Abstract
The regulation of energy expenditure (Fig. 1) has been intensively investigated for many decades (for a review compare [1–4]). Traditional components of the metabolic rate are the resting metabolic rate (RMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and the thermic effect of exercise (TEE). These components differently contribute to total daily energy expenditure (EE). In an individual with a relatively sedentary lifestyle about 70%–75% of EE is due to RMR, 10% to DIT and 10%–20% is used in physical activities. From a regulatory point of view RMR, DIT and TEE are considered separatable entities. Body cell mass, a familial trait, nutritional status and thyroid state are considered to be the major determinants of RMR. The importance of sympathetic nervous activity, different neuropeptides and corticosteroids in regulating RMR is not well defined in humans. DIT varies and is therefore responsive to food intake, the amount of calories supplied, the calorie mix of the diet, substrate transport and metabolism. Substrate processing and storage are affected by several hormones such as insulin. In addition to nutritional and hormonal factors several drugs and acute cold exposure increase DIT. TEE depends on the type and amount of physical work and can also be influenced by drugs like nicotine and proximity to meals.
Original work presented here was supported by B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, FRG.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Sims EAH (1986) Energy balance of human beings: the problems of plenitude. Vitam Horm 43:1–101
Jequier E (1986) The influence of nutrient administration on energy expenditure in man. Clin Nutr 5:181–186
Garrow JS (1987) Energy balance in man — an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 45:1114–1119
Kinney JM (1988) Energy metabolism: heat, fuel and life. In: Kinney JM, Jeejeebhoy KN, Hill GL, Owen OE (eds) Nutrition and metabolism in patient care. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 3–34
Owen OE (1988) Regulation of energy and metabolism. In: Kinney JM, Jeejeebhoy KN, Hill GL, Owen OE (eds) Nutrition and metabolism in patient care. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 35–59
LeBlanc J (1988) Nervous and endocrine control of meal thermogenesis. In: Bray GA, LeBlanc J, Inoue S, Suzuki M (eds) Diet and obesity. Japanese Scientific Society Press, Karger, Basel, Switzerland, pp 61–70
Rothwell NJ, Stock M (1978) A paradox in the control of energy intake in the rat. Nature 273:146–147
LeBlanc J, Brondel L (1985) Role of palatability on meal-induced thermogenesis in human subjects. Am J Physiol 248:E333–E336
Nair KS, Halliday D, Garrow JS (1983) Thermic response to isoenergetic protein, carbohydrate or fat meals in lean and obese subjects. Clin Sci 65:307–312
Müller MJ, Acheson KJ, Jequier E, Burger AG (1988) Effect of thyroid hormones on oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol 255:E146–E152
Müller MJ, Burger AG, Ferranninni E, Jequier E, Acheson KJ (1989) Glucoregulatory function of thyroid hormones: role of pancreatic hormones. Am J Physiol 256:E101–E110
Christin L, Nacht C-A, Vernet O, Ravussin E, Jequier E, Acheson KJ (1986) Insulin — its role in the thermic effect of glucose. J Clin Invest 77:1747–1755
Acheson KJ, Ravussin E, Wahren J, Jequier E (1984) Thermic effect of glucose in man: obligatory and facultative thermogenesis. J Clin Invest 74:1572–1580
Müller MJ, von zur Mühlen A, Lautz HU, Schmidt FW, Daiber M, Hürter P (1989) Energy expenditure in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: evidence for increased thermogenesis. Br Med J 299:487–491
Müller MJ, Lautz HU, Canzler H, Schmidt FW (1989) Hormonelle und metabolische Faktoren in der Regulation des Energieverbrauchs bei Leberzirrhose. In: Wolfram G, Eckart J, Adolph M (eds) Künstliche Ernährung. Beitr Infusionstherapie, Vol 25. Karger, Basel, pp 350–358
Flatt JP (1987) Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance: effects of exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 45:296–306
Lieber CS (1988) Biochemical and molecular basis of alcohol-induced injury to liver and other tissues. N Engl J Med 319:1639–1650
Owen OE, Trapp VE, Reichard GA Jr, Mozzoli MA, Moctezuma J, Paul P, Skutches CL, Boden G (1983) Nature and quantity of fuels consumed in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 72:1821–1832
Shelmet JJ, Reichard GA Jr, Skutches CL, Hoeldtke RD, Owen OE, Boden G (1988) Ethanol causes acute inhibition of carbohydrate, fat and protein oxidation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 81:1137–1145
Randin JP, Tappy L, Scazziga B, Jequier E, Felber JP (1986) Insulin sensitivity and exogenous insulin clearance in Grave’s disease. Diabetes 35:178–181
Gelfand RA, Hutenska-Williams KA, Bonde AA, Castellino P, Sherwin RS (1987) Catabolic effects of thyroid hormone excess: the contribution of adrenergic activity to hypermetabolism and protein breakdown. Metabolism 36:562–569
Acheson K, Jequier E, Burger A, Danforth E Jr (1984) Thyroid hormones and thermogenesis: the metabolic cost of food and exercise. Metabolism 33:262–265
Kollind M, Adamson U, Lins PE, Hamberger B (1988) Transient insulin resistance following infusion of adrenaline in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 31:603–606
Müller MJ, von Schütz B, Huhnt HJ, Zick R, Mitzkat HJ, von zur Mühlen A (1986) Glucoregulatory function of thyroid hormones: interaction with insulin depends omn the prevailing glucose concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:62–71
Bilezikian JP, Loeb JN (1983) The influence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on a- and β-adrenergic receptor systems and adrenergic responsiveness. Endocr Rev 4:378–388
Liggett SB, Shah SD, Cryer PE (1989) Increased fat and skeletcal muscle ß-adrenergic receptors but unaltered metabolic and hemodynamic sensitivity to epinephrine in vivo in experimental thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Invest 83:803–809
Piolino V, Acheson KT, Müller MJ et al (1989) Thermogenic effect of thyroid hormones: Interactions with epinephrine and insulin (submitted for publication)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Müller, M.J. (1990). Hormonal and Metabolic Determinants of Energy Expenditure in Humans. In: Müller, M.J., Danforth, E., Burger, A.G., Siedentopp, U. (eds) Hormones and Nutrition in Obesity and Cachexia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75037-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75037-3_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51637-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75037-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive