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Zum therapeutischen Stellenwert der Interaktionsprozesse in der Gruppenpsychotherapie

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Psychotherapie — Welche Effekte verändern?
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Zusammenfassung

Der Mensch ist zu allen Zeiten Mitglied von sozialen Gruppen gewesen, er ist darum auch als „soziales Wesen„, als Zoon politikon (Aristoteles) bezeichnet worden. Ob wir uns die breite Evolutionsgeschichte anschauen oder die Entwicklung eines jeden Individuums, wir sind stets gezwungen, das menschliche Wesen in seinen interpersonellen Beziehungen zu sehen (Yalom 1985). Das Studium menschlicher Kulturen und nichtmenschlicher Primaten liefere ausreichende Hinweise, daß Menschen und ihre Vorläufer in der Evolutionskette immer in Gruppen gelebt hätten, und daß diese stets charakterisiert gewesen seien durch intensive und anhaltende Beziehungen zwischen den Gruppenmitgliedern. Ohne interpersonelles Verhalten (intensive, positive, reziproke interpersonelle Bindungen), ist Yalom (1985) überzeugt, hätte das Überleben der Spezies nicht gesichert werden können. Der Mensch ist nach Battegay (1974) in seiner historischen und individuellen Existenz darauf angewiesen, „... Mitglied einer ihn bergenden Gruppe zu sein„ (S. 18). Die „Gruppe als Lebensmilieu des Menschen„ vermittle „...in ihrer Abgeschlossenheit ein Sicherheits- und Geborgenheitsgefühl, das insbesondere in den Kindheits- und Jugendjahren für eine gedeihliche Entwicklung unerläßlich ist„ (S. 18). Im Rahmen von Gruppen lerne der junge Mensch, sich im späteren Leben zu bewähren. Auch als Erwachsener könne der Mensch die ihn umgebende Gruppe nicht entbehren, da er sich insbesondere durch die Reaktionen einer ihn miteinbeziehenden Gruppe seines Ichs gewahr werde. Battegay (1974) formuliert dazu analog zu Martin Buber („Der Mensch wird am Du zum Ich„, 1936): „Der Mensch wird an der Gruppe zum Ich„ (S. 19).

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Tschuschke, V. (1990). Zum therapeutischen Stellenwert der Interaktionsprozesse in der Gruppenpsychotherapie. In: Tschuschke, V., Czogalik, D. (eds) Psychotherapie — Welche Effekte verändern?. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75461-6_16

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