Zusammenfassung
Die Häufigkeit der Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen als Folge von Krankheitszuständen, die mit gastrointestinalen Motilitätsstörungen einhergehen, steigt ständig (Reynolds 1989). Im folgenden soll die pharmakologische Wirkungsweise und die klinische Anwendung einiger bekannter Verbindungen dargestellt werden. Darüber hinaus soll ein Einblick in die Zusammenhänge von Motilitätsstörungen und Übelkeit bzw. Erbrechen gegeben werden. Schließlich sollen Ergebnisse von pharmakologischen Neuentwicklungen dargestellt werden, die selektiver gegenüber Motilitätsstörungen einerseits und gegen starke Übelkeit und Emesis andererseits eingesetzt werden können.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Akwari DE (1983) The gastrointestinal tract in chemotherapy — induced emesis, a final common pathway. Drugs [Suppl 1] 25:18–34
Andrews PLR, Davies CJ, Maskell L (1990) The abdominal visceral innervation and the emetic reflex: pathways, pharmacology, and plasticity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 68:325–345
Anker L, Lauterwein H, Waterbeemd H van de, Testa B (1984) 79. NMR conformational study of aminoalkylbenzamides, aminoalkyl-o-anisamides, and metoclopramide, a dopamine receptor antagonist. Helv Chim Acta 67:706–716
Aono T, Shioji T, Kinugasa T, Onishi T, Kurachi K (1978) Clinical and endocrinological analysis of patients with galactorrhea and menstrual disorders due to sulpiride or metoclopramide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:675–680
arznei-telegramm (1990) Nebenwirkungen Cisaprid (Alimix, Propulsin) und ZNS. arznei-telegramm 5/90:49
Basurto C, Roila F, Del Favero A, Ballatori E, Minotti V, Tonato M (1988) A prospective randomized double-blind crossover study comparing the antiemetic activity of alizapride and metoclopramide in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. Cancer Invest 6:475–479
Bateman DN (1983) Clinical pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide. Clin Pharmacokinet 8:523–529
Bateman DN, Darling WM, Boys R, Rawlings MD (1989) Extrapyramidal reactions to metoclopramide and prochlorperazine. Q J Med 71 264:307–311
Berkowitz DM, McCallum RW (1980) Interaction of levodopa and metoclopramide on gastric emptying. Clin Pharmacol Ther 27:414–420
Bleiberg H, Gerard B, Dalesio O, Crespeigne N, Rosenczeig M (1988) Activity of a new antiemetic agent: alizapride. A randomized double-blind crossover controlled trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 22:316–320
Borison HL, McCarty LE (1983) Neuropharmacology of chemotherapy — induced emesis. Drugs [Suppl 1] 25:8–17
Borison HL, Wang SC (1953) Physiology and pharmacology of vomiting. Pharmacol Rev 5:193–230
Bradbury AJ, Gunning SJ, Naylor RJ, Tan CCW (1985) Drug actions of serotonin mechanisms can enhance field stimulation — induced contractions of stomach smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol [Suppl] 86:738 P
Brockmann P, Pelties W (1985) Bewährungsprobe von retardiertem Metoclopramid bei chronischen Motilitätsstörungen des Magen-Darm-Traktes. Therapiewoche 35:1007–1012
Brogden RN, Carmine AA, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS (1982) Domperidone. A review of its pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic dyspepsia and as an antiemetic. Drugs 24:360–400
Buchheit KH, Bertholet A (1990) Analysis of the stimulatory effect of some benzamides in small intestinal motility. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol (Suppl) 341:R88
Buchheit KH, Engel G, Mutschier E, Richardson B (1985a) Study of the contractile effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the isolated longitudinal muscle strip from guinea-pig ileum. Evidence for two distinct release mechanisms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 329:36–41
Buchheit KH, Costali B, Engel G, Gunning SJ, Naylor RJ, Richardson BP (1985b) 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonism by metoclopramide and ICS 205–930 in the guinea-pig leads to enhancement of contractions of stomach muscle strips induced by electrical field stimulation and facilitation of gastric emptying in-vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol 37:664–667
Carpenter DO (1990) Neural mechanisms of emesis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 68:230–236
Cesario M, Pascard C, ElMoukhtari M, Jung L (1981) Structure cristalline du metoclopramide et etudes des relations structureactivite. Eur J Med Chem 16:13–17
Champion MC (1988) Minireview domperidone. Gen Pharmacol 19:499–505
Christensen J (1988) The enteric nervous system. In: Kumar D, Gustavsson S (eds) An illustrated guide to gastrointestinal motility. Wiley, Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto Singapore, pp 9–31
Cilag GmbH (1990) Dosierungskarte zu Alimix. Cilag GmbH, Sulzbach/Taunus, Stand Juli 1990
Cisapride Meeting (1986) First international cisapride investigators meeting. Digestion 34:137–160
Clark CR, Garcia-Roura LE (1989) Liquid chromatographic studies on the equeous solution conformation of substituted benzamide drug models. J Chromatogr Sci 27:111–117
Clarke DE, Craig DA, Fozard JR (1989) The 5-HT4 receptor: naughty, but nice. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10:385–386
Cosentino F, Prato A, Laudani A, Percolla S, Franco S, Veroux PF, Imme A (1989) Alizapride versus placebo in premedication in esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Double-blind clinical study. Experimental research in vitro. Minerva Dietol Gastroenterol 35:35–37
Costa M, Furness JB (1979) The sites of action of 5-hydroxytrypamine in nerve-muscle preparations from guinea-pig small intestine and colon. Br J Pharmacol 65:237–248
Costa M, Furness JB, Llewellyn-Smith IJ (1987) Histochemistry of the enteric nervous system. In: Johnson LR (ed) Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Raven, New York, pp 1–40
Costali B, Gunning SJ, Naylor RJ, Tyers MB (1987) The effect of GR 38032 F, novel 5-HT3-receptor antagonist on gastric emptying in the guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol 91:263–264
Craig DA, Clarke DE (1990) Pharmacological characterisation of a neuronal receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine in guinea pig ileum with properties similar to the 5-hydroxytrypt-amine4 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252:1378–1386
Cubeddu LX, Hoffmann IS, Fuenmayor NT, Finn AL (1990) Efficay of ondansetron (Gr 38032 F) and the role of serotonin in cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med 322:810–816
Daniel EE (1982) Pharmacology of adrenergic, cholinergic, and drugs acting on other receptors in gastrointestinal muscle. In: Bertaccini G (ed) Mediators and drugs in gastrointestinal motility. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 59/II, pp 248–322)
Decktor DL, Pendleton RG, Elnitsky AT, Jenkins AM, McDowell AP (1988) Effect of metoclopramide, bethanechol and the cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, L-346, 718, on gastric emptying in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 147:313–316
Dhasmana KM, Banerjee AK, Zhu YN, Erdmann W, Parmar SS, Salzman SK (1989) Role of dopamine receptors in gastrointestinal motility. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 64:485–488
Domperidone review (1979) Postgrad Med J [Suppl] 55:1–54
Dumuis A, Sebben M, Bockaert J (1989) The gastrointestinal prokinetic benzamide derivatives are agonists at the non-classical 5-HT receptor (5-HT4) positively coupled to adenylate cyclase in neurons. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 340:403–410
El Tyar N, Waterbeemd H van de, Testa B (1985) Lipophilicity measurements of protonated basic compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. II. Procedure for the determination of a lipophilic index measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 320:305–312
Fernandez AG, Massingham R (1985) Minireview: Peripheral receptor populations, involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility and the pharmacological actions of metoclopramide-like drugs. Life Sci 36:1–44
Frigo GM, Lecchinin S, Marcoli M, D’Angelo L, Crema A (1984) Changes in sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of adrenergic agonists on intestinal motor activity after chronic sympathetic denervation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 325:145–152
Furness JB, Costa M (1982) Identification of gastrointestinal neurotransmitters. In: Bertaccini EG (ed) Mediators and drugs in gastrointestinal motility. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 59/I, pp 383–462)
Görich R, Weihrauch TR, Kilbinger H (1982) THe inhibition by dopamine of cholinergic transmission in the isolated guinea-pig. Mediation through alpha-adrenoceptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 318:308–312
Gunning SJ, Naylor RJ (1985) 5-Hydroxytryptamine can antagonize the ability of metoclopramide and SCH23390 to enhance electrical field stimulation-evoked contractions of guinea-pig isolated stomach muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 37:78–80
Gunning SJ, Naylor RJ, Tattersall FD (1986) The actions of metoclopramide and ICS 205–930 on the guinea pig ileum are dependent on the type of preparation used. Br J Pharmacol [Suppl] 88:373 P
Hall H, Ögren SO, Florvall L (1984) Effect of lipophilicity of substituted benzamides on the dopaminergis effects in vivo and in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 55:211–215
Harrington RA, Hamilton CW, Brogden RN, Linkewich JA, Romankiewicz JA, Heel RC (1983) Metoclopramide. An updated review of its pharmacological properties and clinical use. Drugs 25:451–494
Hay AM, Man WK (1979) Effect of metoclopramide on guinea pig stomach. Critical dependence on intrinsic stores of acetylcholine. Gastroenterology 76:492–496
Hellenbrecht D, Sailer R (1986) Dose-response relationships of the objective and subjective and antiemetic effects and of different side effects of metoclopramide against cisplatin induced emesis. Arzneimittelforschung 36:1845–1849
Hellstern A, Hellenbrecht D, Saller R et al. (1987) Absolute bioavailability of metoclopramide given orrally or by enema in patients with normal liver function or with cirrhosis of the liver. Arzneimittelforschung 37:733–736
Higgins GA, Kilpatrick GJ, Bunce KT, Jones BJ, Tyers MB (1989) 5-HT3 receptor antagonists injected into the area postrema inhibit cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret. Br J Pharmacol 97:447–455
Holloway RH, Downton J, Mitchell B, Dent J (1989) Effect of cisapride on postprandial gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut 30:1187–1193
Houin G, Bree F, Tillment JP (1982) Pharmacocinetique et biodisponinbilité de l’alizapride chez l’homme. Sem Hop Paris 58:339–344
Houin G, Barre J, Tillement JP (1984) Absolute intramuscular, oral and rectal bioavailability of alzapride. J Pharm Sci 73:1450–1453
Huys J, Troch M, Bourguignon RP, Smets P (1985) High-dose alizaptride versus high-dose domperidone: a double-blind comparative study in the management of cis-platinum-induced emesis. Curr Med Res Opin 9:400–406
Ireland SJ, Tyers MB (1987) Pharmacological characterization of 5-hydroxytrypamine-induced depolarization of the rat isolated vagus nerve. Br J Pharmacol 90:229–238
Janssen GmbH Deutschland (1989) Kurzinformation zur Anwendung von Cisaprid. Janssen, Neuss, S 1–5
Janssen Pharmaceutica AG (1985) Einführung von Motilium-Supp. 60 mg anstelle von Motilium Ampullen. Janssen, Neuss
Janssens J, Peeters DL, Vantrappen G, Tack J, Urban JL, DeRoo M, Muls E, Bouillon R (1990) Improvement of gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis by erythromycin. Preliminary studies. New Engl J Med 322:1028–1031
Jenner P, Marsden CD (1979) The substituted benzamides — a novel class of dopamine antagonists. Life Sci 25:479–486
Joss RA, Galeazzi RL, Bischoff AK, Brunner KW (1985) Alizapride, a new substituted benzamide, as an antiemetic during cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 27:721–725
Joss RA, Galeazzi RL, Bischoff AK, Pirovino M, Ryssel HJ, Brunner KW (1986) The antiemetic activity of high-dose metoclopramide in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 39:619–624
Jovanović-Mićić D, Samardzić R, Beleslin DB (1989) Pharmacological characteristics of vomiting produced by dopamine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol [Suppl] 36:A214
Kilbinger H, Nafzinger M (1985) Two types of neuronal muscarine receptors modulating acetylcholine release from guinea-pig myenteric plexus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 328:304–309
Kilbinger H, Pfeuffer-Friederich I (1985) Two types of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine on the cholinergic nerves of the guinea-pig myenteric plexus. Br J Pharmacol 85:529–539
Kilbinger H, Kruel R, Pfeuffer-Friederich I, Wessler I (1982) The effects of metoclopramide on acetylcholine release and on smooth muscle response in the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 319:231–238
Koelz HR (1989) Treatment of reflux esophagitis with H2-blockers, antacids and prokinetic drugs. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl 156] 24:25–36
Kusunoki M, Taniyama K, Tanaka C (1985) Dopamine regulation of (3H) acetylcholine release from guinea-pig stomach. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 234:713–719
Laduron PM, Leysen JE (1979) Domperidone, a specific in vitro dopamine antagonist, devoid of in vivo central dopaminergic activity. Biochem Pharmacol 28:2161–2165
Lewis DJ, Coote JH (1990) The influence of 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists and antagonists on identified sympathetic neurones in the rat, in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 99:667–672
Malagelada JR (1984) Potential pharmacological approaches to management of gut motility disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl 96] 19:111–126
Marzio K, Neri M, Pieramico O, DelleDonne M, Peeter TL, Cuccorullo F (1990) Dopamine interrupts gastrointestinal fed motility pattern in humans. Effect on motilin and somatostatin blood levels. Dig Dis Sci 35:327–332
McCallum RW, Fink SM, Lerner E, Berkowitz DM (1983) Effects of metoclopramide and bethanechol on delayed gastric emptying present in gastroesophageal reflux patients. Gastroenterology 84:1573–1577
McCallum RW, Prakash C, Campoli-Richards DM, Goa KL (1988) Cisapride. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use as a prokinetic agent in gastrointestinal motility disorders. Drugs 36:652–681
Mei N (1983) Recent studies on intestinal vagal afferent innervation. Functional implications. J Auton Nerv Syst 9:199–206
Meuldermans W, Peer A van, Hendrichx H et al. (1988) Excretion and biotransformation of cisapride in dogs and humans after oral administration. Drug Metab Dispos 16:403–409
Meyboom RHB, Huijbers WAR (1988) Acute extrapiramidale bewegingsstoornissen bij jonge kinderen en bij volwassenen tijdens het gebruik von domperidon. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 132:1981–1983
Minami H, McCallum RW (1984) The physiology and pathophysiology of gastric emptying in humans. Gastroenterology 86:1592–1610
Miner WD, Sanger GJ (1986) Inhibition of cisplatin-induced vomiting by selective 5-hydroxytryptamine M-receptor antagonism. Br J Pharmacol 88:497–499
Mistiaen W, Hee R van, Blockx P, Hubens A (1990) Gastric emptying for solids in patients with duodenal ulcer before and after highly selective vagotomy. Dig Dis Sci 35:310–316
Moss HE, Sanger GJ (1987) Antagonism by BRL43694 of the pseudoaffective reflex induced by duodenal distension. Br J Pharmacol [Suppl] 92:531 P
North RA, Henderson G, Katayama Y, Johnson SM (1980) Electrophysiological evidence for presynaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release by 5-hydroxytryptamine in the enteric nervous system. Neuroscience 5:581–586
Nueten JM van, Schuurkes JAJ (1989) 5-HT3-serotonergic mechanisms and stimulation of gastrointestinal motility by cisapride. Br J Pharmacol [Suppl] 96:331 P
Okwuasaba FK, Hamilton JT (1976) The effect of metoclopramide on intestinal muscle responses and the peristaltic reflex in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 54:393–404
Oliveira CR, Lima MCP, Carvalho CAM, Leysen JE, Carvalho AP (1989) Partition coefficients of dopamine antagonists in brain membranes and liposomes. Biochem Pharmacol 38:2113–2120
Ormsbee HS, Fondacaro JD (1985) Minireview. Action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 178:333–338
Pandit SK, Kothary SP, Pandit UA, Randel G, Levy L (1989) Dose-response study of droperidol and metoclopramide as antiemetics for outpatient anesthesia. Anesth Analg 68:798–802
Pfeuffer-Friederich I, Kilbinger H (1984) Facilitation and inhibition by 5-hydroxytryptamine and R51619 of acetylcholine release from guinea pig myentric plexus. In: Roman C (ed) Gastroentestinal motility. MTP Press, Lancester Boston The Hague Dordrecht, pp 527–534
Pinder RM, Brogden RM, Sawyer PR, Speight TM, Avery GS (1976) Metoclopramide. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical use. Drugs 12:81–131
Rand MJ, McCulloch MW, Story DF (1980) Catecholamine receptors on nerve terminals. In: Szekeres L (ed) Adrenergic activators and inhibitors. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 54/1, pp 223–266)
Read NW, Houghton LA (1989) Physiology of gastric emptying and pathophysiology of gastroparesis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1812:359–373
Reynolds JC (1989) Prokinetic agents: a key in the future of gastroenterology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 18:437–457
Reyntjens A, Verlinden M, DeCoster R et al. (1984) Clinical pharmacological evidence for cisapride’s lack of antidopaminergic or direct cholinergic properties. Curr Ther Res 36:1045–1052
Robertson DRC, Renwick AG, Wood ND et al. (1990) The influence of levodopa on gastric emptying in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 29:47–53
Sailer R, Hellenbrecht D (1985 a) Comparison of the antiemetic efficacy of two high-dose benzamides, metoclopramide and alizapride, against cisplating-induced emesis. Cancer Treat Rep 69:1301–1303
Sailer R, Hellenbrecht D (1985 b) Nutzen und Risiko von hochdosiertem Metoclopramid im Vergleich zu hochdosiertem Haloperidol oder Triflupromazin bei cisplin-induziertem Erbrechen. Klin Wochenschr 63:428–432
Salier R, Hellenbrecht D (1986) High dose of metoclopramide or droperidol in the prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 22:1199–1203
Salier R, Hellenbrecht D, Briemann L et al. (1985 a) Metoclopramide kinetics at high-dose infusion rates for prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 37: 43–47
Sailer R, Hellenbrecht D, Hellstern A, Hess H (1985 b) Improved benefit/risk ratio of higher-dose metoclopramide therapy during cisplatin-induced emesis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 29:311–312
Sailer R, Hellenbrecht D, Bühring M, Hess H (1986) Enhancement of the antiemetic action of metoclopramide against cisplatin-induced emesis by transdermal electrical nerve stimulation. J Clin Pharmacol 26:115–119
Sanger GJ (1985 a) The effect of various pharmacological agents on the metoclopramide — induced increase in cholinergic mediated contractions of rat isolated forestomach. Eur J Pharmacol 114:139–145
Sanger GJ (1985 b) Effects of metoclopramide and domperidone on cholinergically mediated contractions of human isolated stomach muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 37:661–664
Sanger GJ (1990) New antiemetic drugs. Can J Physiol 68:314–324
Sanger GJ, King FD (1988) From metoclopramide to selective gut motility stimulants and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Drug Design Delivery 3:273–295
Sanger GJ, Nelson DR (1989) Selective and functional 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor antagonism by BRL43694 (granisetron). Eur J Pharmacol 159:113–124
Schade RR, Dugas MC, Lhotsky DM, Gavaler JS, Thiel DH van (1985) Effect of metoclopramide on gastric liquid emptying in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci 30:10–15
Schemann M, Ehrlein HJ (1986) 5-Hydroxytryptophan and cisapride stimulate propulsive jejunal motility and transit of chyme in dogs. Digestion 34:229–235
Schuurkes JAJ, Nueten JM van (1984) Domperidone improves myogenically transmitted an-troduodenal coordination by blocking dopaminergic receptor sites. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl 96] 19:101–110
Schuurkes JAJ, Nueten JM van (1985) Evidence against a serotonergic mechanism for the motility stimulating properties of cisapride. Gastroenterology 88:1577–1585
Schuurkes JAJ, Nueten JM van, Daele PGH van, Reyntjens AJ, Janssen PAJ (1985) Motor-stimulating properties of cisapride on isolated gastroentestinal preparations of the guinea-pig. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 234:775–783
Schwörer H, Racké K (1989) Effects of cisplatin on the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from guinea-pig small intestine. Involvement of 5-HT3 receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol [Suppl] 339:R 96
Segrestaa JM, Gueris J, Tiar M (1979) Hyperprolactiemie des antiemetiques-comparaison des quatre produits. Therapy 34:473–475
Smith WL, Callahan EM (1988) The emetic activity of centrally administered cisplatin in cats and its antagonism by zacopride. J Pharm Pharmacol 40:142–143
Staniforth DH (1987) Effect of drugs on oro-ceacal transit time assessed by the lactulose/breath hydrogen method. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 33:55–58
Stanley M, Wazer D, Virgilio J, Kuhn CA, Benson DI, Meyerson LR (1983) Lack of potency of metoclopramide’s metabolites in various dopaminergic models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18:263–266
Taylor WB, Bateman DN (1986) Oral bioavailability of high-dose metoclopramide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 31:41–44
Tolia V, Calhoun J, Kuhns L, Kauffman RE (1989) Randomized, prospective double-blind trial of metoclopramide and placebo for gastroesophageal reflux in infants. J Pediatr 115:141–145
Valenzuela JE, Dooley CP (1984) Dopamine antagonists in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl 96] 19:127–136
Vanacker B, Vanaken H (1988) Alizapride in the prevention of postoperative vomiting. A double-blind comparison. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 39:247–250
Wallis D (1981) Minireview. Neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors outside the central nervous system. Life Sci 29:2345–2355
Warzee PL, Dive CC (1988) Manometric study of the activity of alizapride on the motor function of the human sphincter of Oddi. J Clin Pharm Ther 13:281–284
Willems JL, Lefevre RA (1986) Peripheral nervous pathways involved in nausea and vomiting. In: Davis CJ, Lake-Bakaar GV, Grahame-Smith DG (eds) Nausea and vomiting: mechanisms and treatment. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 56–64
Wood JD (1987) Physiology of the enteric nervous system. In: Johnson RL (ed) Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Raven, New York, pp 67–109
Wright MR, Axelson JE, Rurak DW et al. (1988) Effect of hemodialysis on metoclopramide kinetics in patients with severe renal failure. Br J Clin Pharmacol 26:474–477
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hellenbrecht, D. (1990). Pharmakologie von Prokinetika. In: Hotz, J. (eds) Motilitätsstörungen im oberen Gastrointestinaltrakt. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76148-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76148-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-53274-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76148-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive