Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hair Dye Toxicology

  • Chapter
Hair and Hair Diseases

  • 412 Accesses

Abstract

In 1975, when some hair dye ingredients were reported to be mutagenic for bacteria in bioassays (Ames et al. 1975), concerns were raised that some of these chemicals may interact with DNA, causing mutations or cancer. Hair dye ingredients penetrate the scalp under use conditions. At present, it is not clear how significant a risk this poses to users of hair dye. Because of the large population exposed to these chemicals, this issue merits continued study. We review here information about local and systemic effects related to hair dye usage obtained from animal and human experiments and from experience with human exposure. We attempt to place hair dye toxicology in perspective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ad Hoc Committee on the evaluation of low levels of environmental chemical carcinogens (1970) Evaluation of environmental carcinogens, report to Surgeon General. Bethesda, MD. US Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 22 April 1970

    Google Scholar 

  • Albano G, Carere A, Crebelli R, Zito R (1982) Mutagenicity of commercial hair dyes in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Food Chem Toxicol 20:171–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson M (1980) Cancer mortality in male hairdressers. J Epidemiol Community Health 34:182–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander P (1967) New trends in hair dyes. Am Perfumer Cosmetics 82:31–40

    Google Scholar 

  • AM A (1979) Understanding hair color. American Medical Association, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Ames BN, Kämmen HO, Yamasaki E (1975) Hair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a varietyof mutagenic ingredients. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 72:2423–2427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ames BN (1979) Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer. Science 204:587–593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ammenheuser MM, Warren ME (1979) Detection of mutagens in the urine of rats following topical application of hair dyes. Mutat Res 66:241–245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony HM, Thomas GM (1970) Tumors of the urinary bladder: an analysis of the occupations of 1030 patients in Leeds, England. J Natl Cancer Inst 45:879–895

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict WF (1976) Morphological transformation and chromosome aberrations produced by two hair dye components. Nature 260:368–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict WF, Rucker N, Faust J, Kouri RE (1975) Malignant transformation of mouse cells by cigarette smoke condensate. Cancer Res 35:857–860

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blijleven WGH (1977) Mutagenicity of hair dyes in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 48:181–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blijleven WGH (1981) Re-evaluation of the mutagenic effects of hair dye p-paraphenylenedi- amine (base) in the sex-linked recessive lethal test in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 90:137–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blijleven WGH (1982) Mutagenicity of 2-(2’,4’-diaminophenoxy)ethanol in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 102:347–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges BA, Green MHL (1976) Carcinogenicity of hair dyes by skin painting in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 2:251–252 (letter)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown K, Mayer A, Murphy B, Schultz T, Wolfram L (1989) Hair coloring by melanin percursors: a novel system for importing durable yet reversible color effects. J Soc Cosmetic 40:65–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brusick DJ, Jagannath DR, Matheson D (1982) The activity of 2-(2’4’-diaminophenoxy)ethanol in 3 genetic toxicity bioassays. Mutat Res 102:361–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett CM, Corbett JF (1977) The chemistry and toxicology of hair dyes. In: Drill VA, Lazar P (eds) Cutaneous toxicity. Academic, New York, pp 203–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett C, Golden thai EI, Harris SB et al. (1976) Teratology and percutaneous toxicity studies on hair dyes. J Toxicol Environ Health 1:1027–1040

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett C, Loehr R, Corbett J (1977 a) Dominant lethal mutagenicity study on hair dyes. J Toxicol Environ Health 2:657–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett CM, Loehr RF, Corbett JF (1977 b) Dominant lethal mutagenicity study on hair dyes. Abstract Cc-4. In: 8th annual meeting Environmental Mutagen Society Program and Abstracts. Colorado Springs, February 13–17 Bethesda, MD. 1977 Environmental Mutagen Society, p 75

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett CM, Fuchs CM, Corbett JF (1979) Mutagenicity studies on urine concentrates from female users of dark hair color products. Drug Chem Toxicol 2:283–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett C, Jacobs MM, Seppala A, Shubik P (1980) Evaluation of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes. J Toxicol Environ Health 6:247–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett C, Loehr R, Corbett J (1981) Heritable translocation study on two hair dye formulations. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1:325–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calnan CD (1967) Hair dye reaction. Contact Dermatitis 1:16

    Google Scholar 

  • Calnan CD, Shusters S (1963) Reactions to ammonium persulfate. Arch Dermatol 88:812–815

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemmesen J (1977) Statistical studies in malignant neoplasms V. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] (Suppl) 261:286

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemmesen J (1981) Epidemiological studies into the possible carcinogenicity of hair dyes. Mutat Res 87:65–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole P, Hoover R, Friedeil GH (1972) Occupation and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Cancer 29:1250–1260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Consumer Reports (1979) Are hair dyes safe? 44:456–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett JF, Menkart J (1973) Hair coloring. Cutis 12:190–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin E (1973) Dermatitis from wife’s dyed hair. Contact Dermatitis 13:363

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin E (1980) Cosmetics. In: Cronin E (ed) Contact dermatitis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 93–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Darroudi F, van Kesteren van Leeuwen AC, Natarajan AT (1982) Test for induction of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells (in vitro) by 2-(2’,4’-diaminophenoxy)ethanol. Mutat Res 102:351–355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson J (1980) Sweet reason on hair dyes. Cosmetic Technol 2:14–15 (Washington Report)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson J (1981) Lead acetate, episode two. Cosmetic Technol 3:16–19 (Washington Report)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham LJ, Rabson AS, Stewart HL, Frank AS, Young JL Jr (1968) Rates, interview, and pathology study of cancer of the urinary bladder in New Orleans, Louisiana. J Natl Cancer Inst 41:683–709

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkel VC, Simmon VF (1980) Mutagenic activity of chemicals previously tested for carcinogenicity in the National Cancer Institute Bioassay Program. In: Montesano R, Bartsch H, Tomatis L (eds) Molecular and cellular aspects of carcinogen screening tests. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, pp 283–302 (IARC Scientific Publications No 27)

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards EK Jr, Edwards EK (1982) Allergic contact dermatitis to lead acetate in a hair dye. Cutis 30:629–630

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards EK Jr, Edwards EK (1984) Contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis caused by paraphenylenediamine. Cutis 34(1):87–88

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein JH (1977) Photocontact allergy in humans. In: Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (eds) Advances in modern toxicology, vol 4. Hemisphere, Washington, pp 413–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein WL, Taylor MK (1979) Experimental sensitization to paraphenylenediamine and para toluenediamine in man. Acta Dermatol Venereol [Suppl 84] 59:55–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estrin NF, Crosley PA, Haynes CR (eds) (1982) CTFA cosmetic ingredient dictionary, 3rd edn. Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Evarts RP, Brown CA (1980) 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate: early effect on the thyroid gland morphology and late effect on gland tissue of Fischer 344 rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 65:197–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evarts RP, Brown CA (1981) 2,4-diaminoanisole-induced thyroid pigmentation in rats inhibited by m-phenylenediamine. Toxicol Lett 8:257–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans HJ, O’Riordan ML (1975) Human peripheral blood lymphocytes for the analysis of chromosome aberrations in mutagen tests. Mutat Res 31:135–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register (1978) Coal tar dyes containing 4-methoxy-w-phenylenediamine sulfate (2,4-diaminoanisole). 43:1101–1106

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register (1979) Cosmetic product warning statements: coal tar hair dyes containing 4-methoxy -m-phenylenediamine (2,4-diaminoanisole) or 4-methoxy-m-phenylenediamine sulfate (2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate). 44:59509–59522

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register (1980) Lead acetate; listing as a color additive in cosmetics that color the hair on the scalp. 45:72112–72118

    Google Scholar 

  • Foussereau J, Reuter G, Petitjean (1980) Is hair dyed with PPD-like dyes allergenic? Contact Dermatitis 6:143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fregert S, Hjorth N, Magnusson B et al. (1969) Epidemiology of contact dermatitis. Trans St. John’s Hospital Dermatol Soc 55:17–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel J, Selvin S, Brown SM (1977) Possible increased risk of lung cancer among beauticians. J Natl Cancer Inst 58:141–143 (Brief Communication)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giles AL Jr, Chung CW, Kommineni C (1976) Dermal carcinogenicity study by mouse-skin painting with 2,4-toluenediamine alone or in representative hair dye formulations. J Toxicol Environ Health 1:433–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glinsukon T, Benjamin T, Grantham PH, Weisburger EK, Roller PP (1975) Enzymic N-acetylation of 2,4-toluenediamine by liver cytosols from various species. Xenobiotica 5:475–483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grantham PH, Mohan L, Benjamin T, Roller PP, Miller JR, Weisburger EK (1980) Comparison of the metabolism of 2,4-toluenediamine in rats and mice. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 3:149–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond EC (1977) Some negative findings (polio, smallpox, tetanus, and diphtheria-vaccines; beauticians) and evaluation of risks. Presented at the American Cancer Society’s Nineteenth Science Writers’ Seminar, Sarasota, 1–6 April. American Cancer Society News Service, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartage P, Hoover R, Altman R et al. (1982) Use of hair dyes and risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Res 42:4784–4787

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastwell RM, McGregor DB (1982) Lack of genotoxic activity of 2-(2’,4’-diaminophenoxy)ethanol in Escherichia coli strains WP2, WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA/recA. Mutat Res 102:309–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennekens CH, Rosner B, Belanger C, Speizer FE, Bain CJ, Peto R (1979) Use of permanent hair dyes and cancer among registered nurses. Lancet 1:1390–1293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hindson C (1975) O-nitro-paraphenylenediamine in hair dye — an unusual dental hazard. Contact Dermatitis 1:333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer H, Bornatowicz N, Reindl E (1983) Analysis of human chromosomes after repeated dyeing. Food Chem Toxicol 21:785–789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman CD, Armstrong BK (1983) Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle melanoma associated with non-permanent hair dyes. Br J Cancer 48:599–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossack DJN, Richardson JC (1977) Examination of the potential mutagenicity of hair dye constituents using the micronucleus test. Experientia 33:377–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe GR, Chambers L, Gordon P, Morrison B, Miller AB (1977) An epidemiological study of bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol 106:239 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe GR, Burch JD, Miller AB et al. (1980) Tobacco use, occupation, coffee, various nutrients, and bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:701–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iannou YM, Matthews HB (1985) p-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride: comparative disposition in male and female rats and mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 16:299–313

    Google Scholar 

  • IARC Working Group (1978) IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Some aromatic amines and related nitro compounds — hair dyes, colouring agents and miscellaneous industrial chemicals. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 16

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito N, Hiasa Y, Konishi Y, Marugami M (1969) The development of carcinoma in liver of rats treated with m-toluylenediamine and the synergistic and antagonistic effects with other chemicals. Cancer Res 29:1137–1145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs MM, Burnett CM, Penicnak AJ et al. (1984) Evaluation of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes in Swiss mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 7:573–586

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain M, Morgan RW, Elinson L (1977) Hair dyes and bladder cancer. Can Med Assoc J 117:1131–1133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James J, Calnan CD (1959) Dermatitis of the hands in ladies hairdressers. Trans St John’s Hospital Dermatol Soc 42:19–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalopissis G (1986) Toxicology and hair dyes. In: Zivak C (ed) The science of hair care. Dekker, New York, pp 287–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiese M, Rauscher E (1968) The absorption of /?-toluenediamine through human skin in hair dyeing. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 13:325–331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinkel HF, Holzmann S (1973) Study of long-term percutaneous toxicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes (oxidizing dyes) in rats. Food Cosmetic Toxicol 11:641–648

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinlen LJ, Harris R, Garrod A, Rodriguez K (1977) Use of hair dyes by patients with breast cancer: a case-control study. Br Med J 2:366–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkland DJ, Venitt S (1976) Cytotoxicity of hair colourant constituents: chromosome damage induced by two nitrophenylenediamines in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Mutat Res 40:47–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkland DJ, Lawler SD, Venitt S (1978) Chromosomal damage and hair dyes. Lancet 2:124–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkland DJ, Honeycombe JR, Lawler SD, Venitt S, Crofton-Sleigh C (1981) Sister chromatid exchanges before and after hair dyeing. Mutat Res 90:279–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman AM (1966) The identification of contact allergens by human assay, III. The Maximization test: a procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers. J Invest Dermatol 47:393–409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kvelland I (1984) An investigation of the mutagenic activity of four hair dyes in bacteriophage T4D. Hereditas 100:295–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kvelland I (1985) Mutagenicity of five hair dyes in bacteriophage T4D. Hereditas 102:151–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancet (1975) Hair dyes and cancer (editorial). 2:218

    Google Scholar 

  • Loprieno N, Barale R, Mariani L, Zaccaro L (1982) Mutagenic studies on the hair dye 2-(2’,4’diaminophenoxy)ethanol with different genetic systems. Mutat Res 102:331–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maibach HI, Marzulli FN (1977) Phototoxicity (photoirritation) of topical and systemic agents. In: Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (eds) Advances in modern toxicology, vol 4. Dermatotoxicology and pharmacology. Hemisphere, Washington, pp 211–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Maibach HI, Wolfram LJ (1981) Percutaneous penetration of hair dyes. J Soc Cosmetic Chemists 32:223–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maibach HI, Leaffer MA, Skinner WA (1975) Percutaneous penetration following use hair dyes. Arch Dermatol 111:1444–1445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maibach HI, Leaffer MA, Skinner WA (1977) Reply to letter to editor. Arch Dermatol 113:1610

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall S, Palmer WS (1973) Dark urine after hair coloring. Am Med Assoc 226:1010 (letter)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (1974) The use of graded concentrations in studying skin sensitizers: experimental contact sensitization in man. Food Cosmetic Toxicol 12:219–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (1975) The rabbit as a model for evaluating skin irritants: a comparison of results obtained on animals and man using repeated skin exposures. Food Cosmetic Toxicol 13:533–540

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzulli FN, Green S, Maibach HI (1978 a) Hair dye toxicity — a review. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 1:509–530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzulli FN, Watlington PM, Maibach HI (1978 b) Exploratory skin penetration findings relating to the use of lead acetate hair dyes: hair as a test tissue for monitoring uptake of systemic lead. Curr Probl Dermatol 7:196–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzulli FN, Anjo DM, Maibach HI (1981) In vivo penetration studies of 2,4-toluenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, p -dioxane and N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetics. Food Cosmetic Toxicol 19:743–747

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matheson D, Creasy B (1976) Use of the L5178(TK+/-) mouse lymphoma cell line coupled with an in vitro microsomal enzyme activation system to study chemical promutagens. Abstract Be-4 in 7th annual meeting environmental mutagen society program and abstracts, Atlanta, 12–15 March. Environmental Mutagen Society, Bethesda

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann J, Choi E, Yamasaki E, Ames BN (1975) Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonellalmicvosome test: assay of 300 chemicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:5135–5139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menck HR, Pike MC, Henderson BE, Jing JS (1977) Lung cancer risk amoung beauticians and other female workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 59:1423–1425

    Google Scholar 

  • Menkart J (1975) Excess bladder cancer in beauticians? Science 190:96–98 (letter)

    Google Scholar 

  • Meselson M, Russell K (1977) Comparisons of carcinogenic and mutagenic potency. In: Hiatt H, Watson JD, Winston JA (eds) Origins of human cancer: book C: human risk assessment. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp 1473–1481

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller J A (1970) Carcinogenesis by chemicals: an overview — G.H.A. Clowes memorial lecture. Cancer Res 30:559–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JC (1972) Allergic contact dermatitis from paraphenylenediamine presenting as nummular eczema. Contact Dermatitis 11:270

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohn G, Bouter S, de Knijff P (1982) Mutagenic activity of 2-(2’,4’-diaminophenoxy)ethanol in strains TA1538 and TA98 ofSalmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 102:313–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nasca PC, Lawrence CE, Greenwald P, Chorost S et al. (1980) Relationship of hair dye use, benign breast disease, and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:23–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978a) Bioassay of 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 84) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 78–1334]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978 b) Bioassay of 2,5-toluenediamine sulfate for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 126) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 78–1381]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978 c) Bioassay of 4-chloro-ra-phenylenediamine for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 85) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 78–1335]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978d) Bioassay of o-anisidine hydrochloride for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 89) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 78–1339]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978e) Bioassay of 4-amino-2-nitrophenol for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 94) [DHEW Publications No (NIH) 78–1344]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978f) 13-week subchronic toxicity studies of direct blue 6, direct black 38, and direct brown 95 dyes. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 108) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 78–1358]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978g) Bioassay of N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 82) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 78–1332]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1978h) Bioassay of 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine sulfate for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 1130) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 78–1368]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1979a) Bioassay of p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 174) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 79–1730]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1979b) Bioassay of 2-nitro-p -phenylenediamine for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 169) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 79–1725]

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (1979c) Bioassay of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine for possible carcinogenicity. Bethesda, MD. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (Carcinogenesis, Technical Report Series No 180) [DHEW Publication No (NIH) 79–1736]

    Google Scholar 

  • Neutel CI, Nair RC, Last JM (1978) Are hair dyes associated with bladder cancer? Can Med Assoc J 119:307–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • North American Contact Dermatitis Group (1973) Epidemiology of contact dermatitis in North America: 1972. Arch Dermatol 108:537–540

    Google Scholar 

  • North American Contact Dermatitis Group (1985) A five year study of cosmetic reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 13:1062–1069

    Google Scholar 

  • Odom RB, Maibach HI (1977) Contact urticaria: a different contact dermatitis. In: Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (eds) Advances in modern toxicology, vol 4. Dermatotoxicology and pharmacology. Hemisphere, Washington, pp 441–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer KA, Denunzio A, Green S (1977) The mutagenic assay of some hair dye components, using the thymidine kinase locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 1:87–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasricha JS, Gupta R, Panjwani S (1980) Contact dermatitis to henna (Lawsonia). Contact Dermatitis 6:288–289

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry PE, Searle CE (1977) Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells by the hair dye constituents 2-nitrop -phenylenediamine and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. Mutat Res 56:207–210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peter JB (1975) Pigmenturia from “Loving Care” hair dye. N Engl J Med 293:458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips L, Steinberg M, Maibach HI, Akers WA (1972) A comparison of rabbit and human skin response to certain irritants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 21:369–382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prival MJ, Mitchell VD, Gomez YP (1980) Mutagenicity of a new hair dye ingredient: 4-ethoxy-w-phenylenediamine. Science 207:907–908

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Registrar General (1971) The registrar general’s decennial supplement, England and Wales, 1961, Occupational mortality tables. HMSO, London Reiss F, Fisher AA (1974) Is hair dyed with para-phenylenediamine allergenic? Arch Dermatol 109:221–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson JC, Richold M (1982) An evaluation of the mutagenic potential of 2-(2’,4’-diaminophenoxy)-ethanol using the micronucleus test. Mutat Res 102:357–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryser H (1971) Chemical carcinogenesis. N Engl J Med 285:721–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Searle CE, Harnden DG, Venitt S, Gyde OHB (1975a) Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity tests of some hair colourants and constituents. Nature 255:506–507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Searle CE, Harnden DG, Venitt S, Gyde OHB (1975b) Mutagenicity tests of hair dyes. Lancet 11:226 (letter)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Serres FJ (1976) Mutagenicity of commercially available hair dyes. What significance for humans? J Toxicol Environ Health 1:539–541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer N, Shafer RW (1976) Potential of carcinogenic effects of hair dyes. NY State J Med 394–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahin MM, Bugaut A, Kalopissis G (1982) Mutagenic evaluation of the hair-dye component 2,4-diaminophenoxyethanol in Salmonella typhimurium/microsome plate test and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains D4 and XV18514C. Mutat Res 102:319–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheu C-JW, Green S (1979) Dominant lethal assay of some hair-dye components in random-bred male rats. Mutat Res 68:85–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shore RE, Pasternack BS, Thiessen EU, Shadow M et al. (1979) A case-control study of hair dye use and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 62:277–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobels FH (1982) Chemical modification toward loss of mutagenic activity as an alternative to problems involved in risk assessment. Mutat Res 102:305–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli JJ, Gallagher RP, Band PR, Threlfall WJ (1984) Multiple myeloma, leukemia and cancer of the ovary in cosmetologists and hairdressers. Am J Ind Med 6:97–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamberg J, Werczberger R, Koltin Y (1979) Non-mutagenicity of the hair dye, henna, in the Ames test. Mutat Res 62:383–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stavraky KM, Clarke EA, Donner A (1979) Case-control study of hair dye use by patient with breast cancer and endometrial cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 63:941–945

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stavraky KM, Clarke EA, Donner A (1981) A case-control study of hair-dye use and cancers of various sites. Br J Cancer 43:236–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker HH (1971) The coloring of human hair with semipermanent dyes. J Soc Cosmetic Chemists 22:379–398

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turanitz K, Kovac R, Tuschl H, Pavlicek N (1983) Investigations on the effect of repeated hair dyeing on sister chromatid exchanges. Food Chem Toxicol 21:791–793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umeda M (1955) Production of rat sarcoma by injections of propylene glycol solution of m- toluylenediamine. Gann 46:597–604

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Duuren BL (1980) Carcinogenicity of hair dye components. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 3:237–251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venitt S, Searle CE (1976) Mutagenicity and possible carcinogenicity of hair colourants and constituents. In: Rosenfeld C, Davis W (eds) Environmental pollution and carcinogenic risks. IARC Sci Publ 13:263–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Venitt S, Kirkland DJ, Bushell CT (1976) Mutagenic effects of hair colourants on bacteria and mammalian cells. Mutat Res 38:116

    Google Scholar 

  • Venitt S, Crofton-Sleigh C, Osborne MR (1984) The hair-dye reagent 2-(2’,4’-diaminoophenoxy)ethanol is mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 135:31–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Krogh G, Maibach H (1981) The contact urticaria syndrome — an updated review. J Am Acad Dermatol 5:328–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldron HA (1979) Lead poisoning form cosmetics. Lancet 11:1070–1071 (letter)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall FE (1972) Bleaches, hair colorings, and dye removers. In: Balsam MS; Sagarin E (eds) Cosmetics: science and technology, 2nd ed, vol 2. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp 279–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward JM, Stinson SF, Hardisty JF, Cockrell BY et al. (1979) Neoplasms and pigmentation of thyroid glands in F344 rats exposed to 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate, a hair dye component. J Natl Cancer Inst 62:1067–1070

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warin AP (1976) Contact dermatitis to partner’s hair dye. Clin Exp Dermatol 1:283–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburger EK, Russfield AB, Homburger F et al. (1978) Testing of twenty-one environmental aromatic amines or derivatives for long-term toxicity or carcinogenicity. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 2:325–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wernick T, Lanman BM, Fraux JL (1975) Chronic toxicity, teratologic, and reproduction studies with hair dyes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 32:450–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson R (1985) Risks posed by various components of hair dyes. Arch Dermatol Res 278:165–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfram L, Maibach HI (1985) Percutaneous penetration of hair dyes. Arch Dermatol Res 277:235–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1974) Assessment of the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chemicals. Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organization, Geneva, Technical Report Series 546

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynder EL, Goodman M (1983) Epidemiology of breast cancer and hair dyes. J Natl Cancer Inst 71:481–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynder EL, Onderdonk J, Mantel N (1963) An epidemiological investigation of cancer of the bladder. Cancer 16:1388–1407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. P. G. Engasser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. I. Maibach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, The Free University of Berlin, Berlin, FR Germany

    Constantin E. Orfanos

  2. Department of Dermatology, University of Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Rudolf Happle

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Engasser, P.G., Maibach, H.I. (1990). Hair Dye Toxicology. In: Orfanos, C.E., Happle, R. (eds) Hair and Hair Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_37

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74614-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74612-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation