Abstract
Correct evaluation of a urinary cytologic preparation is a matter of the cytologist’s experience and precise visual assessment. Up to now, the necessary skills could only be learned through regular, intensive training at the microscope and, in a very limited form, from the literature, whereby the most serious problem is a lack of standardized criteria for grading urothelial carcinoma (see Chap. 7). This causes a high rate of diagnoses of grade 2 carcinoma of the bladder, which is clinically an inhomogeneous group with respect to prognosis and clinical outcome (Jordan et al. 1987). The necessity for an analysis and a better standardization of criteria for grading bladder carcinoma is thus evident.
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© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Nafe, R., Roth, S., Rathert, P. (1993). An Expert System for Analysis and Standardization of Bladder Carcinoma Grading. In: Urinary Cytology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76184-3_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76184-3_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76186-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76184-3
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