Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pharmakologie und antihypertensive Wirksamkeit der Kalziumantagonisten

Überblick für die Praxis

  • Chapter
Kalziumantagonisten in Klinik und Praxis

Part of the book series: Aktuelle Therapieprinzipien in Kardiologie und Angiologie ((THERAPIEPRINZ.))

  • 35 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Für die Praxis stehen Kalziumantagonisten vom Dihydropyridin-, Verapamil- und Diltiazemtyp mit sehr unterschiedlichen pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften zur Verfügung. Der Zeitpunkt der maximalen Plasmaspiegel nach oraler Einnahme reicht von 0,5–1 h bis zu 8–9 h. Die Plasmahalbwertszeiten liegen zwischen 2–3 h und 35–50 h. Einige Kalziumantagonisten liegen sowohl in rasch resorbierbarer als auch in retardierter Form vor.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Åberg H, Lindsjo M, Morlin B (1984) Comparative trial of felodipine and nifedipine in refractory hypertension. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 117

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernethy DR, Montamat SC (1987) Acute and chronic studies of diltiazem in elderly versus young hypertensive patients. Am J Cardiol 60: 1161–1201

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernethy DR, Gutkowska J, Lambert MD (1988 a) Amlodipine in elderly hypertensive patients: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 7]:S67–S71

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB (1988 b) Pharmacokinetics of calcium antagonists under development. Clin Pharmacokinet 15: 1–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad S (1984) Nifedipin-phenytoin interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 1582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahr G, Wingeder W, Kuhlmann J (1987) Pharmacokinetics of nisoldipine. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahr HJ, Krause HP, Suwelack D, Weber H (1988) Pharmacokinetics of nisoldipine. 2. Distribution to and elimination from tissues and organs following single or repeated administration of 14C-Nisoldipine to rats and dogs. Arzneimittelforschung 38 (8): 1099–1104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar M, Tchou P, Jazayeri M (1989) Use of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation 80 [supp. 1]:IV31–IV39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akioka A, Kohno M, Nishikimi T, Teragaki M, Yasuda M, Oku H, Takeuchi K, Takeda T (1987) Influence of nisoldipine on hemodynamics and atrial natriuretic polypeptides at exercise loading in hypertensive patients. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 159–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Alaoui Jamah MA, Yin MB, Mazzoni A, Bankusli I, Rustum YM (1989) Relationship between cytotoxicity, drug accumulation, DNA damage and repair of human ovarian cancer cells treated with doxorubicin: modulation by the tiapamil analog ROl 1–2933. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 25: 77–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Alker D, Campbell SF, Cross PE, Burges RA, Carter AJ, Gardiner DG (1990) Long-acting dihydropyridine Kalzium antagonists. 4. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships for a series of basic and non basic derivatives of 2-((2-aminoethoxy)methyl)-l,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. J Med Chem 33: 585–591

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen GS, Ahn HS, Preziosi TJ, Battye R, Boone SC, Chou SN, Kelly DL, Weir BK, Crabbe RA, Lavik PJ, Rosenbloom SB, Dorsey FC, Ingram CR, Mellits DE, Bertsch LA, Boisvert DPJ, Hundley MB, Johnson RK, Strom JA, Transou CR (1983) Cerebral arterial spasm - a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 308: 619–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anavekar SN, Christophidis N, Louis WJ, Doyle AE (1981) Verapamil in the treatment of hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3: 287–292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson S (1989) Antihypertensive therapy and the progression of renal disease. J Hypertens 7 [suppl 7]: S39–S42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson OK, Bengtsson C, Elmfeldt D, Haglund K, Hedner T, Seideman P, Sjöberg K-H, Strömgren E, Åberg H, Östman J (1984) Short-term effects of felodipine, a new dihydropyridine, in hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 17: 257–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson OK, Granerus G, Hedner T, Wysocki M (1985) Systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of single oral doses of felodipine in patients with refractory hypertension receiving chronic therapy with beta-blockers and diuretics. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7: 544–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson OK, Persson B, Hedner T, Aurell M, Wysocki M (1989) Blood pressure control and hemodynamic adaptation with the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist isradipine: a controlled study in middle-aged hypertensive men. J Hypertens 7: 465–469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andren L, Hansson L, Orö L, Ryman T (1982) Experience with nitrendipine - a new calcium antagonist - in hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 4: S387–S391

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aronoff GR (1984) Pharmacokinetics of nitrendipine in patients with renal failure: comparison to normal subjects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: S974–S976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronoff GR (1985) Nitrendipine kinetics in normal and impaired renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 38: 212–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asanuma K (1978) Clinical use of diltiazem hydrochloride (Herbesser®) in the treament of hypertension. Mod Clin Med 20: 1081 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin MD, Robson RA, Bailey PR (1983) Effect of nifedipine on renal function of normal subjects and hypertensive patients with renal functional impairment. N Z Med J 96: 829

    Google Scholar 

  • Bäärnhielm C, Skånberg I, Bork KO (1984) Cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation of felodipine - a 1,4-dihydropyridine - to the corresponding pyridine. Xenobiotica 14: 719–726

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baha S, Satoh T, Bushi T et al. (1988) Drug interplay between digitalis and calcium antagonists. Jpn J Clin Pharmacol Ther (Rinsho-Yakuri) 19: 291–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbarash RA, Baumann JL, Fischer JH, Kondos GD, Batenhorst RL (1988) Near total reduction in verapamil bioavailability by rifampin. Chest 94: 954–959

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer JH, Reams G (1987) Short- and long-term effects of calcium entry blockers on the kidney. Am J Cardiol 59: 66A–71A

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Been M et al. (1985) Electrophysiological effects of felodipine. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 76–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beer N, Gallegos I, Cohen A, Klein N, Sonnenblick E, Frishman W (1981) Efficacy of sublingual nifedipine in the acute treatment of systemic hypertension. Chest 79: 571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson-Hasselgren B, Elmfeldt D, Moberg L, Ronn O (1989) Haemodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of felodipine at rest and during exercise in hypertensive patients treated with metoprolol or atenolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 37: 459–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berdeaux A (1989) Arterial baroreceptor reflex and calcium antagonists. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 3 [suppl]: 65s–70s

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernini F, Catapano AL, Corsini A, Fumagalli R, Paoletti R (1989) Effects of calcium antagonists on lipids and atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 64: 1291–1331

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertel O, Conen D, Radu EW, Muller J, Lang C, Dubach UC (1983) Nifedipine in hypertensive emergencies. Brit J Med 286: 19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan JA, Kaminow L, Laher I, Thompson LP (1989) Pharmacology of TA-3090 (8-chloro diltiazem) related to its cerebrovascular protective properties. Circulation 80 [suppl]:IV178–IV183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black HR, Vlachakis N (1984) Once and twice daily nitrendipine therapy in essential hypertension. In: Scriabine A, Vanov S, Deck K (eds) Nitrendipine. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore München, pp 509–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaehr H, Friis S (1990) Acute inhibition of human renal tubular cell growth by cyclosporine A. Pharmacol Toxicol 66: 115–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boelaert J, Valcke Y, Dammekens H, Vriese G DE, Ahr G (1988) Pharmacokinetics of Nisoldipine in renal dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 34: 207–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourbigot B, Guiserix J, Airiau J, Bressollette L, Morin JF, Cledes J (1986) Nicardipine increases cyclosporine blood levels. Lancet 1: 1447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brigden G, Heber M, Caruana M, Lahiri A, Raftery EB (1989) Once daily nisoldipine in hypertension: cuff and ambulatory intraarterial blood pressure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 37: 551–554

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brittinger WD, Schwarzbeck A, Wittenmeier KW et al. (1970) Klinisch experimentelle Untersuchungen über die blutdrucksenkende Wirkung von Verapamil. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 95: 1871–1877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brügmann U, Luther M (1988) The antüschemic effect of modern calcium antagonists. Fortschr Med 106 (18): 48–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno NA, Slate DL (1990) Effect of exposure to calcium entry blockers on doxorubicin accumulation and cytotoxicity in multidrugresistant cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 419–424

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bühler FR, Hulthén UL, Kiowski W, et al. (1982) The place of the calcium antagonist verapamil in antihypertensive therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 4: 350–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Burges RA, Dodd MG, Gardiner DG (1989) Pharmacologic profile of amlodipine. Am J Cardiol 64: 101–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Bursztyn M, Grossmann E, Rosenthal T (1985) Long-acting nifedipine in moderate and severe hypertensive patients with serious concomitant disease. Am Heart J 110 (Pt I): 96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bussmann WD, Hopf R (1985) Kalziumantagonisten in der Therapie der koronaren Herzerkrankung. Inn Med 12: 255–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Cagatay M, Frost N, Weiss KH, Wiesner K (1987) Assessment of long-term efficacy and tolerability of nisoldipine by the clinical data pool. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 201–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Capewell S, Freestone S, Critchley JA, Pottage A, Prescott LF (1988) Reduced bioavailability in patients taking anticonvulsants. Lancet 11: 480–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers G, Bailey D (1987) Tolerance and cardiovascular effect of single dose felodipine/betablocker combinations in healthy subjects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10 [suppl 1]: 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Casellas D, Moore LC (1990) Autoregulation and tubuloglomerular feedback in juxtamedullary glomerular arterioles. Am J Physiol 258: F660–F669

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catterall WA (1988) Structure and function of voltage-sensitive ion channels. Science 242: 50–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Challenor VF, Waller DG, Renwick AG, Gruchy BS, George CF (1987) The trans-hepatic extraction of nifedipine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 24: 473–477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler MHH, Schran HF, Cutler RE, Smith AJ, Gonasun LM, Blouin RA (1988) The effects of renal function on the disposition of isradipine. J Clin Pharmacol 28: 1076–1080

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chellingsworth MC, Willis JV, Jack DB, Kendall MJ (1988) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isradipine (PN 200–110) in young and elderly patients. Am J Med 84 [suppl 3B]: 72–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung WK, Sia LL, Woodward DL, Graveline JF, Desjardins RE, Yacobi A, Silber BM (1988 a) Importance of oral dosing rate on the hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile on nilvadipine. J Clin Pharmacol 28: 1000–1007

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung WK, Woodward DL, Shin K, Hibberd M, Silber BM (1988b) Pharmacokinetics of nilvadipine after single oral doses in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 8: 299–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung WK, Sia LL, Hibberd M, Pearse S, Woodward DL, Desjardins RE, Bernstein J, Yacobi A, Silber BM (1989) Pharmacokinetics of nilvadipine after multiple oral dosing to steady state. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 15: 51–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clair F, Bellet M, Guerret M, Drueke T, Grunfeld JP (1985) Hypotensive effects and pharmacokinetics of nicardipine in patients with severe renal failure. Curr Therapeutic Res 28: 74–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifton GD, Blouin RA, Dilea C, Schran HF, Hassell AE, Gonasun LM, Foster TS (1988) The pharmacokinetics of oral isradipine in normal volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 28: 36–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collste P, Danielsson M, Elmfeldt D et al. (1985) Long-term experience of felodipine in combination with beta-blockade and diuretics in refractory hypertension. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 124–130

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooperative Study Group (1986) Felodipine versus hydralazine, a controlled trial as third line therapy in hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 21: 621–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooperative Study Group (1987) Felodipine a new antagonist, as monotherapy in mild or moderate hypertension. Drugs 34 [suppl 3]: 139–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox JP, O’Boyle CA, Mee F, Kelly J, Atkins N, Coakley D, O’Brien ET (1988) The antihypertensive efficacy of verapamil in the elderly evaluated by ambulatory blood pressure measurements. J Hum Hypertens 2: 41–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crome P, Baksi A, Edwards J, Marley J (1989) Plasma nitrendipine concentrations in elderly normotensive volunteers after single and multiple dosing. Curr Med Res Opin 11: 279–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Culling W, Ruttley MSM, Sheridan DJ (1984) Acute haemodynamic effects of felodipine during betablockade in patients with coronary artery disease. Br Heart J 52: 431–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czuczawar SJ, Chododkowska A, Kleinrok Z, Maek U, Jagie O, Wojtowicz E (1990) Effects of calcium channel inhibitors upon the efficacy of common antiepileptic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 176: 75–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagher E, Dumont L, Chartrand C (1989) Positive hemodynamic interaction between amrinone and diltiazem in anesthetized dogs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 67: 1092–1097

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damase-Michel C, Montastruc JL, Montastruc P (1989) Central cardiovascular actions of calcium channel antagonists in dogs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 3 [suppl]: 57s - s64s

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson RC, Bürsten SL, Keeley PA, Kenny MA, Stewart DK (1985) Oral nifedipine of the treatment of patients with severe hypertension. Am J Med 79 [suppl 4 A]: 26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Ponti F, D’Angelo L, Frigo GM, Crema A (1989) Inhibitory effects of calcium channel blockers on intestinal motility in the dog. Eur J Pharmacol 168: 133–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Leeuw PW, Birkenhäger WH (1984) Effects of Verapamil in hypertensive patients. Acta Med Scand [suppl 681]: 125–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Deeg P, Weiss KH, Schmitz H (1987) Anti-ischemic effect of nisoldipine in patients with stable angina pectoris. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 244–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Denniss AR, Kingma JG, Hearse DJ, Downey JM, Yellon DM (1990) Long acting calcium antagonist anipamil limits myocardial necrosis and penetrates the ischemic zone during 24h of coronary artery oclusion in the dog. Can J Cardiol 6: 31–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DePover A, Matlib MA, Lee SW (1982) Specific binding of 3H-nitrendipine to membranes from coronary arteries and heart in relation to pharmacological effects: paradoxical stimulation by diltiazem. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 108: 110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond JR, Cheung JY, Fang LS (1984) Nifedipine-induced renal dysfunction. Alterations in hemodynamics. Am J Med 77: 905

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiBona GF, Sawin LL (1984) Renal tubular site of action of felodipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Exp Ther 228: 420–428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiPalma JR (1989) Nimodipine in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am Fam Physician 40: 143–145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Distler A, Fritschka E (1990) Hypertensive emergencies. In: Bühler FR, Laragh JH (eds) Handbook of hypertension, vol 13: The management of Hypertension. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 550–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodd MG, Machin I (1985) Antihypertensive effects of amlodipine a novel dihydropyridine calcium antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 85: 333 P

    Google Scholar 

  • Dow RJ, Graham DJM (1986) A review of the human metabolism and pharmacokinetics of nicardipine hydrochloride. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 22: 195s–202s

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle GD, Donohue J, Carmody M, Laher M, Greb H, Volz M (1989) Pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in renal impairment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36: 205–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake-Holland AJ, Pugh S, Mills C, Noble MIM (1987) Does felodipine have a positive inotropic effect in the human? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10 [suppl 1]: S119–S120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dylewicz P, Kirch W, Santos SR, Hutt HJ, Moenig H, Ohnhaus EE (1987) Bioavailability and elimination of nitrendipine in liver disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32: 563–568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebata H, Mills JS, Nemcek K, Johnson JD (1990) Calcium binding to extracellular sites of skeletal muscle calcium channels regulates dihydropyridine binding. J Biol Chem 265: 177–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Echizen H, Eichelbaum M (1986) Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem. Clin Pharmacokinet 11: 425–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar B, Regardh CG, Johnsson G, Johansson L, Lundborg P, Lofberg I, Ronn O (1985 a) Felodipine kinetics in healthy men. Clin Pharmacol Ther 38: 205–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar B, Hoffmann K-J, Lundborg P, Regardh C-G, Ronn O, Weidolf L (1985b) Absorption, distribution, and elimination of felodipine in man. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 9–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar B, Bengtsson B, Elmfeldt D et al. (1985 c) Acute diuretic/natiuretic properties of felodipine in man. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]:176–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgar B, Regardh CG, Lundborg P, Romare S, Nyberg G, Ronn O (1987 a) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of felodipine in healthy subjects after various single, oral and intravenous doses. Biopharm Drug Dispos 8: 235–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar B, Collste P, Haglund K, Regardh CG (1987b) Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of felodipine as monotherapy in hypertensive patients. Clin Invest Med 10: 388–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichelbaum M, Mikus G, Mast V, Fischer C, Kuhlmann U, Machleidt C (1988) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nitrendipine in healthy subjects and patients with kidney and liver disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 4]: S6–S10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichelbaum M (1989) Pharmakokinetik und Metabolismus von Gallopamil. Z Kardiol 78 [suppl 5]: 20–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott HL, Meredith PA, Reid JL, Faulkner JK (1988) A comparison of the disposition of single oral doses of amlodipine in young and elderly subjects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 7]: S64–S66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmfeldt D, Hedner T (1983) Felodipine - a new vasodilator, in addition to beta receptor blockade in hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 25: 571–575

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ene MD, Roberts CJ (1987) Pharmacokinetics of nifedipine after oral administration in chronic liver disease. J Clin Pharmacol 27: 1001–1004

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdman R, Luttgau HC (1989) The effect of the phenylalkylamine D888 (devapamil) on force and calcium current in isolated frog skelettal muscle fibres. J Physiol (Lond) 413: 521–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Erne P, Bolli P, Bertel O, Hulthen L, Kiowski W, Muller FB, Biihler F (1983) Factors influencing the hypotensive effect of calcium antagonists. Hypertension 5 [suppl II]: 97–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Esper RJ, Esper RC, Baglivo HP, Castro JM, Rohwedder RW, Menna J (1984) Long-term effectiveness of nitrendipine in the treatment of mild to moderate arterial hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: 1096 – 1099

    Google Scholar 

  • Etingin OR, Hajjar DP (1990) Calcium channel blockers enhance cholersteryl ester hydrolysis and decrease total cholesterol accumulation in human aortic tissue. Circulat Res 66: 185–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadda GZ, Akmal M, Soliman AR, Lipson LG, Massry SG (1989) Correction of glucose intolerance and the impaired insulin release of chronic renal failure by verapamil. Kidney Int 36: 773–779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan TC, Brown R, Schnaper H, Smolens P, Montijo M, Michelson E (1989) Nicardipine and hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 45: 429–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner JK, McGibney D, Chasseud LF, Penny JL, Taylor JE (1986) Pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 22: 21–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fievet P, Boudjelal M, Demontis R, Fournier A (1989) Calcium antagonists and the kidney. Ann Intern Med 140: 637–643

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finucci GF, Padrini R, Piovan D, Melica E, Merkel C, Gatta A, Zuin R (1989) Verapamil kinetics and liver function in patients with chronic cirrhosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 8: 123–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Flamm ES (1989) The potential use of nicardipine in cerebrovascular disease. Am Heart J 117: 236–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleckenstein A (1983) Calciumantagonism in the heart and smooth muscle. Wiley, New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore, p 256

    Google Scholar 

  • Follath F, Taescher W (1988) Clinical Pharmacology of calcium antagonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 6]: 98–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Forette F, McClaran J, Hervy MP, Bouchacourt P, Henry JF (1989) Nicardipine in elderly patients with hypertension: a review of experience in France. Am Heart J 117: 256–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franz IW, Wiewel D (1984) Antihypertensive effects on blood pressure at rest and during exercise of calcium antagonists, beta blockers, and their combination in antihypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: 1037–1042

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedel HA, Sorkin EM (1988) Nisoldipine. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension and related cardiovascular disorders. Drugs 36: 682–731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frishman WH, Weinberg P, Peled HB, Kimmel B, Charlap S, Beer N (1984) Calcium entry blockers for the treatment of severe hypertension and hypertensive crisis. Am J Med 77 [suppl 2B]: 35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritschka E, Distler A, Götzen R, Thiede HM, Philipp Th (1984) Cross over comparison of nitrendipine and propranolol treatment in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: 1100–1104

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritschka E, Kribben A, Distler A, Philip Th (1987) Inhibition of aggregation and calcium influx of human platelets by nitrendipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 9 [suppl 4]: S85–S89

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu M, Hung JS, Yeh SJ, Lin FC, Hsu RS, Wu D (1987) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics effects of aequeous diltiazem in healthy humans. J Clin Pharmacol 27: 106–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galizzi JP, Fosset M, Lazdunski M (1984) 3H-verapamil binding sites in skeletal muscle transverse tubule membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 118: 239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganguly A, Chiou S, Davis JS (1990) Intracellular mediators of potassium-induced aldosterone secretion. Life Sci 46: 173–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasser R (1990) Calcium antagonists: pharmacologic agents in search of new clinical indications. Angiology 41: 36–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelmers HJ, Gorter K, de Weerdt CJ, Wiezer HJA (1985) Efficacy of treatment with nimodipine (calcium antagonists) in patients with acute ischemic stroke; a placebo-controlled, double blind, randomized, multicenter trial. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5 [suppl 1]: S337–S338

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelmers HJ, Gorter K, de Weerdt CJ, Wiezer HJA (1988) A controlled trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke. New Engl J Med 318: 203–207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibaldi M, Perrier D (1982) Noncompartmental analysis based on statistical moment theory. In: Gibaldi M, Perrier D (eds) Pharmacokinetics. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 409–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson RS (1989) Current status of calcium channel-blocking drugs after Q wave and non-Q wave myocardial infarction. Circulation 80 [suppl]: V107–V119

    Google Scholar 

  • Given BD, Lee TH, Stone PH, Dzau VJ (1985) Nifedipine in severely hypertensive patients with congestive heart failure and preserved ventricular systolic function. Arch Intern Med 145: 280

    Google Scholar 

  • Glasser SP, Chrysant SG, Graves J, Rofman B, Koehn DK (1989) Safety and efficacy of amlodipine added to hydrochlorothiazide therapy in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertension 2: 154–157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glasser SP, West TW (1988) Clinical safety and efficacy of once-a-day amlodipine for chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 62: 518–522

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glossmann H, Ferry DR (1983) Molecular approach to the calcium channel. In: Fleckenstein A, Hashimoto K, Herrmann M, Schwartz A, Seipel L (eds) New calcium antagonists: Recent developments and prospects. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart New York, pp 63–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Glossmann H, Ferry DR, Göll A, Striessnig J, Schober M (1985) Calcium channels: basic properties as revealed by radioligand binding studies. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7 [suppl 6]: S20–S30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glossmann H, Ferry DR, Striessnig J, Göll A, Moosburger K, Schirmer M (1987) Interaction between calcium channel ligands and calcium channels. Circulat Res 61 [suppl 1]: 130–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfraind T, Egleme C, Finet M, Jaumin P (1987 a) The actions of nifedipine and nisoldipine on the contractile activity of human coronary nifedipine and nisoldipine on the contractile activity of human coronary arteries and human cardiac tissue in vitro. Pharmacol Toxicol 61: 79–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godfraind T, Egleme C, Finet M, Debande B, Jaumin P ( 1987 b) Comparison of nifedipine and nisoldipine on human arteries and human cardiac tissues in vitro. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 36–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould BA, Hornung RS, Mann S, Subramanian VB, Raftery EB (1983) Nifedipine or verapamil as sole treatment of hypertension. Hypertension 5 [suppl II]: 91–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Govoni S, Goss I, Di Giovine S, Battaini F, Trabucchi M (1990) Calcium antagonists inhibit metenkephalin immunoreactive material release: in vitro and ex vivo experiments. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 80: 1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graefe K-H, Ziegler R, Wingeder W, Rämsch K-D, Ahr G, Schmitz H (1987) Plasma level-effect relationships for some acute cardiovascular effects of nisoldipine and other dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 67–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Graziadei I, Zernig G, Grasseger A, Boer R, Schudt C, Glossmann H (1989) Hydrophobic calcium channel ligands: methodological problems and their solution. Am J Cardiol 64: 431–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Grech-Belanger O, Langlois S, LeBoeut E (1988) Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Pharmacol 28: 477–480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg B, Siemienczuk D, Broudy D (1987) Hemodynamic effects of PN 200–110 (Isradipine) in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 59: 70B–74B

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberger LM, Yang CP, Gindin E, Horwitz SB (1990) Photoaffinity probes for the alphal-adrenergic receptor and the calcium channel bind to a common domain in P-glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 265: 4394–4401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grino JM, Sabate I, Castelao AM, Alsina J (1986) Influence of diltiazem on cyclosporine clearance. Lancet 1: 1387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grover GJ, Parham CS, Sleph PG, Moreland S (1989) Anti-ischemic and vasorelaxant effects of the new benzazepine calcium channel blocker SQ 31,765. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251: 1020–1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guazzi MD, DeCesare N, Galli C, Salvioni AS, Trumontana C, Tamborini GT, Bartorelli A (1984) Calcium channel blockade with nifedipine and angiotensine converting-enzyme inhibition with Captopril in the therapy of patients with severe hypertension. Circulation 70: 279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haas H, Härtfelder G (1962) Alpha-Isopropyl-alpha N-Methyl-N homoveratryl-alphaamino’ propyl 3,4-dimethoxyphenylaacetonitril, eine Substanz mit coronargefäßerweiternden Eigenschaften. Arzneimittelforschung 12: 549–558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haglund K, Collste P, Edgar B, Östman J (1985) Hypotensive effect of felodipine as monotherapy. Clin Invest Med 8: A131

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallen B, Guilbaud O, Stroemberg S, Lindeke B (1988 a) Single-dose pharmacokinetics of terodiline including a stable isotope technique for improvement of statistical evaluations. Biopharm Drug Dispos 9: 229–250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallen B, Magnussen A, Bogentoft S, Ekelund P (1988b) Single- and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of terodiline in geriatric patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 34: 291–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson L, Andren L, Öro L, Ryman T (1983) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in patients treated with nitrendipine. Hypertension 5 [suppl II]: 25–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanyok JJ, Chow MS, Kluger J, Izard MW (1988) An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dialyzability of verapamil in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Clin Pharmacol 28: 831–836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrod CS (1987) Theophylline toxicity and nifedipine. Ann Intern Med 106: 480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedner T, Elmfeldt D, Dahloef C, Sjoegren E (1987) Comparison of antihypertensive effect and pharmacokinetics of conventional and extended release felodipine tablets in patients with arterial hypertension. Drugs 34 [suppl 3]: 125–131

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedner T, Samuelsson O, Sjögren E, Elmfeldt D (1986) Treatment of essential hypertension with felodipine in combination with a diuretic. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 30: 133–139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heiss WD, Holthoff V, Pawlik G, Neveling M (1990) Effect of nimodipine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke as measured by positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10 (1): 127–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held PH, Yusuf S, Furberg CD (1989) Calcium channel blockers in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: an overview: Br Med J 299: 1187–1192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hering S, Kleppisch T, Timin EN, Bodewei R (1989) Characterization of the calcium channel state transitions induced by the enantiomers of the 1,4-dihydropyridine Sandoz 202 791 in neonatal rat heart cells. A nonmodulating receptor model. Pflügers Arch 414: 690–700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herlitz H, Aurell M, Rjorck S, Granerus G (1984) Renal effects of felodipine in hypertensive patients with reduced renal function. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 192

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermsmeyer K, Rusch NJ (1987) Felodipine actions on vascular smooth muscle Ca2+ channels. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10 [suppl 1]: S40–S43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz F, Cloarec A (1989) Comparative antiulcer and antisecretory effects of various calcium antagonists. Gen Pharmacol 20: 635–640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinderling PH, Eckert M, Gasic S, Eichler HG, Potzi R et al. (1986) Comparative pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of tiapamil in healthy volunteers and patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 31: 397–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirth et al. C, Federmann A, Garthoff B, Hertie L, Kazda S, Stasch JP (1987) The effect of nisoldipine in experimentally induced renal failure. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 144–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Hla KK, Henry JA, Latham AN (1987) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two formulations of verapamil. Br J Clin Pharmacol 24: 661–664

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeglund P, Nilsson LG (1988) Physiological disposition of intravenously administered Relabeled diltiazem in healthy volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 10: 401–409

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof RP, Vuorela HJ, Neumann P (1982) PY 108–068, a new potent, and selective inhibitor of calcium-induced contraction of rabbit aortic rings. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 4: 344–351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof RP, Hof A, Scholtysik G, Menninger K (1984a) Effects of the new calcium antagonist PN 200-110 on the myocardium and the regional peripheral circulation in the anesthetized cats and dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6: 407–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof RP (1984 b) The calcium antagonist PY 108–068 and verapamil diminish the effects of angiotensin II: Sites of interaction in the peripheral circulation of anesthetized cats. Br J Pharmacol 82: 51–60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof RP, Hof A, Rüegg UT, Cook NS, Vogel A (1986) Stereoselectivity at the calcium channel: different profiles of haemodynamic activity of the enantiomers of the dihydropyridine derivative PN 200-110. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 8: 221–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof RP, Salzmann R, Siegl H (1987) Selective effects of PN 200–110 (Isradipine) on the peripheral circulation and the heart. Am J Cardiol 59: 30B–36B

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof RP, Hof A (1988) The renin-angiotensin system modulates the peripheral vascular effects of the calcium antagonist isradipine in anesthetized rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12: 233–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofman J, Siergiejko Z, Chyrek-Borowska S (1990) The influence of the calcium channel antagonist verapamil on histamine release from target cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 37: 55–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Horvath G, Benedek G, Szikszay M (1990) Enhancement of fentanyl analgesia by Clonidine plus verapamil in rats. Anesth Anaig 70: 284–288

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosono M, Taira N (1987) Coronary vasodilator versus cardiac effects of MCI-176, a novel quinazolinone calcium antagonist, in the dog heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 9: 633–640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes GS Jr, Cowart TD, Oexmann MJ, Conradi EC (1988) Verapamil-induced natriuretic and diuretic effects: dependency on sodium intake. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44: 400–407

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hulthen UL, Kathman PL (1988) Renal effects of acute and long-term treatment with felodipine in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 6: 231–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda M et al. (in press) Clinical usefulness of nilvadipine on essential hypertension. A multi-center cooperative double-blind group-comparative study with nicardipine hydrochloride. Igaku No Ayumi

    Google Scholar 

  • Iliopoulou A, Turner P, Warrington SJ (1983) Acute hemodynamic effects of a new calcium antagonist, nicardipine, in man, a comparison with nifedipine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 15: 59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inouye IK, Massie BM, Benowitz N, Simpson P, Loge D (1984) Antihypertensive therapy with diltiazem and comparison with hydrochlorothiazide. Am J Cardiol 53: 1588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii M et al. (1986) The usefulness of FK 235 on essential hypertension. A multi-center open trial by administration with FK 235 and FK 235 plus hypotensive diuretics. Jap J Clin Med 63: 2017–2030

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii A (1989) Inhibiton of 3H-nitrendipine-binding in rat aortic and cerebral cortex membranes by the new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist benidipine hydrochloride. Arzneimittelforschung 39: 1546–1550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwanami M, Shibanuma T, Fujimoto M, Kawai R, Tamazawa K, Takenaka T, Takahashi K, Murakami M (1979) Synthesis of new watersoluble dihydropyridine vasodilators. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 27: 1426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson B, Morgan TO, Gibson J, Anderson A (1987) Felodipin vs Prazosin as an addition to a betablocker in the treatment of essential hypertension. The Australian Multicenter Study. Drugs 34 [suppl 3]: 109–119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson JD, Andrews CT, Khabbaza EJ, Mills JS (1987) The interaction of felodipine with calcium-binding proteins. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10 [suppl 1]: S53–S59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones CR, Rae AP, Been M (1985) Electrophysiological effects of felodipine in combination with metroprolol. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 81–86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen NP, Walstad RA (1988) Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil in patients with hypertension: a comparison of oral conventional and sustained release formulations. Pharmacol Toxicol 63: 105–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juneja R, Gupta I, Wali A, Sanyal SN, Chakravarti RN, Majumdar S (1990) Effects on verapamil of different spermatozoal functions in guinea pigs - a preliminary study. Contraception 41: 179–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kageyma M, Matsumura Y, Hayashi K, Hosokowa T, Morimoto S (1990) Inhibitory effects of nisoldipine and saralasin on angiotensin II-induced antidiuresis in anaestetized dogs. Jpn J Pharmacol 52: 245–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajiwara N et al. (1985) Effect of FK 235 on diurnal variation of blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Jpn J Clin Exp Med 62: 209–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Kann J, Krol GJ, Raemsch KD, Burkholder DE, Levitt MJ (1984) Bioequivalence and metabolism of nitrendipine administered orally to healthy volunteers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: S968–S973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzman PL, Hulthen UL, Hökfelt B (1986) The effects of eight weeks treatment with the calcium antagonist felodipine on blood pressure heart rate, working capacity, plasma renin activity, plasma angiotensin II, urinary catecholamines and aldosterone in patients with essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 21: 633–640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kauker ML, Zeigler DW, Zawada ET (1987) Renal tubular effects of nisoldipine, a calcium channel blocker, in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 9 [suppl 1]: S32–S38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami M, Bian K, Toda N (1989) Vasodilator actions of felodipine, a new calcium entry blocker. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 94: 251–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazda S, Hoffmeister F (1979) Effect of some cerebral vasodilators on the postischemic impaired cerebral reperfusion in cats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 307 [suppl]: R43

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazda S, Garthoff B, Meyer H, Schloßmann K, Stoepel K, Towart R, Vater W, Wehinger E (1980) Pharmacology of a new calcium antagonistic compound, isobutyl methyl 1,4 dihydro- 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylate (nisoldipine, Bay K 5552). Arzneimittelforschung (Drug Res) 30: 2144–2162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazda S, Stasch J-P, Hirth C (1987) Experimental pharmacology of nisoldipine: perspectives from long-term studies In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Keech AC, Harper RW, Harrison PM, Pitt A, MacLean AJ (1988) Extent and pharmacokinetic mechanisms of oral atenolol-verapamil interaction in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 35: 363–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kern MJ (1989) Influence of calcium channel antagonist therapy on the ischemic response to acute coronary occlusion in humans. Clin Cardiol 12 [suppl 3]:III77–III85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingma PJ, Simons JP, Nieuwenhuijen Kruseman AC, Wolffenbuttel BH (1990) Calcium entry blockers and their effects on glucose metabolism. Neth J Med 36: 32–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiowski W, Bertel O, Erne P et al. (1983) Hemodynamic and reflex responses to acute and chronic antihypertensive therapy with the calcium entry blocker nifedipine. Hypertension 5 [suppl I]: 70–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirch W, Hütt HJ, Heidemann H, Rämsch K, Janisch HD, Ohnhaus EE (1984) Drug interactions with nitrendipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: 982–985

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirch W, Kleinbloesem CH, Beiz GG (1990) Drug interactions with calciumantagonists. Pharmacol Ther 45: 109–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kishida H, Toyam S, Yanaga T, Suzuki K (1988) Effect of a new calcium antagonist, nilvadipine, on variant angina pectoris evaluated by 24-hour Holter electrocardiography. Jpn Heart J 29: 781–793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiue A, Sano T, Suzuki K, Inada H, Okumura M, Kikuchi J, Sato S, Kohno K, Kuwano M (1990) Activities of newly synthesized dihydropyridines in overcoming of vincristine resistance, calcium antagonism, and inhibition of photoaffinity labeling of P-glycoprotein in antagonism, and inhibition of photoaffinity labeling of P-glycoprotein in rodents. Cancer Res 50: 310–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein W, Brandt D, Vrecko K. Härringer M (1983) Role of calcium antagonists in the treatment of essential hypertension. Circulat Res 52 [suppl I]: 174–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Knorr A, Kazda S, Garthoff B, Stasch JP, Towart R (1986) Akute und chronische Wirkung von Nitrendipin bei experimentellem Hochdruck: In: Distler A (Hrsg) Kalziumantagonisten in der Hochdrucktherapie. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 27–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna GG, Narins RG (1989) Calcium channel blockers. Progression of renal disease. Circulation 80 [suppl]:IV47–IV51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroemer IX (1986) Kalziumantagonisten erhöhen Neurotoxizität von Carpamazepin. Arzneimitteltherapie 4: 163–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuramoto K (1989) Double-blind studies of calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertension in Japan. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13 [suppl 1]: S29–S35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laher MS, Kelly JG, Doyle GD, Carmody M, Donohoe JF, Greb H, Volz M (1988) Pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in renal impairment. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 7]: S60–S63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landahl S, Edgar B, Gabriellson M, Larson M, Lemfelt B, Lundborg P, Regärdh CG (1988) Pharmacokinetics of felodipine in elderly hypertensive patients - a comparison with young healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet 14: 374–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langley MS, Sorkin EM (1989) Nimodipine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential incerebrovascular disease. Drugs 37: 669–699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lasseter KC, Shamblen EC, Murdoch AA, Burkholder DE, Krol GJ, Taylor RJ, Vanov SK (1984) Steady state pharmacokinetics of nitrendipine in hepatic insufficiency. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: S977–S981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lederballe Pederson O, Christensen CK, Mikkelson E et al. (1980) Relationship between the antihypertensive effect and steady state plasma concentration of nifedipine given alone or in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18: 287–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederballe-Pederson O (1981 a) Calcium blockade in arterial hypertension. Hypertension 5 [suppl II]:74–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederballe Pederson O (1981b) Calcium blockade as a therapeutic principle in arterial hypertension. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol [suppl II]49: 1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee SM, Williams R, Warnock D, Emmett M, Wolbach RA (1986) The effects of nicardipine in hypertensive subjects with impaired renal function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 22: 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann HU, Taegener-Torge C, Witt E, Beck OA, Hochrein H (1979) Wirkungsvergleich zwischen Gallopamil (D 600) und Verapamil. Angiocardiology 2: 103–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G, Sala C, Bianchetti C, Terzoli L, Zanchetti A (1980) Antihypertensive and renal effects of orally administered verapamil. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18: 375–382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G, Cuspidi C, Sampieri L, Terzoli L, Zanchetti A (1982) Comparison of cardiovascular, renal, and humoral effects of acute administration of two calcium channel blockers in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 4: S319–S324

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G, Gradnik R, Terzoli L, Fruscio M, Rupoli L, Zanchetti A (1984) Felodipine a new vasodilating drug: blood pressure, cardiac, renal, and humoral effects in hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6: 392–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G, Gradnik R, Terzoli L et al. (1986) Effects of single and repeated doses of the calcium antagonist felodipine on blood pressure, renal function, electrolytes and water balance, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 8: 1243–1248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G (1987) Antihypertensive efficacy of nicardipine, in monotherapy and assossiation, in mild or moderate hypertensives with and without concomitant disease: interim report of italian multicentre study. J Hypertension 5 [suppl. 5]: S575–S577

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G, Zanchetti A (1988) Antihypertensive efficacy of nicardipine-based treatment in patients of different age and in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J Hypertens 6 [suppl 4]: S655–S657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lessem J, Bellinetto A (1983) Interaction between digoxin and the calcium antagonists nicardipine and tiapamil. Clin Ther 5: 595–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lettieri JT, Krol GJ, Yeh SC, Burkholder DE, Zinny M, O’Donnell D (1988) The effects of age and race on nitrendipine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 4]: S129–S132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MA, Ogilvie RI, Leenen FH (1988) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between nisoldipine and propranolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43: 39–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy MN (1989) Role of calcium in arrhythmogenesis. Circulation 80 [suppl]:IV23–IV30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis GRJ, Morley KD, Lewis BM, Bones PJ (1978) The treatment of hypertension with verapamil. NZ Med J 612: 351–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm A, Henricsson S (1987) Verapamil inhibits cyclosporine metabolism. Lancet 1: 1262–1263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littleton JM, Little HJ, Whittington MA (1990) Effects of dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists in ethanol withdrawal; doses required, stereospecificity and actions of Bay K 8644. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 100: 387–392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ljung B (1985) Vascular selectivity of felodipine. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 46–58

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ljung B, Kjellstedt A, Orebäck B (1987) Vascular versus myocardial selectivity of calcium antagonists studied by concentration-time-effect relations. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10 [suppl 1]:S34–S39 und S96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Johansen P (1985) Hemodynamic effects of calcium channel blockers at rest and during exercise in essential hypertension. Am J Med 79 [suppl 4A]: 11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Johansen P, Omvik P (1987) Central hemodynamic changes of calcium antagonists at rest and during exercise in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10 [suppl 1]: S139–S148

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod BA, Moult M, Saint KM, Walker MJ (1989) The antiarrhythmic efficacy of intravenous anipamil against occlusion and reperfusion arrhythmias. Br J Pharmacol 98: 1165–1172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod D, Wathen CG, Tucker L, Forret E, Hill K, Muir AL (1985) Felodipin can replace minoxidil in the treatment of refractory hypertension. J Hypertens 3 [suppl 3]: 469–470

    Google Scholar 

  • MacMahon FG, Vargas R, Ryan JR, Miller H, Faraday S (1988) An acute dose-response pharmacodynamic evaluation of orally administered isradipine (PN-200-110) in hypertensive patients. J Clin Pharmacol 28: 664

    Google Scholar 

  • MacNally P, Mistry N, Idle J, Walls J, Feehally J (1989) Calcium channel blockers and cyclosporine metabolism. Transplantation 48: 1071

    Google Scholar 

  • Magometschnigg D (1983) Acute hypotensive response to nifedipine. Hypertension 5 [suppl II]: 80–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier-Lenz H, Rode H, Lenau H, Thieme G, Woelke E, Kobayashi H, Kobayashi S, Oka T (1988) Benidipine hydrochloride - a new calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, tolerance and dose finding in mild to moderate hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung 38: 1757–1763

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisel AS, Motulsky HJ, Insel PA (1985) Hypotension after quinidine plus verapamil. Possible additive competition at alpha-adrenergic receptors. N Engl J Med 312: 167–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski R, Wasek Z, Frank-Piskorska A (1989) Evaluation of the protektive effects of nifedipine and verapamil in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity. Wiad Lek 42: 129–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marthan R, Woolcock AJ (1989) Is a myogenic response involved in deep inspiration-induced bronchoconstriction in athmatics? Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 1354–1358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason RP, Campbell SF, Wang SD, Herbette LG (1989) Comparison of location and binding for the positively charged 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist amlodipine with uncharged drugs of this class in cardiac membranes. Mol Pharmacol 36: 634–640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matlib MA (1989) Relaxation of potassium chloride-induced contractions by amlodipine and its interaction with the 1,4-dihydropyridine-binding site in pig coronary artery. Am J Cardiol 64: 511–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauser M, Voelker W, Ickrath O, Karsch KR (1989) Myocardial properties of the new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist isradipine compared to nifedipine with or without additional beta blockade in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 63 (1): 40–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath T, Latoud C, Arnold ST, Safa AR, Felsted RL, Center MS (1989) Mechanism of multidrug resistance in HL60 cells. Analysis of resistance associated membrane proteins and levels of mdr gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol 38: 3611–3619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeay RAB, Stallard TJ, Watson RDS et al. (1983) The effect of nifedipine on arterial pressure and reflex cardiac control. Circulation 67: 1084–1090

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McPhee GJA, Mclnnes GT, Thompson GG, Brodie MJ (1986) Verapamil potentiates carbamazepine neurotoxicity: a clinically important inhibitory interaction. Lancet 1: 700–703

    Google Scholar 

  • Meredith PA, Elliott HL, Reid JL (1988) The clinical pharmacology of nisoldipine: studies on the pharmacokinetics and interactions with betablockers. In: Lichtlen RR, Hugenholtz PG (eds) Nisoldipine 1988. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, pp 12–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer FB, Anderson RE, Sundt TM Jr (1990) Anticonvulsant effects of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists in electrocortical shock seizures. Epilepsia 31: 68–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikus G, Fischer C, Heuer B, Langen C, Eichelbaum M (1987) Application of a stable isotope methodology to study the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of nitrendipine after i.v. and p.o. administration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 24: 561–569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mildenberger D, Klepzig H Jr, Hopf R, Kaltenbach M (1989) Nebenwirkungsspektrum von Gallopamil im Vergleich zu anderen Calciumantagonisten. Z Kardiol 78 [suppl 5]: 25–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell KD, Navar LG (1990) Tubuloglomerular feedback responses during peritubular infusions of calcium channel blockers. Am J Physiol 258: F537–F544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno K et al. (1986) Antihypertensive effect of a new calcium channel blocker, FK 235, in essential hypertension. Chem Pathol Pharmacol 52: 3–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mooser V, Waeber B, Nussberger J, Brunner HR (1988) Antihypertensive effect of diltiazem administered once and twice daily. J Hum Hypertens 2: 257–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morimoto S, Ohyama T, Hisaki K, Matsumura Y (1989) Effects of CV-4093, a new dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, on renal hemodynamics and function in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats ( SHRSP ). Jpn J Pharmacol 51: 257–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris MJ, David-Dufilho M, Devynck MA (1988) Red blood cell ionized calcium concentration in spontaneous hypertension: modulation in vivo by the calcium antagonist PN 200.110. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 15: 257–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motomura S, Hashimotot K (1990) Reconsideration of vascular selectivity of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists: comparison of cardiovascular profile of mepirodipine, a novel dihydropyridine, consisting of a single stereoisomer with (+)-(S)-(S) conformation, with those of nifedipine and nicardipine. Jpn J Pharmacol 52: 319–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muiesan G, Agabiti-Rosei, Castellano M, Alicandri CL, Corea L, Fariello R, Beschi M, Romanelli G (1982) Antihypertensive and humoral effects of verapamil and nifedipine in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 4: S325–S329

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muir AL, Wathen CG, Hannan WJ (1985) Effects of felodipine on resistance and capacitance vessels in patients with essential hypertension. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 59–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller FB, Bolli P, Erne P, Block LH, Kiowski W, Bühler FR (1984) Antihypertensive therapy with the long acting calcium antagonist nitrendipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: 1073–1076

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Schweinitzer E, Neumann P (1983) In vitro effects of the calcium antagonists PN 200–110, nifedipine, and nimodipine on human and canine cerebral arteries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3: 354–361

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy BJ, Rogers CA, Sunahara RK, Lemaire S, Tuana BS (1990) Identification, characterization, and photoaffinity labeling of the dihydropyridine receptor associated with the L-type calcium channel from bovine adrenal medulla. Mol Pharmacol 37: 173–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MB, Bulpitt CJ, Dollery CT (1984) Role of nifedipine in the treatment of resistant hypertension. Am J Med 77 [suppl 2B]: 16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nafziger AN, May JJ, Bertino JB (1987) Inhibition of theophylline elimination by diltiazem therapy. J Clin Pharmacol 27: 862–865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaoka A, Shibota M, Hamajo K (1989 a) Effects of a new dihydropyridine derivative, CV- 4093.2HC1, on renal hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 51: 25–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaoka A, Shibota M (1989b) Natriuretic action of manidipine hydrochloride, a new calcium channel blocker, in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 51: 299–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayler WG (1990) Kalziumantagonisten. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayler WG, Panagiotopoulos S, Sturrock WJ (1987) Effect prolonged treatment with nisoldipine on cholesterol deposition and cardiac noradrenaline reserves: a comparative study. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Ninomiya M, Tani T, Nakajima S, Ueda M (1989) Effects of S-312, a new calcium antagonist, on the mechanical and electrophysiological responses of isolated cardiovascular preparations. Jpn J Pharmacol 51: 227–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niwa T, Tokuma Y, Noguchi H (1987) Plasma protein binding of nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in man and dog. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 55: 75–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura M, Kimura Y, Yoshida M, Satoh S (1989) Antihypertensive effect of a new dihydropyridine calcium entry blocker in conscious hypertensive and normotensive rats. Arzneimittelforschung 39: 1542–1545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie RI (1985) Effect of nifedipine and propranolol on blood flow, venous compliance and blood pressure in essential hypertension. Can Med Ass J 132: 1137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkura T et al. (1986) Antihypertensive effect and safety of nilvadipine in patients with renal parenchymal hypertension. J Clin Ther (Rinsho-Iyaku) 2: 1507–1515

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka M, Ono T, Hiroi J, Esumi K, Kikuchi H, Kurthada S (1983) Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of FR34235, a new dihydropyridine, with other calcium antagonists, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 5: 1074–1082

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka M, Sakai S, Miura S, Kurosaki M, Koibuchi Y, Ono T, Shibayama F (1989a) Effects of nilvadipine, a new calcium entry blocker, on systemic blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and venous distensibility in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 301: 228–245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka M, Yokota M, Kodama I, Yamada K, Shibata S (1989b) New generation dihydropyridine calcium entry blockers: in search of greater selectivity for one tissue subtype. Gen Pharmacol 20: 539–556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oizumi K, Nishino H, Koike H, Sada T, Miyamoto M, Kimura T (1989) Antihypertensive effect of CS-905, a novel dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. Jpn J Pharmacol 51: 57–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivari MT, Bartorelli C, Polese A et al. (1979) Treatment of hypertension with nifedipine, a calcium antagonistic agent. Circulation 59: 1056–1062

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onoda JM, Nelson KK, Pilarski SM, White NS, Mihu RG, Honn KV (1990) Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and nifedipine: synergistic antitumor effects against a cisplatin-resistant subline of the B 16 amelanotic melanoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 8: 59–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmi M, Sgaragli G (1989) Hyperthermia induced in rabbits by organic calcium antagonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34: 325–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan M, Janis RA, Triggle DJ (1983) Comparison of the equilibrium and kinetic binding characteristics of tritiated Ca2+ channel inhibitors, nisoldipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine and nifedipine. Pharmacologist 25:202, abstr. 257

    Google Scholar 

  • Payen D, Lamer C, Raggueneau JL (1989) Calcium inhibitors: effect on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. Agressologie 30: 408–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penny WJ, Lewis MJ (1989) Nifedipine is excreted in human milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36: 427–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perna AF, Smogorzewski M, Massry SG (1989) Effects of verapamil on the abnormalities in fatty acid oxidation of myocardium. Kidney Int 36: 453–457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petho A, Neumann T, Vetterlein F, Schmidt G (1989) Influence of diltiazem on postischemic microcirculation and function in the rat kidney. Microvasc Res 38: 223–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pochet JM, Pirson Y (1986) Cyclosporine-diltiazem interaction. Lancet 11: 460

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahn KH, Mooy J, Böhm R, Vet AVD (1985) Reduction of bioavailability of verapamil by rifampin. N Engl J Med 312: 920–921

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raviv Y, Pollard HB, Bruggemann EP, Pastan I, Gottesman MM (1990) Photosensitized labeling of a functional multitransporter in living drug-resistant tumor cells. J Biol Chem 265: 3975–3980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regärdh CG, Edgar B, Olsson R, Kendall M, Collste P, Shansky CW (1989) Pharmacokinetics of felodipine in patients with liver disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36: 473–479

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehnqvist N, Billing E, Moberg L, Lundman T, Olsson G (1987) Pharmacokinetics of felodipine and effect on digoxin plasma-levels in patients with heart failure. Drugs 34 [suppl 3]: 33–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid JL, Meredith PA, Donnelly R, Elliott HL (1988) Pharmacokinetics of calcium antagonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 7]: S22–S26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick LM, Nicholson JP, Laragh JH (1989) The effects of calcium channel blockade on blood pressure and calcium metabolism. Am J Hypertens 2: 927–930

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson DR, Waller DG, Renwick AG, George CF (1988) Age related changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nifedipine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 25: 297–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rönn O, Bengtsson B, Edgar B, Raner S (1985) Acute haemodynamic effects of felodipine and verapamil in man, singly and with metoprolol. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 16–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosing DR, Epstein SE (1982) Verapamil in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ann Intern Med 96: 670–672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy LF, East DS, Browning FM, Shaw D, Ogilvie RI, Cardella C, Leenen FH (1989) Short-term effects of calcium antagonists on hemodynamics and cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in heart- transplant and kidney-transplant patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 46: 657–667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudin M, Sauter A (1989) Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists reduce the consumption of high-energy phosphates in the rat brain. A study using combined 31P/1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 31P saturation transfer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251: 700–706

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rush WR, Alexander O, Hall DJ, Cairncross L, Dow RJ et al. (1986) The metabolism of nicardipine hydrochloride in healthy male volunteers. Xenobiotica 16: 341–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saida K, van Breemen C (1984) Characteristics of the norepinephrine-sensitive calcium-store in vascular smooth muscle. Blood Vessels 21: 43–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato H, Ikenouchi H, Aoyagi T, Matsui H, Mochizuki T, Momomura S-I, Serizawa T, Iizuka M, Sugimoto T (1990) Acute hemodynamic effects of nilvadipine, a new calcium channel blocker, in patients with congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15: 317–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato M, Nagao T, Yamaguchi I, Najajima H, Kiyomoto A (1971) Pharmacological studies on a new 1,5-benzothiazepine derivate (CDR-401) I. Cardiovascular actions. Arzneimittelforschung 21: 1338–1343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh P et al. (1986) Influence of nilvadipine (FK 235) on serum digoxin concentration in patients with congestive heart failure. Jpn Pharmacol Ther (Yakuri-To-Chyrio) 14: 7387–7394

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherling D, Ahr G, Karl W (1987) Biotransformation of nisoldipine in man. In: Hugenholtz PG, Meyer J (eds) Nisoldipine 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 85–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz A, McKenna E, Vaghy PL (1988) Receptors for calcium antagonists. Am J Cardiol 62: 3G–6G

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz JB (1988) Effects of amlodipine on steady-state digoxin concentrations and renal digoxin clearance. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12: 1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scriabine A, Kazda S (1989) Pharmacological basis for use of calcium antagonists in hypertension. Magnesium 8: 253–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sengelv H, Winther K (1989) Effect of felodipine, a new calcium channel antagonist, on platelet function and fibrinolytic activity at rest and during exercise. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 37: 453–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Shultz PJ, Raij L (1990) Inhibition of human mesangial cell proliferation by calcium channel blockers. Hypertension 15 [suppl 2]: 176–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Silke B, Verma SP, Frais MA, Reynolds G, Jackson N, Taylor SH (1985) Haemodynamic analysis of the effects of nicardipine and metoprolol alone and in combination in coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 6: 930–938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman M, Rose H, Puschett JB (1989) Modifications in proximal tubular function induced by nitrendipine in a rat model of acute ischemic renal failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 14:799–802 Silvestroni L, Menditto A (1989) Calcium uptake in human spermatozoa: characterization and mechanisms. Arch Androl 23: 87–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh BN, Opie LH (1984) Calcium antagonists. In: Opie LH (ed) Drugs for the heart. Grune & Stratton, London, p 39

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh BN, Josephson MA (1990) Clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and hemodynamic effects of nicardipine. Am Heart J 119: P427–P434

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder SH, Reynolds IJ (1985) Calcium-antagonist drugs: receptor interactions that clarify therapeutic effects. N Engl J Med 313: 995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokol PP, Huiatt KR, Holohan PD, Ross CR (1989) Gentamicin and verapamil compete for a common transport mechanism in renal brush border membrane vesicles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251: 937–942

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soons PA, de Boer AG, van Brummelen P, Breimer DD (1989) Oral absorption profile of nitrendipine in healthy subjects: a kinetic and dynamic study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 27: 179–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spence JD (1989) Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications: effects of antihypertensive drugs. J Hum Hypertens 3 [suppl 2]: 63–68

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staneva-Stoytcheva D, Popova J, Mutafova-Yambolieva V, Alov P (1990) Influence of long-term treatment with the calcium-antagonists nifedipine, verapamil, flunarizine and with the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine on beta-adrenenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex. Gen Pharmacol 21: 149–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stjarne L, Msghina M, Stjarne E (1990) K+ and Ca2+-channel blocking agents increase or decrease stimulus evoked but not spontaneous quantal transmitter release in sympathetic nerve terminals. Acta Physiol Scand 138: 235–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoepel K, Heise A, Kazda S (1981) Pharmacological studies on the antihypertensive effect of nitrendipine. Arzneimittelforschung (Drug Res) 31: 2056–2061

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone PH, Antman EM, Müller JE, Braunwald E (1980) Calcium channel blocking agents in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. II. Hemodynamic effects and clinical applications. Ann Intern Med 93: 886–904

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stopher DA, Bereford AP, Macrae PV, Humphrey MJ (1988) The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in humans and animals. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 7]: S55–S59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stressmann J, Leibel B, Vagil Y, Eliakim R, Ben-Ishay D (1985) Nifedipin in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly. J Clin Pharmacol 25: 193

    Google Scholar 

  • Striessing J, Scheffauer F, Mittendorfer J, Schirmer M, Glossmann H (1990) Identification of the benzothiazepine-binding polypeptide of skeletal muscle calcium channels with (+)-cis-azidodiltiazem and antiligand antibodies. J Biol Chem 265: 363–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Swedish Multicentre Study Group (1987) Can standard triple treatment of hypertension be replaced by the combination of felodipine with a beta blocker? J Hypertension 4 [suppl 5]: 446–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift CG (1990) Pharmacodynamics: Changes in homeostatic mechanisms, receptor and target organ sensitivity in the elderly. Br Med Bull 46: 36–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabrizchi R, Pang CG, Walker MJ (1989) Effects of anipamil on cardiovascular status and regional blood flow in anestetized rats. Br J Pharmacol 98: 1185–1190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taburet AM, Singlas E, Colin JN, Banzet O, Thibonnier M, Corvol P (1983) Pharmacokinetic studies of nifedipine tablet. Correlation with antihypertensive effects. Hypertension 5 [suppl II]: 29–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Takabatake T, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura S, Hashimoto N, Satoh S, Yamada Y, Ohta H, Hattori N (1987) Effect of the calcium antagonist nilvadipine on haemodynamics at rest and during cold stimulation in essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 33: 215–219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terada K, Nakao KK, Okabe K, Kitamura K, Kuriyama H (1987) Action of the 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, KW-3049, on the smooth muscle membrane of the rabbit mesenteric artery. Br J Pharmacol 92: 615–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terakawa M, Tokuma Y, Shishido A, Noguchi H (1987) Pharmacokinetics of nilvadipine in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 27: 111–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teti A, Grano M, Colucci S, Argentino L, Barattolo R, Miyauchi A, Teitelbaum SL, Hruska KA, Zambonin Zallone A (1989) Voltage dependent calcium channel expression in isolated osteoclasts. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 65: 1115–1118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thananopavarn C, Golub MS, Eggena P, Barett JD, Sambhi MP (1984) Renal effects of nitrendipine monotherapy in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: 1032–1036

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas J (1990) The effect of nimodipine on picrotoxin-induced seizures. Brain Res Bull 24: 11–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tourkantonis A, Lasaridis A, Settas L (1984) Nitrendipine treatment in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: 1090–1095

    Google Scholar 

  • Towart R (1981) The selective inhibition of serotonin-induced contractions of rabbit cerebral vascular smooth muscle by calcium antagonistic dihydropyridines. An investigation of the mechanism of action of nifedipine. Circulat Res 48: 650–657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Towart R (1982) Effects of nitrendipine (Bay E 5009), nifedipine, verapamil, phentolamine, papaverine and minoxidil on contractions of isolated rabbit aortic smooth muscle. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 4: 895–902

    Google Scholar 

  • Triggle DJ, Janis RA (1984) The 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor; a regulatory component of the calcium channel. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 [suppl 7]: S949–S955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Triggle DJ, Janis RA (1989) Recent development in calcium channel antagonists. Magnesium 8: 213–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Triggle DJ, Rampe D (1989) 1,4-Dihydropyridine activators and antagonists: structural and functional distinctions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10: 507–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimarco B, DeLuca N, Ricciardelli B, Volpe M, Veniero A, Cuocolo A, Cicala M (1984) Diltiazem in the treatment of mild or moderate essential hypertension. Comparison with metoprolol in a crossover double-blind trial. J Clin Pharmacol 24: 218–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tse FLS, Jaffe JM (1987) Pharmacokinetics of PN 200-110 ( Isradipine), a new calcium antagonist, after oral administration in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32: 361–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuch BE, Osgerby KJ, Turtle JR (1990) The role of calcium in insulin release from human fetal pancreas. Cell Calcium 11: 1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urien S, Albengres E, Comte A, Kiechel J-R, Tillement J-P (1985) Plasma-protein binding and erythrocyte partitioning of nicardipine in vitro. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7: 891–898

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bortel L, Boehm R, Mooy J, Schiffers P, Rahn KH (1989) Pharmacokinetics of nitrendipine in terminal renal failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36: 467–471

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Berg E, Dehmer GJ (1988) Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous isradipine. Am J Cardiol 61: 1102–1105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Harten J, Burggraaf K, Danhof M, Van Brummelen P, Breimer DD (1987) Negligible subungual absorption of nifedipine. Lancet 11: 1363–1365

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Harten J, Burggraaf J, Lighthart GJ, van Brummelen P, Breimer DD (1989a) Single- and multiple dose nisoldipine kinetics and effects in the young, the middle aged, and the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 45: 600–607

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Harten J, Burggraaf J, van Brummelen P, Breimer DD (1989b) Influence of renal function on the pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of nisoldipine after single and multiple dosing. Clin Pharmacokinet 16: 55–64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Harten J, van Brummelen P, Lodewijks MT, Danhof M, Breimer DD (1988 a) Pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of nisoldipine and its interaction with cimetidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43: 332–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Harten J, van Brummelen P, Wilson JH, Lodewijks MT, Breimer DD (1988b) Nisoldipine: kinetics and effects on blood pressure and heart rate in patients with liver cirrhosis after intravenous and oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 34: 387–394

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Amsterdam FT, Punt NC, Haas M, Zaagsma J (1990) Stereoisomers of calcium antagonists distinguish a myocardial and vascular mode of protection against cardiac ischemic injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15: 198–204

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Zwieten PA (1989) Vascular effects of calcium antagonists: implications for hypertension and other risk factors for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 64: 1171–1211

    Google Scholar 

  • Vater W, Kroneberg G, Hoffmeister F, Kaller H, Meng K, Oberdorf A, Puis W, Schloßmann K, Stoepel K (1972) Zur Pharmakologie von 4-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2,6-dimethyll,4-dihydropyridin- 3,5 dicarbonsauredimethylester (Nifedipine, Bay a 1040) Arzneimittelforschung 22: 1–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal S, Raynaud B, Weber MJ (1989) The role of calcium channels of the L-type in neurotransmitter plasticity of cultured sympathetic neurons. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 6: 187–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wada Y, Satoh K, Taira N (1985) Separation of the coronary vasodilator from the cardiac effects of PN200-110, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist in the dog heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7: 190–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waner T, Nyska A, Bogin E, Levy R, Galiano A (1990) Drug-induced decrease of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the rat, as a result of treatment with oxodipine, a new calcium channel blocker. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 28: 25–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wathen CG, MacLeod D, Tucker L, Muir AL (1984) Felodipine as an alternative to minoxidil in severe refractory hypertension. Drugs 29 [suppl 2]: 157

    Google Scholar 

  • Wathen CG et al. (1986) Felodipine as replacement for minoxidil in the treatment of severe hypertension. Eur Heart J 7: 893–897

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster J, Robb OJ, Jeffers TA, Scott AK, Petrie JC (1988) Once-daily amlodipine in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12 [suppl 7]: S72–S75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt B (1982) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tiapamil. Cardiology 69 [suppl 1]: 68–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westfall MV, Sayeed MM (1990) Effect of calcium channel agonists and antagonists on skeletal muscle sugar transport. Am J Physiol 258: R462–R468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DM, Cubeddu LX (1988) Amlodipine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 28: 990–994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong MC, Haley EC (1990) Calcium antagonists: stroke therapy coming of age. Stroke 21: 494–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood AJ (1989) Calcium antagonists. Pharmacological differences and similarities. Circulation 80 [suppl]:IV184–IV188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynsen JC, Shimsack TM, Preuss KC, Hartmann HF, Waritter DC (1987) Cardiovascular actions of a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, 8363 S: Comparison with nifedipine and nicardipine in awake, unsedated dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10: 30–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada S, Kimura R, Harada Y, Nakayama K (1990) Calcium channel receptor sites for (+)-3H-PN 200-110 in coronary artery. J Pharmacol Ther 252: 327–332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamura HI, Schoemaker H, Boles RG, Roeske WR (1982) Diltiazem enhancement of 3H- nitrendipine binding to calcium channel-associated drug receptor sites in rat brain synaptosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 108: 604

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokota M, Koide M, Miyahara T, Kamihara A, Tsunekawa S, Noda S, Sotobata I (1987) Effects of a new second generation calcium channel blocker, nilvadipine (FR 34235), on exercise-induced hemodynamic changes in stable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 10: 830–836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama K, Yagasaki O (1990) Effects of Calcium blockers on the various types of stimuliinduced acetylcholine release from guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. Jpn J Pharmacol 52: 109–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariah PK, Sheps SG, Oshrain C, Schirger A, Stein WJ (1987) Antihypertensive efficacy of sustained-release verapamil. J Clin Hypertens 3: 536–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zernig G (1990) Widening potential for calcium antagonists: non-L-type Ca2+-channel interaction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11: 38–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. E. Fritschka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Claus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Th. Philipp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin der Universität Köln, Klinikum Köln-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Straße 200, D-5000, Köln 91, Germany

    Gerd Bönner

  2. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-4300, Essen 1, Germany

    Emanuel Fritschka

  3. Abt. für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-4300, Essen 1, Germany

    Emanuel Fritschka

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fritschka, E., Claus, M., Philipp, T. (1991). Pharmakologie und antihypertensive Wirksamkeit der Kalziumantagonisten. In: Bönner, G., Fritschka, E. (eds) Kalziumantagonisten in Klinik und Praxis. Aktuelle Therapieprinzipien in Kardiologie und Angiologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75411-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75411-1_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-52133-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75411-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation