Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Hair and Hair Diseases pp 325–362Cite as

Genetic Defects Involving the Hair

  • Chapter

Abstract

Many human genetic defects involve hair growth. How can they be categorized? In the past, the various phenotypes have been tentatively classified according to their morphology and to associated cutaneous or extracutaneous anomalies. For obvious reasons, however, a purely morphological classification is unsatisfactory, and a classification according to the underlying gene mutation remains the ultimate goal. In this chapter an attempt is made to categorize genetic hair disorders according to their mode of inheritance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Baraitser M, Carter CO, Brett EM (1983) A new alopecia/mental retardation syndrome. J Med Genet 20:64–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basan M (1965) Ektodermale Dysplasie, fehlendes Papillarmuster, Nagelveränderungen und Vierfingerfurche. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 222:546–557

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baughman FA (1971) CHANDS: the curly hair-ankyloblepharon-nail dysplasia syndrome. Birth Defects 7/8:100–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley-Phillips B, Grace HJ (1979) Hereditary hypotrichosis A previously undescribed syndrome. Br J Dermatol 101:331–339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beighton P (1970) Congenital hypertrichosis lanuginosa. Arch Dermatol 101:669–672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beutler E, Yeh M, Fairbanks VF (1962) The normal human female as a mosaic of X-chromosome activity: studies using the gene for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency as a marker. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48:9–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birke G (1954) Über Atrichia congenita und ihren Erbgang. Arch Dermatol Syph 197:322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchet-Bardon C (1987) BIDS syndrome: prenatal diagnosis. 2nd congress of the European Society for Pediatric Dermatology, Bari, 2–4 Oct 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaschko A (1901) Die Nervenverteilung in der Haut in ihrer Beziehung zu den Erkrankungen der Haut. Beilage zu den Verhandlungen der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, VII. Congress zu Breslau, Mai 1901. Braumüller, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonafé JL, Larrègue M, Nougué J, Lamon P (1979) Association “dysplasie ectodermique-division palatine-cheveux-chiendent„ Sa place dans les syndromes dysmorphiques à type de „D.E.F." (dysplasie ectodermique, fente labiale et/ou palatine). Ann Dermatol Venereol 106:989–993

    Google Scholar 

  • Burket JM, Burket BJ, Burket DA (1984) Eyelid cysts, hypodontia, and hypotrichosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 10:922–925

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantú JM, Arias J, Foncerrada M et al. (1975) Syndrome of onychotricho-dysplasia with chronic neutropenia in an infant from consanguineous parents. Birth Defects 11/2:63–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantú JM, Sánchez-Corona J, González-Mendoza A et al. (1980) Autosomal recessive inheritance of atrichia congenita. Clin Genet 17:209–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carney RG (1976) Incontinentia pigmenti. A world statistical analysis. Arch Dermatol 112:535–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach BM, Wolfe HG, Lyon MF (1972) A comparative study of the coats of chimaeric mice and those of heterozygotes for X-linked genes. Genet Res 19:213–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cirillo Silengo M, Davi GF, Bianco R et al. (1982) Distinctive hair changes (pili torti) in Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia syndrome. Clin Genet 21:297–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke A, Phillips DIM, Brown R, Harper PS (1987) Clinical aspects of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Arch Dis Child 62:989–998

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin GS, Siris E (1970) Mental retardation with absent fifth fingernail and terminal phalanx. Am J Dis Child 119:433–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coupe RL, Lowry RB (1970) Abnormality of the hair in cartilage-hair hypoplasia. Dermatologica 141:329–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crovato F, Rebora A (1985) PIBI(D)S syndrome: a new entity with defect of the deoxyribonucleic acid excision repair system. J Am Acad Dermatol 13:683–685

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damsté TJ, Prakken JR (1954) Atrichia with papular lesions: a variant of congenital ectodermal dysplasia. Dermatologica 108:114–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delleman JW, Oorthuys JWE, Bleeker-Wagemakers EM et al. (1984) Orbital cyst in addition to congenital cerebral and focal dermal malformations: a new entity. Clin Genet 25:470–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deol MS, Whitten WK (1972) X-chromosome inactivation: does it occur at the same time in all cells of the embryo? Nature [New Biol] 240:277–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupré A, Bonafé JL, Carrière JP (1979) The hair in acrodermatitis enteropathica — a disease indicator? Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 59:59–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis J, Dawber RPR (1980) Ectodermal dysplasia syndrome: a family study. Clin Exp Dermatol 5:295–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falls HF, Schull WJ (1960) Hallermann-Streiff syndrome A dyscephaly with congenital cataracts and hypotrichosis. Arch Ophthalmol 63:409–420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felgenhauer RW (1969) Hypertrichosis lanuginosa universalis. J Genet Hum 17:1–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felgenhauer RW, Farquet M, Ferrier PE (1972) Syndrome oro-facio-digital de Papillon-Léage et Psaume (syndrome OFD). Arch Genet 45:65–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freire Maia N, Pinheiro M (1984) Ectodermal dysplasias: a clinical and genetic study. Liss, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Frieder IJ (1986) Aplasia cutis congenita: a clinical review and proposal for classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 14:646–660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartier SM, Gandini E, Angioni G, Argiolas N (1969) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mosaicism: utilization as a tracer in the study of the development of hair root cells. Ann Hum Genet 33:171–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartier SM, Gandini E, Hutchison HT, Campbell B, Zechi G (1971) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mosaicism: utilization in the study of hair follicle variegation. Ann Hum Genet 35:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giansanti JS, Long SM, Rankin JL (1974) The “tooth and nail” type of autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 37:576–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giedion A, Burdea M, Fruchter Z, Meloni T, Trosc V (1973) Autosomal dominant transmission of the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome. Report of 4 unrelated families, review of 60 cases. Helv Paediatr Acta 28:249–259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goltz RW, Henderson RR, Hitch JM, Ott JE (1970) Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome A review of the literature and report of two cases. Arch Dermatol 101:1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto M, Tanimoto K, Koriuchi Y, Sasazuki T (1981) Family analysis of Werner’s syndrome: a survey of 42 Japanese families with a review of the literature. Clin Genet 19:8–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm T, Wienker TF, Ropers HH (1976) Fabry’s disease: heterozygote detection by hair root analysis. Hum Genet 32:329–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grob JJ, Laure M, Berge G et al. (1988) Les signes cutanés du syndrome de Noonan A propos d’une observation avec ulérythème ophryogène, kératose pilaire et sudorale disséminée et alopécie progressive. Ann Dermatol Venereol 115:303–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall EH, Terezhalmy GT (1983) Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 9:443–451

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handa F (1965) Congenital porphyria. Arch Dermatol 91:130–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R (1979) X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata. Review of literature and report of a case. Hum Genet 53:65–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R (1985) Lyonization and the lines of Blaschko. Hum Genet 70:200–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R (1987) Lethal genes surviving by mosaicism: a possible explanation for sporadic birth defects involving the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 16:899–906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Frosch PJ (1985) Manifestation of the lines of Blaschko in women heterozygous for X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Clin Genet 27:468–471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Rampen FHJ (1987) Multiple eyelid hidrocystoma syndrome: a new cancer syndrome? In: Wilkinson DS, Mascaró JM, Orfanos CE (eds) Clinical dermatology. World congress of dermatology, Berlin (West), May 24–29,1987. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 290–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Koch H, Lenz W (1980) The CHILD syndrome Congenital hemidysplasia with ich-thyosiform erythroderma and limb defects. Eur J Pediatr 134:27–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Fuhrmann-Rieger A, Fuhrmann W (1984a) Wie verlaufen die Blaschko-Linien am behaarten Kopf? Hautarzt 35:366–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Traupe H, Grobe H, Bonsmann G (1984b) The Tay syndrome (congenital ichthyosis with trichothiodystrophy). Eur J Pediatr 141:147–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassing JH, Doeglas HMG (1980) Dystrophia bullosa hereditaria, typus maculatus (Mendes da Costa-van der Valk): a rare genodermatosis. Br J Dermatol 102:474–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hay RJ, Wells RS (1976) The syndrome of ankyloblepharon, ectodermal defects and cleft lip and palate: an autosomal dominant condition. Br J Dermatol 94:277–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández A, Olivares F, Cantú JM (1979) Autosomal recessive onychotrichodysplasia, chronic neutropenia and mild mental retardation. Delineation of the syndrome. Clin Genet 15:147–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn H, Bryant EM, Au K et al. (1975) Variegated translocation mosaicism in human skin fibroblast cultures. Cytogenet Cell Genet 15:282–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson CE, Callies QC, Krull EA, Mehregan A (1975) Hairy cutaneous malformations of palms and soles. Arch Dermatol 111:1146–1149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jester HG (1977) Lymphedema-distichiasis. A rare hereditary syndrome. Hum Genet 39:113–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KL, Smith DW, Harvey MAS, Hall BD, Quan L (1975) Older paternal age and fresh gene mutation: data on additional disorders. J Pediatr 86:84–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanzler MH, Rasmussen JE (1986) Atrichia with papular lesions. Arch Dermatol 122:565–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuokkanen K (1971) Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans in a family from northern Finland. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 51:146–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Küster W, Happle R (1984) The inheritance of common baldness: two B or not two B? J Am Acad Dermatol 11:921–926

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Küster W, Traupe H (1988) Klinik und Genetik angeborener Hautdefekte. Hautarzt 39:553–563

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Küster W, Majewski F, Meinecke P (1985) EEC syndrome without ectrodactyly? Report of 8 cases. Clin Genet 28:130–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langer LO, Krassikoff N, Laxova R et al. (1984) The tricho-rhinophalangeal syndrome with exostoses (or Langer-Giedion syndrome): four additional patients without mental retardation and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 19:81–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larrègue M, Buriot D, Prigent F, Lorette G, Marié M, Degos R (1981) Les cheveux argentés chez l’enfant Symptôme d’appel des maladies leucogranulocytaires et mélanocytaires. Ann Dermatol Venereol 108:329–340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeCoulant P, Texier L, Tamisier JM, Caubet P (1967) Atrophodermie folliculaire, kystes épider-miques et hypotrichose. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 74:502–504

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz W (1961) Zur Genetik der Incontinentia pigmenti. Ann Paediatr 196:149–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein JR, Warson RW, Jorgenson RJ, McKusick VA (1972) The tricho-dento-osseous syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 24:569–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenthal LJA, Prakken JR (1961) Atrichia with papular lesions. Dermatologica 122:85–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig E (1953) Hypotrichosis congenita hereditaria Typ M. Unna. Arch Dermatol Syph 196:261–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundbäck H (1944) Total congenital hereditary alopecia. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 25:189

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon MF (1961) Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature 190:372–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon MF (1962) Sex chromatin and gene action in the mammalian X-chromosome. Am J Hum Genet 14:135–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macias-Flores MA, Garcia-Cruz D, Rivera H et al. (1984) A new form of hypertrichosis inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. Hum Genet 66:66–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKusick VA (1988) Mendelian inheritance in man. Catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked phenotypes, 8th edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinecke P, Engelbrecht R, Schaefer E (1986) Coffin-Siris-Syndrom bei einem 5jährigen Mädchen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 134:692–695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendes da Costa, van der Valk J (1908) Typus maculatus der bullösen hereditären Dystrophie. Arch Dermatol Syph 91:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JC (1979) Das Haar als diagnostisches Hilfsmittel zur Ermittlung von Heterozygoten bei X-chromosomal vererbten Krankheiten. Zentralbl Haut Geschlechtskr 142:231–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Mintz B (1967) Gene control of mammalian pigmentary differentiation. I. Clonal origin of melanocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58:344–351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulin G, Barrut D, Franc MP, Fauchet R (1982) CHILD syndrome. Naevus épidermique et hémidysplasie corporelle hypoplasique homolatérale. Ann Dermatol Venereol 109:793–794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer DB, Marquis P, Shertzer ME, Buron BK (1982) Cockayne syndrome with early onset of manifestations. Am J Med Genet 13:225–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moynahan EJ (1962) Familial congenital alopecia, mental retardation with unusual electroencephalograms. Proc R Soc Med 55:441–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Neild VA, Pegum JS, Wells RS (1984) The association of keratosis pilaris atrophicans and woolly hair, with and without Noonan’s syndrome. Br J Dermatol 110:357–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver GL, MacFarlane DC (1965) Congenital trichomegaly. Arch Ophthalmol 74:169–171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opitz JM (1985) The Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. Am J Med Genet 22:89–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passarge E, Nuzum CT, Schubert WK (1966) Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia as autosomal recessive trait in an inbred kindred. Humangenetik 3:181–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel HP, Unis ME (1985) Pili torti in association with citrullinemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 12:203–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penchaszadeh VB, de Negrotti TC (1976) Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome: dominant inheritance and variable expression. J Med Genet 13:281–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen H (1915) Kongenitale familiäre hereditäre Alopezie auf der Basis eines Hypothyreoidis-mus. Dermatol Z 22:202–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer RA, Verbeck C (1973) Spalthand und Spaltfuß, ektodermale Dysplasie und Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Spalte: ein autosomal-dominant vererbtes Syndrom. Z Kinderheilkd 115:235–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plosila M, Kiistala R, Niemi KM (1981) The Bazex syndrome: follicular atrophoderma with multiple basal cell carcinomas, hypotrichosis and hypohidrosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 6:31–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter PS, Lobitz WC (1970) Human hair: a genetic marker. Br J Dermatol 83:225–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopalan K, Tay CH (1977) Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Arch Dermatol 113:481–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp RS, Hodgkin WE (1968) Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: autosomal dominant inheritance with palate and lip anomalies. J Med Genet 5:269–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rüdiger RA, Haase W, Passarge E (1970) Association of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip-palate. Am J Dis Child 120:160–163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler ML (1973) Dysembryoplasie pilaire circonscrite des paumes: un cas familial. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 80:323–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Schöpf E, Schulz HJ, Passarge E (1971) Syndrome of cystic eyelids, palmo-plantar keratosis, hypodontia and hypotrichosis as a possible autosomal recessive trait. Birth Defects 7/8:219–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwanitz HJ, Echternacht-Happle K, Happle R (1982) Distichiasis-Lymphödem-Syndrom Aktuel Dermatol 8:225–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel J, Colton A (1985) AEC syndrome: ankyloblepharon, ectodermal defects, and cleft lip and palate. J Am Acad Dermatol 12:810–815

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegl B, Hundeiker M (1979) Hypotrichosis congenita hereditaria Autosomal dominante generalisierte. Hypotrichose mit Pili torti Hypotrichosis congenita hereditaria Marie Unna. Fortschr Med 97:2018–2022

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor WB (1957) Rothmund’s syndrome — Thomson’s syndrome. Arch Dermatol 75:236–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Telfer MA, Sugar M, Jaeger EA, Mulcahy J (1971) Dominant piebald trait (white forelock and leukoderma) with neurological impairment. Am J Hum Genet 23:383–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toribio J, Quinones PA (1974) Hereditary hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp. Evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance. Br J Dermatol 92:687–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toriello HV, Lindstrom JA, Waterman DF, Baughman FA (1979) Re-evaluation of CHANDS. J Med Genet 16:316–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traupe H, Happle R (1983) Alopecia ichthyotica. A characteristic feature of congenital ichthyosis. Dermatologica 167:225–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traupe H, Happle R, Grobe H, Bertram HP (1986) Polarization microscopy of hair in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Pediatr Dermatol 3:300–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trevas Maciel A (1988) Evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance of progeria (Hutchinson Gilford). Am J Med Genet 31:483–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unna M (1925) Über Hypotrichosis congenita hereditaria. Dermatol Wochenschr 81:1167–1178

    Google Scholar 

  • Voigtländer V (1979) Pili torti with deafness (Björnstad syndrome). Report of a family. Dermatologica 159:50–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wannarachue N, Hall BD, Smith DW (1972) Ectodermal dysplasia and multiple defects (Rapp-Hodgkin type) . J Pediatr 81:1217–1218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaun H, Stenger D, Zabransky S, Zankl M (1984) Das Syndrom der langen Wimpern („Trichomegaliesyndrom“, Oliver-McFarlane). Hautarzt 35:162–165

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. Happle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, The Free University of Berlin, Berlin, FR Germany

    Constantin E. Orfanos

  2. Department of Dermatology, University of Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Rudolf Happle

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Happle, R. (1990). Genetic Defects Involving the Hair. In: Orfanos, C.E., Happle, R. (eds) Hair and Hair Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74614-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74612-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation