Radiography

Abstract

The radiographic examination follows the physical examination in selected cases where additional diagnostic information is needed to supplement previous findings. The most commonly used technique are:

• 1. Standard projections: radiographs taken in the anteroposterior (sagittal) and lateral (frontal) projections

• 2. Special projections: views outside the standard projections, such as views with tube angulation, functional radiographs (terminal position), and stress radiographs

• 3. Contrast films to demonstrate cavities and nonradiopaque structures: discograms, arthrograms, myelograms, arteriograms, intraosseous venograms

• 4. Body-section radiographs (tomograms, CT scans) to establish the precise location and extent of a pathologic process

• 5. Stereoradio graphs for localizing intraarticular loose bodies or foreign bodies