A, Albani S, Karras J, Carson DA (1991) Tolerance to a self peptide from the third hypervariable region of the Eβs chain. Implications for molecular mimicry models of autoimmune disease. Submitted

    Google Scholar 

  104. Henle W, Henle G (1982) Immunology of Epstein-Barr virus. In: Rorzman B. The Herpesviruses, Vol 1. Plenum Press, New York, pp 204–252

    Google Scholar 

  105. Klein G, Purtillo D (1981) Summary: symposium on Epstein-Barr virus induced lymphoproliferative diseases in immunodeficient patients. Cancer Res 41:4302–4308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Klein G (1989) Epstein-Barr virus and its association with human disease: an overview: In: Ablashi D (ed) Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Disease II. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 17–27

    Google Scholar 

  107. Voltz R, Jilg W, Wolf H (1989) Modification of HLA expression as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma. Hamatol Bluttransfus 32:289–292

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Lu SJ, Day NE, Degos L, Lepage V, Wang PJ, Chan SH, Simons M, McKnight B, Easton D, Zeng Y, de-The G (1990) Linkage of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility locus to the HLA region. Nature 346:470–471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Brusamolino E, Pagnucco G, Bernasconi C (1989) Secondary lymphomas: a review on lymphoproliferative diseases arising in immunocompromised hosts: prevalence, clinical features and pathogenetic mechanisms. Hematologica 74:605–622

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Young L, Alfieri C, Hennessy K, Evans H, O’Hara C, Anderson KC, Ritz J, Shapiro RS, Rickinson A, Kieff E, Cohen JI (1989) Expression of Epstein-Barr virus transformation-associated genes in tissues of patients with EBV lymphoproliferative disease. N Engl J Med 321:1080–1085

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Walz G, Zanker B, Melton LB, Suthanthiran M, Storm TB (1990) Possible association of the immunosuppressive and B cell lymphoma-promoting properties of cyclospo-rine. Transplantation 49:191–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Starzl TE, Porter KA, Iwatsuki S et al (1984) Reversibility of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporin-steroid therapy. Lancet 1:583–587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Purtilo DT, Svedmyr E, Klein G et al (1980) Fatal infectious mononucleosis. N Engl J Med 303:159–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Sullivan JL, Byron KS, Brewster FE, Baker SM, Ochs HD (1983) X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Natural history of the immunodeficiency. J Clin Invest 71:1765–1778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Ziegler JL, Miner RC, Rosenbaum E, Lennette ET, Shillitoe E, Casavant C, Drew WL, Mintz L, Gershow J, Greenspan J, Beckstead J, Yamamoto K (1982) Outbreak of Burkitt’s-like lymphoma in homosexual men. Lancet 1:631–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Birx DL, Redfield RR, Tosato G (1986) Defective regulation of Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related disorders. N Engl J Med 31:874–879

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Whang-Peng J, Lee EC, Sievert H, Magrath IT (1984) Burkitt’s lymphoma in AIDS: cytogenetic study. Blood 63:818–822

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Subar M, Neri A, Inghirami G, Knowles DM, Dalla-Favera R (1988) Frequent c-myc oncogene activation and infrequent presence of Epstein-Barr virus genome in AIDS-associated lymphoma. Blood 72:677–671

    Google Scholar 

  119. Alspaugh MA, Tan EM (1976) Serum antibody in rheumatoid arthritis reactive with a cell-associated antigen. Arthritis Rheum 19:711–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Billings PB, Hoch SO, Vaughan JH (1984) Polymorphism of the EBNA/RANA antigen in Epstein-Barr virus-positive cell lines. Arthritis Rheum 27:1423–1427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Billings PB, Hoch SO, White PJ, Carson DA, Vaughan JH (1983) Antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen and to rheumatoid arthritis nuclear antigen identify the same polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci 80:7104–7108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Slaughter L, Carson DA, Jensen FC, Holbrook TL, Vaughan JH (1978) In vitro effects of Epstein-Barr virus on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and normal subjects. J Exp Med 148:1429–1434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Bardwick P, Bluestein H, Zvaifler NJ, Depper J, Seegmiller J (1980) Altered regulation of EBV induced lymphoblast proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis lymphoid cells. Arthritis Rheum 23:626–632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Depper JM, Bluestein HG, Zvaifler NJ (1981) Impaired regulation of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphocyte proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis is due to a T cell defect. J Immunol 127:1899–1902

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Tosato G, Steinberg AD, Blasese RM (1981) Defective EBV-specific suppressor T-cell function and rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 305:1238–1243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hasler F, Bluestein HG, Zvaifler NJ, Epstein LB (1983) Analysis of the defects responsible for the impaired regulation of Epstein-Barr virus-induced B cell proliferation by rheumatoid arthritis lymphocytes. I. Diminished gamma interferon production in response to autologous stimulation. J Exp Med 157:173–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Hasler F, Bluestein HG, Zvaifler NJ, Epstein LB (1983) Analysis of the defects responsible for the impaired regulation of EBV-induced B cell proliferation by rheumatoid arthritis lymphocytes. IL Role of monocytes and the increased sensitivity of rheumatoid arthritis lymphocytes to prostaglandin E. J Immunol 131:768–772

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Lotz M, Tsoukas CD, Fong S, Dinarello CA, Carson DA, Vaughan JH (1986) Release of lymphokines after infection with Epstein-Barr virus in vitro. II. A monocyte-dependent inhibitor of interleukin-1 downregulates the production of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 136:3643–3648

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Arend WP, Joslin FG, Thompson RC, Hannum CH (1989) An IL-1 inhibitor from human monocytes. Production and characterization of biologic properties. J Immunol 143:1851–1858

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Lotz M, Tsoukas CD, Hench PK, Carson DA, Vaughan JH (1986) Release of lymphokines following Epstein-Barr virus infection in vitro of blood lymphocyts from patients with autoimmune diseases. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 99:114–124

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Lotz M, Tsoukas CD, Carson DA, Vaughan JH (1987) Interleukins and interferons during EBV infection. In: Levine PH, Ablashi DV, Nonoyama M, Pearson GR (eds) Epstein-Barr virus and human diseases. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 349–353

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  132. Gaston JSH, Rickinson AB, Yao QY, Epstein MA (1986) The abnormal cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus in rheumatoid arthritis is correlated with disease activity and occurs in other arthropathies. Clin Exp Immunol 45:932–936

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Shore A, Klock R, Lee P, Snow KM, Keystone EC (1989) Impaired late suppression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced immunoglobulin synthesis: a common feature of autoimmune disease. J Clin Immunol 9:103–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Tosato G, Steinberg AD, Yarchoan R, Heliman CA, Pike SE, DeSeau V, Blaese RM (1984) Abnormally elevated frequency of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 73:1789–1795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Alspaugh MA, Shoji H, Nonoyama M (1983) A search for rheumatoid arthritis-associated nuclear antigen and Epstein-Barr virus specific antigens or genomes in tissues and cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 26:712–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Gregersen PK, Shen M, Song Q-L, Merryman P, Degar S, Seki T, Maccari J, Goldberg D, Murphy H, Schwenzer J, Wang CY, Winchester RJ, Nepom GT, Silver J (1986) Molecular diversity of HLA-DR4 haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2642–2646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Gregersen PK, Silver J, Winchester RJ (1987) The shared epitope hypothesis — an approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 30:1205–1213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Gong M, Ooka T, Matsuo T, Kieff E (1987) Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein homologous to Herpes Simplex Virus gB. J Virol 61:499–508

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mediane, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA

    M. Lotz

  2. Faculté de Médecine, Université d’Aix Marseille II, Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France

    J. Roudier

Authors
  1. M. Lotz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Roudier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. 2. Medizinische Abteilung Zentrum fü Diagnostik und Therapie rheumatischer Erkrankungen, Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien-Lainz und Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Rheumatologie und Balneologie, Wolkersbergenstraße 1, A-1130, Wien, Austria

    Josef S. Smolen

  2. Medizinische Klinik III mit Poliklinik und Institut für Klinische Immunologie und Rheumatologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 12, W-8520, Erlangen, Germany

    Joachim R. Kalden

  3. Mathilda and Terence Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, 6 Bute Gardens, W6 7DW, Hammersmith, London, UK

    Ravinder N. Maini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Lotz, M., Roudier, J. (1992). Epstein-Barr Virus and Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Smolen, J.S., Kalden, J.R., Maini, R.N. (eds) Rheumatoid Arthritis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76189-8_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76189-8_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76191-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76189-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation