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Topography of Alzheimer’s Disease: Involvement of Association Neocortices and Connected Regions; Pathological, Metabolic and Cognitive Correlations; Relation to Evolution

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Imaging, Cerebral Topography and Alzheimer’s Disease

Part of the book series: Research and Perspectives in Alzheimer’s Disease ((ALZHEIMER))

Summary

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients display reduced glucose metabolism and increased right-left metabolic asymmetries in the association neocortices early and throughout the clinical course, with relative sparing of primary sensory and motor neocortical regions. The metabolic asymmetries precede and predict neocortically mediated cognitive deficits. They also correspond with the distribution of AD neuropathology in the association, as compared with primary sensory and motor, neocortices. Outside of the neocortex, pathology is distributed mainly in brain regions functionally and anatomically connected with the association neocortex — medial septal nucleus, nucleus basalis of Meynert, CA1 and subicular subfields of hippocampal formation, layers II and IV of entorhinal cortex, corticobasal nuclear group of amygdaloid formation, cortically projecting neurons of the dorsal raphe and locus coeruleus. Comparative anatomical studies suggest that many of these regions evolved disproportionately in higher primates, particularly in hominids, by a process termed “integrative phylogeny.” Thus, the topographic distribution of functional and pathological abnormalities in AD suggests that AD is a phylogenic disease. Regional vulnerability to the disease may have been introduced into the primate genome during evolution, possibly by regulatory mutations. The topographic correspondence of neuropathology and functional deficits in AD and demented adults with Down’s syndrome suggests, furthermore, that a genomic change equivalent to increased expression of genes on human chromosome 21 introduced the AD process during evolution.

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  1. S. I. Rapoport
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Stanley I. Rapoport M.D.

  2. A.D.E.R.M.A., Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, 1, place de Verdun, F-59045, Lille Cédex, France

    Henri Petit M.D.  & Didier Leys M.D.  & 

  3. Fondation IPSEN pour la Recherche Thérapeutique, 30, rue Cambronne, F-75737, Paris Cédex, France

    Yves Christen Ph.D.

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Rapoport, S.I. (1990). Topography of Alzheimer’s Disease: Involvement of Association Neocortices and Connected Regions; Pathological, Metabolic and Cognitive Correlations; Relation to Evolution. In: Rapoport, S.I., Petit, H., Leys, D., Christen, Y. (eds) Imaging, Cerebral Topography and Alzheimer’s Disease. Research and Perspectives in Alzheimer’s Disease. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75690-0_1

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