Abstract
Many intracranial mass lesions of non-neoplastic origin present CT and MR features similar or identical to those of true neoplasms. In many cases a definitive diagnosis cannot be made from imaging findings alone, and misinterpretation is possible even when the history and clinical findings are considered. Yet an accurate preoperative diagnosis is an essential prerequisite for selecting candidates for a neurosurgical operation and planning the procedure. In some cases the full range of neuroradiologic techniques may have to be applied and evaluated in the context of clinical findings before the physician can accurately classify the disease and draw appropriate therapeutic conclusions.
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F.5. Cysts
Agnoli AL, Ellams ET (1984) Die Arachnoidalcysten. Eine klinische, neuroradiologische, computertomographische Untersuchung. Fortschr Geb Roentgenstr Nuklearmed Ergänzungsband 141:491–498
Anderson FM, Segall HP, Catón WL (1979) Use of computerized tomography scanning in supratentorial arachnoid cysts. J Neurosurg 50:333–338
Archer CR, Darwish H, Smith K Jr (1978) Enlarged cisternae magnae and posterior fossa cysts simulating Dandy-Walker syndrome on computed tomography. Radiology 127:681–686
Averback P (1977) Developmental arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa — an analysis of 13 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 39:181–186
Di Rocco C, Di Trapani G, Janelli A (1979) Arachnoid cyst of the fourth ventricle and “arrested” hydrocephalus. Surg Neurol 12:467–471
Drayer BP, Rosenbaum AE, Maroon JC, Bank WO, Woodford JE (1977) Posterior fossa extraaxial cyst: Diagnosis with Metrizamide CT cisternography. Am J Roentgenol 128:431–436
Dubois PJ, Heinz ER, Wessel HB, Zaias BW (1979) Multiple cystic encephalomalacia of infancy: computed tomographic findings in two cases with associated intracerebral calcification. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:97–102
Galassi E, Piazzi G, Gaist G, Frank F (1980) Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: a clinical and radiological study of 25 cases treated surgically. Surg Neurol 14:211–219
Geissinger JD, Kohler WC, Robinson BW, Davis FM (1978) Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: surgical considerations. Surg Neurol 10:27–33
Gregorius FK, Batzdorf U (1976) Diagnosis of intrathalamic cyst by computerized tomographic scan. Surg Neurol 6:191–193
Handa J, Nakano Y, Aii H (1977) CT cisternography with intracranial arachnoidal cysts. Surg Neurol 8:451–454
Hayashi T, Anegawa S, Honda E, Kuramoto S, Mori K, Murata T, Miwa S, Handa W (1979) Clinical analysis of arachnoid cysts in the middle fossa. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 22:201–210
Hayashi T, Kuratomi A, Kuramoto S (1980) Arachnoid cyst of the quadrigeminal cistern. Surg Neurol 14:267–273
Kasdon DL, Douglas EA, Brougham MF (1977) Suprasellar arachnoid cyst diagnosed preoperatively by computerized tomographic scanning. Surg Neurol 7:299–303
Kjos BO, Brant-Zawadzki M, Kucharczyk W, Kelly WM, Norman D, Newton TH (1985) Cystic intracranial lesions: magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology 155:363–369
MacGregor BJL, Gawler J, South JR (1976) Intracranial epithelial cysts. J Neurosurg 44:109–115
Maravilla KR, Kirks DR, Maravilla AM (1978) CT diagnosis of intracranial cystic abnormalities in children. Comput Tomogr 2:221–235
Markakis E, Heyer R, Stoeppler L, Werry H (1979) Die Aplasie der perisylviischen Region. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 22:211–220
Markwalder T-M, Zimmermann A (1979) Intracerebral ciliated epithelial cyst. Surg Neurol 11:195–198
Mayr U, Aichner F, Bauer G et al. (1982) Supratentorial extracerebral cysts of the middle cranial fossa. A report of 23 consecutive cases of the socalled temporal lobe agenesis syndrome. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 25:51–56
Mercuri S, Curatolo P, Giuffre R, di Lorenzo N (1979) Agenesis of the vermis cerebelli and malformations of the posterior fossa in childhood and adolescence. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 22:180–188
Murali R, Epstein F (1979) Diagnosis and treatment of suprasellar arachnoid cyst. J Neurosurg 50:515–518
Palma L, di Lorenzo N, Nicole S (1979) Developmental CSF cysts of the posterior fossa. Neurosurg Rev 2:159–169
Rao KCVG, Gunadi IK, Diaconis JN (1982) Interhemispheric intradural cyst. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:1167–1171
Rengachary SS, Watanabe I, Brackett CE (1978) Pathogenesis of intracranial arachnoid cyst. Surg Neurol 9:139–144
Scolt LC, Deck JHN, Bairn RC, Terbrugge K (1980) Inter-hemispheric cyst of neuroepithelial origin in association with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. J Neurosurg 52:399–405
Servo A, Porras M, Jaaskinen J (1983) Diagnosis of ependymal intraventricular cysts of the third ventricle by computed tomography. Neuroradiology 24:155–157
Sherman JL, Citrin CM (1986) Magnetic resonance demonstration of normal CSF flow. AJNR 7:3–7
Waluch V, Bradley WG (1984) NMR even echo rephasing in slow laminar flow. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8:594–598
Yeates A, Enzmann D (1979) An intraventricular arachnoid cyst. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:697–700
F.6. Postoperative Lesions and Radionecrosis
Brismar J, Roberson GH, Davis KR (1976) Radiation necrosis of the brain. Neuroradiological considerations with computed tomography. Neuroradiology 12:109–113
Curnes JT, Laster DW, Ball MR, Moody DM, Witcofski RL (1986) Magnetic resonance imaging of radiation injury to the brain. AJNR 7:389–394
Dooms GC, Hecht S, Brant-Zawadzki M, Berthiaume Y, Norman D, Newton TH (1986) Brain radiation lesions: MR imaging. Radiology 158:149–155
Glass JP, Hwang T-L, Leavens ME, Libshitz HJ (1984) Cerebral radiation necrosis following treatment of extracranial malignancies. Cancer 54:1966–1972
Kingsley DPE, Kendall BE (1981) CT of the adverse effects of therapeutic radiation of the central nervous system. AJNR 2:453–460
Martins AN, Johnston JS, Henry JM, Stoffel TJ, di Chiro D (1977) Delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. J Neurosurg 47:336–345
Mikhael MA (1979) Radiation necrosis of the brain: Correlation between pattern on computed tomography and dose of radiation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:241–249
O’Neil RR, Wakisaka S, Malamut BL (1977) Computer assisted tomography of focal cerebral radiation necrosis in the monkey. Neuropath Exp Neurol 36:950–955
Pay NT, Carella RJ, Lin JP, Kricheff II (1976) The usefulness of computed tomography during and after radiation therapy in patients with brain tumors. Radiology 121:79–83
Schmitt HP (1979) Akute und intervalläre Strahlenschäden des Zentralnervensystems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
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F.7. Acute Demyelinating Diseases
Atlas SW, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Hackney DB, Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA (1986) MR diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10:798–801
Bories J, Carpena JP, Chiras J, Tamraz T, Iba-Zizen MT (1984) Imagerie par résonance magnétique: Premiere résultats dans la Sclérose en plaques. J Neuroradiol 11:307–314
Bouchareine MF, Aubin ML, Vignaud J (1980) La tomo-densitométrie dans la sclerose en plaques. Rev Neurol 136:481–490
Buonanno FS, Kistler JP, Lehrich JR, Noseworthy JH, New PFJ, Brady TJ (1983) 1H nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin 1:757–764
Cala LA, Mastaglia FL, Black JL (1978) Computerized tomography of brain and optic nerve in multiple sclerosis. Observations in 100 patients, including serial studies in 16. J Neurol Sci 36:411, 426
Di Chiro G, Arimitsu T, Brooks RA, Morgenthaler DG, Johnston GS, Jones E, Keller MR (1979) Computed tomography profiles of periventricular hypodensity in hydrocephalus and leukoencephalopathy. Radiology 130:661–666
Ebers GC, Vinuela FV, Feasby T, Bass B (1984) Multifocal CT enhancement in MS. Neurology 34:341–346
Edwards MK, Farlow MR, Stevens JC (1986) Multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical correlation. AJNR 7:595–598
Eiben RM, Di Chiro G (1977) Computer assisted tomography in adrenoleukodystrophy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:308–314
Furuse M, Obayashi T, Tsuji S, Miyatake T (1978) Adrenoleukodystrophy. A correlative analysis of computed tomography and radionuclide studies. Radiology 126:707–710
Gerard G, Weisberg LA (1986) MRI periventricular lesions in adults. Neurology 36:998–1001
Grossman RI, Gonzalez-Scarano F, Atlas SW, Galette S, Silberberg DH (1986) Multiple sclerosis: Gadolinium enhancement in MR imaging. Radiology 161:721–725
Gyldensted C (1976) Computer tomography of the cerebrum in multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology 12:33–42
Hall K, Gardner-Medwin D (1978) CT scan appearances in Leigh’s disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy). Neuroradiology 16:48–50
Harding AE, Radue EW, Whiteley AM (1978) Contrastenhanced lesions on computerised tomography in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41:754–758
Haughton VM, Ho KCh, Williams AL, Eldevik OP (1979) CT detection of demyelinated plaques in multiple sclerosis. Am J Roentgenol 132:213–215
Heinz ER, Drayer BP, Haenggeli CA, Painter MJ, Crumrine P (1979) Computed tomography in white-matter disease. Radiology 130:371–378
Huckman MS, Fox JH, Ramsey RG (1977) Computed tomography in the diagnosis of degenerative diseases of the brain. Semin Roentgenol 12:63–75
Jackson JA, Leake DR, Schneider NJ, Rolak LA, Kelley GR, Ford JJ, Appel SH, Bryan RN (1985) Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. AJNR 6:171–176
Kirshner HS, Tsai SI, Runge VM, Price AC (1985) Magnetic resonance imaging and other techniques in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 42:859–863
Lane B, Carroll BA, Pedley TA (1978) Computerized cranial tomography in cerebral diseases of white matter. Neurology 28:534–544
Loizok L, Rolfe EB, Hewazy H (1982) Cranial computed tomography in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45:905–912
Radue EW, Kendall BE (1978) Iodine and xenon enhancement of computed tomography (CT) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroradiology 15:153–158
Sheldon JJ, Siddharthan R, Tobias J, Sheremata WA, Soila K, Viamonte M (1985) MR imaging of multiple sclerosis: Comparison with clinical and CT examinations in 74 patients. AJNR 6:683–690
Steinhaus H (1980) Die kraniale Computertomographie bei multipler Sklerose. Wien Med Wochenschr 130:382–384
Taboada D, Alonso A, Olagüe R, Mulas F, Andrés V (1980) Radiological diagnosis of periventricular and subcortical leukomalacia. Neuroradiology 20:33–41
Tritschler JL, Delouvrier JJ, Masson M, Nahum H, Cambier J (1979) Apport de la tomodensitométrie cerebrale au diagnostic de la sclerose en plaques. Rev Neurol 135:455–466
Wang A-M, Morris JH, Hickey WF, Hammerschlag SB, O’Reilly GV, Rumbaugh CL (1983) Unusual CT pattern of multiple sclerosis. AJNR 4:47–50
Weinstein MA, Lederman RJ, Rothner AD, Duchesneau PM, Norman D (1978) Interval computed tomography in multiple sclerosis. Radiology 129:689–694
Wüthrich R, Gigli H, Wiggli U, Müller HR, Elke M, Hünig R (1976) CT scanning in demyelinating diseases. In: Lanksch W, Kazner E (eds) Cranial computerized tomography. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 239–243
Young IR, Hall AS, Pallis CA, Bydder GM, Legg NJ, Steiner RE (1981) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2:1063–1066
F.8 and 9. Intracranial Hemorrhages, Vascular Malformations
Aarabi B, Chambers J (1978) Giant thrombosed aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous malformation. J Neurosurg 49:278–282
Amendola MA, Ostrum BJ (1977) Diagnosis of isodense subdural hematomas by computed tomography. Am J Roentgenol 129:693–697
Babu VS, Eisen H (1979) Giant aneurysm of anterior communicating artery simulating 3rd ventricular tumor. Comput Tomogr 3:159–163
Bannister CM, Weiler J (1980) Pre- and post-operative CT scans of an infant with an aneurysm of the vein of Galen — a case report. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 23:17–20
Bradley WG, Schmidt PG (1985) Effect of Methemoglobin on the MR appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Radiology 156:99–103
Britt RH, Silverberg GD, Enzmann DR, Hanbery JW (1980) Third ventricular choroid plexus arteriovenous malformation simulating a colloid cyst. J Neurosurg 52:246–250
Byrd SH, Bentson JR, Winter J, Wilson GH, Joyce PW, O’Connor L (1978) Giant intracranial aneurysms simulating brain neoplasms on computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2:303–307
Coin CG, Coin JW, Glover MB (1977) Vascular tumors of the choroid plexus: diagnosis by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:146–148
Cone JD, Maravilla KR, Cooper PR, Diehl JT, Clark WK (1979) Computed tomography findings in ruptured arteriovenous malformations of thetorpus callosum. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:478–482
Cosnard G, Jeanbourquin D, Perfettini C, Blanc AM, Iba-Zizen MT, Cabanis EA (1987) Hématoms et IRM à 0,15 T. J Radiol 68:319–331
Daniels DL, Haughton VM, Williams AL, Strother ChM (1979) Arteriovenous malformation simulating a cyst on computed tomography. Radiology 133:393–394
Deeb JL, Jannetta PJ, Rosenbaum AE, Kerber CW, Drayer BP (1979) Tortuous vertebrobasilar arteries causing cranial nerve syndromes: screening by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:774–778
De la Paz RL, New PFJ, Buonanno FS, Kistler JP, Oot RF, Rosen BR, Taveras JM, Brady TJ (1984) NMR imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8:599–607
Dhopesh VP, Greenberg JO, Cohen MM (1980) Computed tomography in brainstem hemorrhage. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:603–607
Di Chiro G, Brooks RA, Girton ME, Caporale T, Wright DC, Dwyer AJ, Hörne MK (1986) Sequential MR studies of intracerebral hematomas in monkeys. AJNR 7:193–199
Di Tullio MV, Stern WE (1979) Hemangioma calcificans. J Neurosurg 50:110–114
Edelman RR, Johnson K, Buxton R, Shoukimas G, Rosen BR, Davis KR, Brady TJ (1986) MR of hemorrhage: A new approach. AJNR 7:751–756
Enzmann DR, Hayward RW, Norman D, Dunn RP (1977) Cranial computed tomographic scan appearance of Sturge-Weber disease: unusual presentation. Radiology 122:721–724
Enzmann DR, Britt RH, Lyons BE, Buxton JL, Wilson DA (1981) Natural history of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: sonography, computed tomography, and neuropathology. AJNR 2:517–526
Fierstien SB, Pribram HW, Hieshima G (1979) Angiography and computed tomography in the evaluation of cerebral venous malformations. Neuroradiology 17:137–148
Golden JB, Kramer RA (1978) The angiographically occult cerebrovascular malformation. J Neurosurg 48:292–296
Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Goldberg HI (1985) High-field MR imaging of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:972–973
Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Hackney DB, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1986) Occult cerebral vascular malformations: high-field MR imaging. Radiology 158:707–713
Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1985) Intracranial hematomas: Imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 157:87–93
Greenhouse AH, Barr JW (1979) The bilateral isodense subdural hematoma on computerized tomographic scan. Arch Neurol 36:305–307
Grumme Th, Lanksch W, Aulich A (1976) The diagnosis of chronic subdural hematoma by computerized axial tomography. In: Lanksch W, Kazner E (eds) Cranial computerized tomography. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 337–341
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Hammer B (1979) Computertomographische Diagnose der Megadolichobasilaris. Fortschr Röntgenstr 131:255–261
Handa J, Nakano Y, Okuno T, Komuro H, Handa H (1977) Computerized tomography in Moyamoya syndrome. Surg Neurol 7:315–319
Handa J, Nakano Y, Aii H, Handa H (1978) Computed tomography with giant intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 9:257–263
Harwood-Nash DC, Breckbill DL (1976) Computed tomography in children: a new diagnostic technique. J Pediatr 89:343–357
Hayward RD (1976) Intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Observations after experience with computerised tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 39:1027–1033
Humphreys RP (1978) Computerized tomographic definition of mesencephalic hematoma with evacuation through pedunculotomy. J Neurosurg 49:749–752
Kazner E, Lanksch W (1979) CAT findings in cerebral aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. In: Pia HW, Langmaid C, Zierski J (eds) Cerebral aneurysms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 184–190
Kazner E, Lanksch W, Grumme Th, Kretzschmar K (1980) Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of spontaneous ICH with CT scan. In: Pia HW, Langmaid C, Zierski J (eds) Spontaneous intracerebral haematomas. Advances in diagnosis and therapy. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 178–190
Kendall BE, Claveria LE (1976) The use of computed axial tomography (CAT) for the diagnosis and management of intracranial angiomas. Neuroradiology 12:141–160
Kendall BE, Claveria LE (1977) The use of computerised axial tomography (CAT) for the diagnosis and management of intracranial angiomas. In: du Boulay GH, Moseley IF (eds) Computerised axial tomography in clinical practice. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 261–271
Lanksch W, Grumme Th, Kazner E (1978) Schädelhirnverletzungen im Computertomogramm. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Leblanc R, Ethier R, Little JR (1979) Computerized tomography findings in arteriovenous malformations of the brain. J Neurosurg 51:765–772
Lee YY, Moser R, Bruner JM, van Tassel P (1986) Organized intracerebral hematoma with acute hemorrhage: CT pattern and pathologic correlations. AJNR 7:403–416
Lemme-Plaghos L, Kucharczyk W, Brant-Zawadzki M, Uske A, Edwards M, Norman D, Newton TH (1986) MRI of angiographically occult vascular malformations. Am J Roentgenol 146:1223–1228
Macpherson P, Teasdale GM, Lindsay KW (1979) Computed tomography in diagnosis and management of aneurysm of the vein of Galen. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42:786–789
Maehara T, Tasaka A (1978) Cerebral venous angioma: computerized tomography and angiographic diagnosis. Neuroradiology 16:296–298
Maki Y, Semba A (1979) Computed tomography of Sturge-Weber-disease. Childs Brain 5:51–61
Marcu H, Becker H (1977) Computed tomography of bilateral isodense chronic subdural hematomas. Neuroradiology 14:81–83
Marshall WH, Easter W, Zatz LM (1977) Analysis of the dense lesion at computed tomography with dual kVp scans. Radiology 124:87–89
Martelli A, Scotti G, Harwood-Nash DC, Fitz CR, Chuang SH (1980) Aneurysms of the vein of Galen in children: CT and angiographic correlations. Neuroradiology 20:123–133
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Müller HR, Wiggli U (1977) Cerebral, cerebellar and pontine haemorrhages. In: du Boulay GH, Moseley IF (eds) Computerised axial tomography in clinical practice. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 249–254
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Phelps ME, Kuhl DE (1976) Pitfalls in the measurements of cerebral blood volume with computed tomography. Radiology 121:375–377
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F.10. Cerebral Infarction
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Claussen, C. et al. (1989). CT and MR Imaging of Non-neoplastic Intracranial Masses. In: Kazner, E., Wende, S., Grumme, T., Stochdorph, O., Felix, R., Claussen, C. (eds) Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Tomography of Intracranial Tumors. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74311-5_6
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