Abstract
Our clinical population numbered 8516 patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors who underwent evaluation by computed tomography at the neurosurgical and neuroradiologic departments of the Berlin, Mainz, and Munich centers from 1975 to 1986 and at the Neurosurgical Department of Augsburg Central Hospital from 1983 to 1986. Table 5 lists all the tumors having an incidence greater than 1% in the total population; 98% of the lesions were confirmed histologically (open surgery, stereotactic biopsy, autopsy). “Rare” intracranial tumors having an incidence no greater than 1% are listed in Table 6. The frequencies of the individual tumor types correlate well with the statistical data reported by Cushing (1932), Olivecrona (1967), and Zülch (1986) for large clinical series.
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Von Wild K, Grau H, Neubauer M, Althoff P-H (1976) The importance of cranial computerized tomography in diagnosis and continous follow-up of space-occupying lesions of the sellar region. In: Lanksch W, Kazner E (eds) Cranial computerized tomography. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 128–132
Wilson JL, Moseley IF (1977) A diagnostic approach to cerebellar lesions. In: du Boulay GH, Moseley IF (eds) Computerised axial tomography in clinical practice. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 123–133
Wing SD, Anderson RE, Osborn AG (1980) Dynamic cranial computed tomography: Preliminary results. AJNR 1:135–139
Yates AJ, Becker LE, Sachs LA (1979) Brain tumors in childhood. Childs Brain 5:31–39
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1980) Computed tomography of acute intratumoral hemorrhage. Radiology 135:355–359
Zimmerman RD, Leeds NE, Naidich TP (1977) Ring blush associated with intracerebral hematoma. Radiology 122:707–711
Zülch KJ (1956) Die Hirngeschwülste in biologischer und morphologischer Darstellung. Barth, Leipzig
Zülch KJ (1975) Atlas of gross neurosurgical pathology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Zülch KJ (1980) Principles of the new health organization (WHO) classification of brain tumors. Neuroradiology 19:59–66
Zülch KJ (1986) Brain tumors, 3rd, completely revised edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
D.1. Autochthonous Tumors
Aarabi B, Long DM, Miller NR (1978) Enlarging optic chiasmal glioma with stable visual acuity. Surg Neurol 10:175–177
Afra D, Norman D, Levin VA (1980) Cysts in malignant gliomas. Identification by computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 53:821–825
Araki C, Matsumotos S (1969) Statistical reevaluation of pinealoma and related tumors in Japan. J Neurosurg 30:146–149
Artigas J, Cervos-Navarro J, Iglesias-Rozas JR, Ebhardt G (1985) Review article. Gliomatosis cerebri: clinical and histological findings. Clin Neupathol 4:135–148
Auff E, Reisner Th, Toifl K, Perneczky A (1981) Primäre diffuse Melanoblastose der Leptomeningen und CT-Veränderungen. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 24:35–37
Barrer SJ, Simeone FA, Han SS (1980) An unusual presentation of an oligodendroglioma. J Neurosurg 53:560–561
Beers GJ, Manson J, Carter AP, Bell R (1986) Intracranial histiocytosis X; a case report. J Comput Tomogr 10:237–241
Berge JH van den, Blaauw G (1980) Subdural cysts and diencephalic tumor. Surg Neurol 13:267–272
Bhimani S, Virapongse C, Spencer D, Kim J (1983) CT-appearance of cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7:889–891
Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Littmann PH, Gallo E, Rorke LB, Bruce DA, Schut L (1980) Computed tomography of the brain stem gliomas in children. Radiology 134:89–95
Boethius J, Collins VP, Edner G, Lewander R, Zyajicek J (1978) Stereotactic biopsies and computer tomography in gliomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 40:223–232
Bohm P, Meusers P, Lehmann HJ et al. (1984) Zur Diagnostik primärer Non-Hodgkin-Lymphome des Zentralnervensystems. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 52:284–291
Bolender NF, Cromwell LD, Graves V et al. (1983) Interval appearance of glioblastomas not evident in previous CT examinations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7:599–603
Bradac GB, Schörner W, Bender A, Felix R (1985) MRI (NMR) in the diagnosis of brain-stem tumors. Neuroradiology 27:208–213
Brant-Zawadzki M, Enzmann DR (1978) Computed tomographic brain scanning in patients with lymphoma. Radiology 129:67–71
Bruce DA, Allen JC (1985) Tumor staging for pineal region tumors of childhood. Cancer 56:1792–1794
Budka H, Podreka I, Reisner Th, Zeiler K (1980) Diagnostic and pathomorphological aspects of glioma multiplicity. Neurosurg Rev 3:233–241
Burke DP, Gabrielsen TO, Knake JE, Seeger JF, Oberman HA (1980) Radiology of olfactory neuroblastoma. Radiology 137:367–372
Butler AR, Horii StC, Kricheff II, Shannon MB, Budzilovich GN (1978) Computed Tomography in Astrocytomas. Radiology 129:433–439
Butler AR, Passalaqua AM, Berenstein A, Kricheff II (1978) The contrast-enhanced CT scan and the radionuclide brain scan: Parallel mechanismus of action in the detection of supratentorial astrocytomas. Neuroradiology 16:491–494
Chan RC, Thompson GB, Durity FA (1983) Primary choroid plexus papilloma of the cerebellopontine angle. Neurosurgery 12:334–336
Chang CG, Kageyama N, Kobayashi T et al. (1981) Pineal tumors: Clinical diagnosis, with special emphasis on the significance of pineal calcification. Neurosurgery 8:656–668
Cho SoS, Ho J (1980) Multiple primary germinomas (ectopic pinealoma) of the brain. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 23:147–150
Clarenbach P, Kleihues P, Metzel E, Dichganz J (1979) Simultaneous clinical manifestation of subependymoma of the fourth ventricle in identical twins. J Neurosurg 50:655–659
Claussen C, Laniado M, Schörner W, Niendorf H-P, Weinmann H-J, Fiegler W, Felix R (1985) Gadolinium-DTPA in MR Imaging of glioblastomas and intracranial metastases. AJNR 6:669–674
Claveria LE, Kendall BE, du Boulay GH (1977) Computerised axial tomography in supratentorial gliomas. In: du Boulay GH, Moseley IF (eds) Computerised axial tomography in clinical practice. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 85–93
Demierre B, Stichnoth FA, Hori A, Spoerri O (1986) Intracerebral ganglioglioma. J Neurosurg 65:177–182
Dewes W, Braunke H, Gormanns R (1986) Malignes fibröses Histiozytom des ZNS. Fortschr Röntgenstr 145:231–233
Diba J, Frowein RA, Stammler A (1979) Gangliocytoma: operability and follow-up. Neurosurg Rev 2:46–53
Diwan RV, Diwan VG, Bellon EM (1982) Brain involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:812–814
Dorne HL, O’Gorman AM, Melanson D (1986) Computed tomography of intracranial gangliogliomas. AJNR 7:281–285
Ebhardt G, Meese W (1979) Malignant lymphomas of the brain. Adv Neurosurg 4:303–308
Enzmann DR, Norman D, Levin V, Wilson Ch, Newton ThH (1978) Computed tomography in the follow-up of medulloblastomas and ependymomas. Radiology 128:57–63
Enzmann DR, Krikorian J, Norman D, Kramer R, Pollock J, Faer M (1979) Computed tomography in primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain. Radiology 130:165–170
Fortuna A, Celli P, Ferrante L, Turano C (1979) A review of papillomas of the third ventricle. J Neurosurg Sci 61–76
Frank G, Ferracini R, Spagnolli F et al. (1985) Primary intracranial lymphomas. Surg Neurol 23:3–8
Friedman WA, Fries JK, Quisling RG (1979) Ganglioglioma of the medulla oblongata. Surg Neurol 12:105–108
Furtrell NN, Osborn AG, Cheson BD (1981) Pineal region tumors: Computed tomographic-pathologic spectrum. AJNR 2:415–420
Ganti SR, Hilal SK, Stein BM, Silvera AJ, Mavad M, Sane P (1986) CT of pineal region tumors. Am J Roentgenol 146:451–458;
Ganti SR, Hilal SK, Stein BM, Silvera AJ, Mavad M, Sane P (1986) CT of pineal region tumors. AJNR 7:97–104
Gastaldo JA, Buchheit WA (1977) Bilateral subfrontal glioma simulating a meningioma. Surg Neurol 7:105–106
Geehr RB, Dohrmann GJ, Rothman SLG et al. (1979) Subarachnoid spread of ependymoma: Diagnosis and evaluation of therapy by computerized tomography. Ann Neurol 6:538–539
Gittens WO, Huetis WS, Sangalang VE (1980) Oligodendroglioma of the cerebellum. Surg Neurol 13:237–240
Glanz S, Geehr RB, Duncan ChC, Piepmeier JM (1980) Metrizamide-enhanced CT for evaluation of brainstem tumors. AJNR 1:31–34
Graif M, Pennock JM (1986) MR Imaging of Histiocytosis X in the central Nervous System. AJNR 7:21–23
Gregorius FK, Crandall PH, Baloh RW (1976) Positional vertigo with cerebellar astrocytoma. Surg Neurol 6:283–286
Gudeman SK, Sullivan HG, Rosner MJ, Becker DP (1979) Surgical removal of bilateral papillomas of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricels with resolution of hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 50:677–681
Halmagyi GM, Bignold LP, Allsop JL (1979) Recurrent subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma in the absence of tuberous sclerosis. J Neurosurg 50:106–109
Handa J, Nakano Y, Handa H (1978) Computed tomography in the differential diagnosis of low-density intracranial lesions. Surg Neurol 10:179–185
Hase U, Hock H, Schindler E (1979) Tumoren der Pinealis-region Teil I. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 22:107–117
Hase U, Hock H, Schindler E, Schürmann K (1979) Tumoren der Pinealisregion Teil II. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 22:118–129
Hayek J, Valavanis A (1982) Computed tomography of gliomatosis cerebri. Comput Radiol 6:93–98
Heiss E (1981) Ein Medulloblastom im hohen Lebensalter (Fallbericht). Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 24:142–143
Holtas S, Nyman U, Cronquist S (1984) Computed tomography of malignant lymphoma of the brain. Neuroradiology 26:33–38
Huber A, Isler W, Spiess H (1979) Optikus- und Chiasmagliome (mit spezieller Berücksichtigung des Computertomogramms). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 174:833–842
Hueftle MG, Han JS, Kaufman B, Benson JE (1985) MR imaging of brain stem gliomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:263–267
Iglesias-Rozas JR (1987) Die computergestützte Charakterisierung der Mischgliome anhand histologischer, immuno-histologischer, elektronenmikroskopischer und klinischer Merkmale. Habilitationsschrift FU Berlin
Izquierdo JM, Rougerie J, Lapras C, Sanz F (1979) The so-called ectopic pinealomas. A cooperative study of 15 cases. Childs Brain 5:505–512
Jack CR Jr, Reese DF, Scheithauer BW (1986) Radiographic findings in 32 cases of primary CNS lymphoma. Am J Roentgenol 146:271–276
Jazy FK, Shehata WM, Tew JM et al. (1980) Primary intracranial lymphoma of the dura. Arch Neurol 37:528–529
Jellinger K, Radaskiewicz T, Slowik F (1975) Primary malignant lymphomas of the central nervous system in man. Acta Neuropathol [Suppl] (Bed) VI:95–102
Joyce P, Bentson J, Takahashi M, Winter J, Wilson G, Byrd S (1978) The accucary of predicting histologic grades of supratentorial astrocytomas on the basis of computerized tomography and cerebral angiography. Neuroradioly 16:346–348
Kawakami Y, Tabuchi K, Ohnishi R et al. (1985) Primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Neurosurg 62:522–527
Kazner E, Steinhoff H, Wende S, Mauersberger W (1978) Ringshaped lesions in the CT scan-Differential diagnostic considerations. Adv Neurosurg 6:80–85
Kazner E, Wilske J, Steinhoff H, Stochdorph O (1978) Computer assisted tomography in primary malignant lymphomas of the brain. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2:125–134
Kelly PJ, Daumas-Duport C, Kisbert DB, Kall BA, Scheithauer BW (1987) Imaging-based stereotaxic serial biopsies in untreated intracranial glial neoplasms. J Neurosurg 66:865–874
Kendall BE, Jakobowski J, Pullicino P, Symon L (1979) Difficulties in diagnosis of supratentorial gliomas by CAT scan. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42:485–492
Khan A, Fulco JD, Shende A, Rosenthal A, Marc JA (1980) Focal histiocytosis X of the parietal lobe. J Neurosurg 52:431–433
Kieffer SA, Salibi NA, Kim RC et al. (1982) Multifocal glioblastoma: Diagnostic implications. Radiology 143:709–710
Kilgore DP, Strother CM, Starshak RJ, Haughton VM (1986) Pineal germinoma: MR imaging. Radiology 158:435–438
Kingsley D, Kendall BE (1977) Dependent layering of contrast medium in cystic astrocytomas. Neuroradiology 14:107–110
Kingsley DPE, Kendall BE (1979) The CT scanner in posterior fossa tumours of childhood. Br J Radiol 52:769–776
Kishikawa T, Mumaguchi Y, Fukui M et al. (1981) Primary intracranial sarcomas: Radiological diagnosis with emphasis on arteriography. Neuroradiology 21:25–31
Kramer RA (1977) Vermian pseudotumor: a potential pitfall of CT brain scanning with contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology 13:229–230
Kretzschmar K, Grumme Th, Steinhoff H (1978) Der Wert der Computer-Tomographie und Angiographie für die Diagnose supratentorieller Hirntumoren. Neuroradiology 16:487–490
Krol G, Farmer P, Stein S, Tenner M, Rothmann L (1979) Carcinoma of choroid plexus in a premature infant. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:530–532
Lanzieri CF, Sabato U, Sacher M (1984): Third ventricular lymphoma: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8:645–647
Laster DW, Ball MR, Moody DM et al. (1984) Results of nuclear magnetic resonance with cerebral glioma. Comparison with computed tomography. Surg Neurol 22:113–122
Lee DH, Norman D, Newton TH (1987) MR Imaging of pineal cysts. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:586–590
Lee YY, Castillo M, Nauert C, Moser RP (1985) Computed tomography of gliosarcoma. AJNR 6:527–531
Lee YY, Glass JP, Van Eys J, Wallace S (1985) Medulloblastoma in infants and children: Computed tomographic follow-up after treatment. Radiology 154:677–682
Lewander R (1979) Contrast enhancement with time in gliomas. Stereotactic computer tomography following contrast medium infusion. Acta Radiol 30:689–702
Longo M, Fiumara F, Pandolfo I et al. (1982) Metastases dans l’espace sous-arachnoidien dues a un medulloblastome; etude tomodensitométrique. J Radiol 63:279–281
Mamourian AC, Towfighi J (1986) Pineal cysts: MR Imaging. AJNR 7:1081–1086
Markwalder T-M, Huber P, Markwalder RV, Seiler RW (1979) Primary intraventricular oligodendrogliomas. Surg Neurol 11:25–28
Mauersberger W (1981) The determination of absorption values as an aid in computer tomographic differentiation between cerebral abscess and glioblastoma. Adv Neurosurg 9:36–40
McCullough DC, Huang HK, de Michelle D, Manz HJ, Sinks LF (1979) Correlation between volumetric CT imaging and autopsy measurements of glioblastoma size. Comput Tomogr 3:133–141
McDonnell P, Miller NR (1983) Chiasmatic and hypothalamic extension of optic nerve glioma. Arch Ophthalmol 101:1412–1415
Mikhael MA (1977) Case report: diminished density surrounding a meningioma, verified to be an overlying cystic astrocytoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:349–351
Miller EM, Mani RL, Townsend JJ (1976) Cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme in an adult. Surg Neurol 5:341–343
Nass R, Whelan MA (1981) Gangliogliomas. Neuroradiology 22:67–71
Neuwelt EA, Glasberg M, Frenkel E, Clark WK (1979) Malignant pineal region tumors. J Neurosurg 51:597–607
North C, Segall HD, Stanley P, Zee C-S, Ahmadi J, McComb JG (1985) Early CT detection of intracranial seeding from medulloblastoma. AJNR 6:11–13
Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Rorke LB et al. (1984) Intracranial embryonal cell carcinoma. Cancer 54:520–524
Packer RJ, Zimmerman RA, Luerssen TG et al. (1985) Brainstem gliomas of childhood: Magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 35:397–401
Pagani JJ, Libshitz HI, Wallace S, Hayman LA (1981) Central nervous system leukemia and lymphoma. Am J Roentgenol 137:1195–1201
Palacios E, Gorelick PB, Gonzalez CF, Fine M (1982) Malignant lymphoma of the nervous system. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:689–701
Pedersen H, Gjerris F, Klinken L (1981) Computed tomography of benign supratentorial astrocytomas of infancy and childhood. Neuroradiology 21:87–91
Peterman SR, Steiner RE, Bydder GM, Thomas DJ, Tobias JS, Young IR (1985) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), (MRI), of brain stem tumors. Neuroradiology 27:202–207
Picard C, Copty M, Lavoie G et al. (1979) A primary choroid plexus papilloma of the cerebellopontine angle. Surg Neurol 12:123–127
Price AC, Runge VM, Allen HA, Partain CL, James AE Jr (1986) Primary glioma: diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10:325–334
Rao KCVG, Itani A, Levine H et al. (1980) CT findings in multicentric glioblastoma: diagnostic-pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:187–192
Richardson RR, Siqueira EB, Cerullo LJ (1979) Malignant glioma: its initial presentation as intracranial hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 46:77–84
Ringertz N (1950) “Grading” of gliomas. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 27:51–64
Ringertz N, Tola JH (1950) Medulloblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 9:354–372
Rommel T, Hamer J (1983) Development of ganglioglioma in computed tomography. Neuroradiology 24:237–239
Rosenbaum TJ, McCarty CS, Büttner H (1979) Uveitis and cerebral reticulum cell sarcoma. J Neurosurg 50:660–664
Rubinstein LJ (1964) Morhological problems of brain tumors with mixed cell population. Acta Neurochir [Suppl] (Wien) X:141–165
Sabattini L, Piazza GC, Finizia FS (1980) Programmed serial CT scans in the surgical and radio-chemotherapeutic management of cerebral gliomas. J Neurosurg Sci 24:33–36
Sahart A, Feinsod M, Beller AJ (1980) Choroid plexus papilloma: hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Surg Neurol 13:476–478
Sarmiento J, Ferrer L, Pons L, Ferrer E (1979) Cerebral mixed tumor: Osteo-chondrosarcoma-glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 50:335–341
Savoiardo M, Harwood Nash DC, Tadmor R et al. (1981) Gliomas of the intracranial anterior optic pathways in children. The role of computed tomography, angiography, pneumoencephalography, and radionuclide brain scanning. Radiology 138:601–610
Sawhny BS, Dohn DF (1980) Neuroendocrinological aspects of histiocytosis X of the central nervous system. Surg Neurol 14:237–239
Schindler E, Kretzschmar K, Aulich A, Wende S, Kutzner J (1977) Serial CT studies of a metastatic pinealoma with reference to the radiotherapeutic problems. Neuroradiology 14:127–132
Schiarb H, Schirmer M (1978) Pinealoma with initial spinal manifestation. Adv Neurosurg 6:221–224
Schneider GH, Sager WD, Lepuschütz H et al. (1981) Intrakranielles Germinom: Typisches Computertomographisches Bild und Strahlentherapie. Fortschr Röntgenstr 135:422–425
Silverman C, Marks JE (1981) Prognostic significance of contrast enhancement in low-grade astrocytomas of the adult cerebrum. Radiology 139:211–213
Sogg RL, Donaldson SS, Yorke CH (1978) Malignant astrocytoma following radiotherapy of a craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 48:622–627
Spillane JA, Kendall BE, Moseley IF (1982) Cerebral lymphoma: Clinical radiological correlation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45:199–208
Stefanko SZ, Talerman A, Mackay WM, Vuzevski VD (1979) Infundibular germinoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 50:71–78
Steinhoff H, Lanksch W, Kazner E, Grumme Th, Meese W, Lange S, Aulich A, Schindler E, Wende S (1977) Computed tomography in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of glioblastomas. Neuroradiology 14:193–199
Steinhoff H, Grumme Th, Kazner E, Lange S, Lanksch W, Meese W, Wüllenweber R (1978) Axial transverse computerized tomography in 73 glioblastomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 42:45–56
Stephenson WM, Merlis AL (1985) Computed tomography of primary melanoma of the leptomeninges Case reports. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:337–342
Stevens JM, Kendall BE, Love S (1984) Radiological features of subependymoma with emphasis on computed tomography. Neuroradiology 26:223–228
Sutton LN, Packer RJ, Rorke LB et al. (1983) Cerebral gangliogliomas during childhood. Neurosurgery 13:124–128
Swartz JD, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1982) Computed tomography of intracranial ependymomas. Radiology 143:97–101
Tadmor R, Davis KR, Roberson GH, Kleinman GM (1978) Computed tomography in primay malignant lymphoma of the brain. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2:135–140
Takeuchi J, Handa H, Nagata I (1978) Suprasellar germinoma. J Neurosurg 49:41–48
Takeuchi J, Handa H, Otsuka S, Takebe Y (1979) Neuroradiological aspects of suprasellar germinoma. Neuroradiology 17:153–159
Tanghetti B, Gatta G, Giunta F, Marini G (1980) Multiple gliomas of the brain. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg Sci 24:155–159
Tans JThJ, de Jongh IE (1977) Computed tomography of supratentorial astrocytoma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 80:156–168
Tchang S, Scotti G, Terbrugge K, Melancon D, Belanger G, Milner C, Ethier R (1977) Computerized tomography as a possible aid to histological grading of supratentorial gliomas. J Neurosurg 46:735–739
Thompson JL (1976) Computerised axial tomography and the diagnosis of glioma: a study of 100 consecutive histologically proven cases. Clin Radiol 27:431–441
Tibbs PA, Challa V, Mortara RH (1978) Isolated histiocytosis X of the hypothalamus. J Neurosurg 49:929–934
Tibbs PA, Mortara RH (1980) Primary glioblastoma multiforme of the cerebellum. A case report. Acta Neurochir 52:13–18
Tomasello F, Albanese V, Bernini FP, Picozzi P (1981) Choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle. Surg Neurol 16:69–71
Turcotte JF, Copty M, Bédard F, Michaud J, Verret S (1980) Lateral ventricle choroid plexus papilloma and communicating hydrocephalus. Surg Neurol 13:143–146
Vaghi M-A, Visciani A, Passerini A, Longone V, Broggi G (1986) Magnetic resonance in the study of cerebral gliomas. Radiol Med (Torino) 72:431–438
Valavanis A, Imhof HG, Klaiber R, Dabir K (1981) The diagnosis of solitary primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the posterior fossa with computed tomography. Neuroradiology 21:213–217
Veiga-Pires JA, Dossetor RS, van Nieuwenhuizen O (1978) CT scanning for papilloma of choroid plexus. Neuroradiology 17:13–16
Vonofakos D, Marcu H, Hacker H (1979) Oligodendrogliomas: CT patterns with emphasis on features indicating malignancy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:783–788
Wagle V, Melanson D, Ethier R, Betrand G, Villemure J-G (1987) Choroid plexus papilloma: magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and angiographic observations. Surg Neurol 27:466–468
Weinstein ZR, Downey EF Jr (1983) Spontaneous hemorrhage in medulloblastomas. AJNR 4:986–988
Weisberg LA (1979) Computed tomography in the diagnosis of brain stem gliomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:145–153
Weisberg LA (1980) Cerebral computed tomography in the diagnosis of supratentorial astrocytoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:87–105
Weisberg L (1981) Computed tomographic findings of intracranial gliosis. Neuroradiology 21:253–257
Weisberg LA (1982) Computerized tomographic findings in medulloblastomas. Comput Radiol 6:83–91
Weisberg LA (1982) Computed tomographic findings in cerebellar astrocytoma. Comput Radiol 6:137–144
Weisberg LA (1983) Thalamic gliomas: Clinical and computed tomographic correlations. Comput Radiol 7:229–235
Weisberg LA (1984) Clinical and computed tomographic correlations of pineal neoplasms. Comput Radiol 8:285–292
West CGH (1982) Misleading enhancement characteristics of meningeal malignant lymphoma on serial scanning. Comput Radiol 6:205–208
Woodman R, Shin K, Pineo G (1985) Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the brain. Can Medicine 64:425–430
Woodrow PK, Gajarawala J, Pinck RL (1981) Computed tomographic documentation of a non-enhancing posterior fossa medulloblastoma: An uncommon presentation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:41–43
Yamashita J, Handa H, Yumitori K, Abe M (1980) Reversible delayed radiation effect on the brain after radiotherapy of malignant astrocytoma. Surg Neurol 13:413–417
Yang PJ, Knake JE, Gabrielsen TO et al. (1985) Primary and secondary histiocytic lymphoma of the brain: CT features. Radiology 154:683–686
Zee CS, Segall HD, Miller C et al. (1982) Less common CT features of medulloblastoma. Radiology 144:97–102
Zimmerman HM (1975) Malignant lymphomas of the nervous system. Acta Neuropathol [Suppl] (Berl) VI:69–74
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1979) Computed tomography of intracerebral gangliogliomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:24–30
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1980) CT of primary and secondary craniocerebral neuroblastoma. AJNR 1:431–434
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Bruno L, Rosenstock J (1978) Computed tomography of cerebellar astrocytoma. Am J Roentgenol 130:929–933
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Pahlajani H (1978) Spectrum of medulloblastomas demonstrated by computed tomography. Radiology 126:137–141
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Wood JH et al. (1980) Computed tomography of pineal, parapineal, and histologically related tumors. Radiology 137:669–677
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Packer R et al. (1985) Resistive NMR of brain stem gliomas. Neuroradiology 27:21–25
Zimmerman RD, Leeds NE, Naidich TP (1977) Ring blush associated with intracerebral hematoma. Radiology 122:707–712
D.2. Meningeal Tumors
Amano K, Miura N, Tajika Y et al. (1980) Cystic meningioma in a month-old infant. Case report. J Neurosurg 52:829–833
Andrioli GC, Rigobello L, Iob I, Casentini L (1981) Multiple Meningiomas. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 24:67–69
Aydin Y, Yolas C, Konte H, Aydin IH (1985) Cystic meningiomas: Report of two cases. Neurosurgery 16:87–89
Becker D, Norman D, Wilson CB (1979) Computerized tomography and pathological correlation in cystic meningiomas. Neurosurgery 50:103–105
Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Spagnoli M, Goldberg HI MRI of meningiomas. 4th Annual Meeting, Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 19.–23.8.85, London; Book of Abstracts, S 312
Bonnal J, Born JD, Tremoulet M (1979) Meningiomes multiples intracraniens. Neurochirurgie 25:78–83
Bradac GB, Ferszt R, Bender A, Schoerner W (1986) Peritumoral edema in meningeomas: A radiological and histological study. Neuroradiology 28:304–312
Bradley WG, Kortman KE, Zung TTM (1985) MRI of intracranial meningiomas. 4th Annual Meeting, Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 19.–23.8.85, London; Book of Abstracts, S 317–318
Bydder GM, Kingsley DPE, Brown J, Niendorf HP, Young IR (1985) MR Imaging of Meningiomas Including Studies with and without Gadolinium-DTPA. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:690–697
Cabezudo JM, Vaquero J, Garcia-De-Sola R et al. (1981) Meningioma of the anterior part of the third ventricle. Acta Neurochir 56:219–231
Claveria LE, Sutton D, Tress BM (1977) The radiological diagnosis of meningiomas, the impact of EMI scanning. Br J Radiol 50:15–22
Cushing H, Eisenhardt J (1938) Meningeomas. Thomas, Springfield/IL
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Markwalder T-M, Seiler RW, Markwalder RV, Huber P, Markwalder HM (1979) Meningioma of the anterior part of the third ventricle in a child. Surg Neurol 12:29–32
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Möller A, Hatam A, Olivecrona H (1978) The differential diagnosis of pontine angle meningioma and acoustic neuroma with computed tomography. Neuroradiology 17:21–33
Nagahiro S, Matsukado Y, Uemura S (1982) Posterior fossa meningioma with special reference to false localizing sign. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 22:421–428
Nahser HC, Grote W, Loehr E, Gerhard L (1981) Multiple meningiomas. Clinical and computed tomographic observations. Neuroradiology 21:259–263
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Nauta HJW, Rucker WS, Horsey WJ, Bilbao JM, Gonsalves C (1979) Xanthochromic cysts associated with meningioma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42:529–535
New PFJ, Aronow S, Hesselink JR (1980) National cancer institute study: Evaluation of computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial neoplasms. IV. Meningiomas. Radiology 136:665–675
New PFJ, Hesselink JR, O’Carroll CP, Kleinman GM (1982) Malignant Meningiomas. CT and histologic criteria, including a new CT-Sign. AJNR 3:267–276
Price HI, Danziger A, Richter I, Batnitzky S (1980) Computed tomographic findings in intracranial meningioma. Isr J Med Sci 16:743–747
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Rüssel DS, Rubinstein LJ (1977) Pathology of tumors of the nervous system, 4th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Russell EJ, George AE, Kricheff II, Budzilovich G (1980) Atypical computed tomographic features of intracranial meningioma. Radiology 135:673–682
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Savoiardo M, Lodrini S (1980) Hypodense area within a meningeoma: Metastasis from breast cancer. Neuroradiology 20:107–110
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Servo A, Laskelainen J, Wahlstrom T, Haltia M (1985) Diagnosis of intracranial haemangiopericytomas with angiography and CT scanning. Neuroradiology 27:38–43
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Spagnoli MV, Goldberg HI, Grossman RI, Bilaniuk LT, Gomori JM, Hackney DB, Zimmerman RA (1986) Intracranial meningiomas: High-field MR imaging. Radiology 161:369–375
Stevens JM, Ruiz JS, Kendall BE (1983) Observation on peritumoral oedema in meningioma. Part I: Distribution, spread, and resolution of vasogenic oedema seen on computed tomography. Neuroradiology 25:71–80
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D.3. Neurinomas
Bocquet M, Vignaud J, Cosnard G, Iba-Zizen MT (1984) IRM du neurinome de l’acoustique. J Neuroradiol 11:263–273
Boggan JE, Rosenblum ML, Wilson CB (1979) Neurilemmoma of the fourth cranial nerve. J Neurosurg 50:519–521
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Daniels DL, Haughton VM (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging of the sella and temporal bone. In: Kressel HY (ed) Magnetic resonance annual 1987. Raven, New York
Daniels DL, Millen StJ, Meyer GA, Pozunas KW, Kilgore DP, Shaffer KA, Williams AL, Haughton VM (1987) MR detection of tumor in the internal auditory canal. AJNR 8:249–252
Davis KR, Parker SW, New PFJ, Roberson GH, Taveras JM, Ojemann RJ, Weiss AD (1977) Computed tomography of acoustic neuroma. Radiology 124:81–86
Deutsch EC (1984) Von Recklinghausen’s neurofibromatosis with mutliple intracranial tumors. Ear Nose Throat J 63:18–30
Dossetor RS, de Winter J, Nurick S (1979) Diagnosis of a small acoustic neuroma by metrizamide computerassisted cisternography. Br J Radiol 52:667–668
Dubois PJ, Drayer BP, Bank WO, Deeb ZL, Rosenbaum AR (1978) An evaluation of current diagnostic radiologic modalities in the investigation of acoustic neurilemmomas. Radiology 126:173–179
Fink LH, Early CB, Bryan RN (1978) Glossopharyngeal schwannomas. Surg Neurol 9:239–245
Gardeur D, Palmieri A, Mashaly R (1983) Cranial computed tomography in the phakomatoses. Neuroradiology 25:293–304
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Goebel HH, Shimokawa K, Schaake Th, Kremp A (1979) Schwannoma of the sellar region. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 48:191–197
Goldberg R, Byrd S, Winter J, Takahashi M, Joyce P (1980) Varied appearance of trigeminal neuroma on CT. Am J Roentgenol 134:57–60
Gyldensted C, Lester J, Thomsen J (1976) Computer tomography in the diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumors. Neuroradiology 11:191–197
Hatam A, Möller A, Olivecrona H (1979) Evaluation of the internal auditory meatus with acoustic neuromas using computed tomography. Neuroradiology 17:197–200
Heller M, Wohrle M, Jend HH et al. (1983) Aussagekraft der CT in der Diagnostik von Tumoren der Kleinhirnbrückenwinkelregion. Vergleich der verschiedenen radiologischen, klinischen und otologischen Untersuchungsverfahren. Fortschr Geb Roentgenstr Nuklearmed Ergänzungsband 139:48–55
Higer HP, Just M, Vahldiek G, Gutjahr P, Pfannenstiel P (1987) MRT bei Neurofibromatose und tuberöser Sklerose. Fortschr Röntgenstr 147:64–68
Huete I, Corrales M (1979) Cisternographie computérisée dans le diagnostic des petits neurinomes de l’acoustique. J Neuroradiol 6:335–340
Jacoby ChG, Go RT, Beren RA (1980) Cranial CT of neurofibromatosis. AJNR 1:311–315
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King TT, Ambrose J (1977) CAT scanning in tumours of the cerebellopontine angle. In: du Boulay GH, Moseley IF (eds) Computerised axial tomography in clinical practice. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 134–138
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Kricheff II, Pinto RS, Bergeron RT, Cohen N (1980) CT-air-cisternography and canalography in the diagnosis of small acoustic neuromas. AJNR 1:57–63
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Mikhael MA, Ciric JS, Wolff AP (1987) MR diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:232–235
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Pinto RS, Kricheff II, Bergeron RT, Cohen N (1982) Small acoustic neuromas: Detection by high resolution gas CT cisternography. Am J Roentgenol 139:129–132
Robbins B, Marschall WH Jr (1978) Computed tomography of acoustic neurinoma. Radiology 128:367–370
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Rosenbaum AE, Drayer BP, Dubois PJ, Black FO (1978) Visualization of small extracanalicular neurilemmomas by metrizamide cisternographic enhancement. Arch Otolaryngol 104:239–243
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Salvoloni U, Pasquini U, Babin E, Gasquez P (1978) Von Recklinghausen’s disease and computer tomography. J Beige Radiol 61.313–318
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Schnegg JF, de Tribolet N (1984) Neurinoma of the facial nerve associated with parietal meningeoma. Surg Neurol 21:19–22
Schubiger O, Valavanis A, Menges H (1978) Computed tomography for small acoustic neuromas. Neuroradiology 15:287–290
Schubiger O, Valavanis A, Hayek J, Dabir K (1980) Neuroma of the cavernous sinus. Surg Neurol 13:313–316
Sortland O (1978) X-ray diagnosis of expanding lesions in the cerebellopontine angle. Meeting Nord Soc Radiol, Oslo, June 1978
Sortland O (1979) Computed tomography combined with gas cisternography for the diagnosis of expanding lesions in the cerebellopontine angle. Neuroradiology 18:19–22
Swartz JD (ed) (1986) Imaging of the temporal bone. A text atlas. Thieme, Stuttgart New York
Thomsen J, Gyldensted C, Lester J (1977) Computer tomography of cerebellopontine angle lesions. Arch Otolaryngol 103:65–69
Tritthart H, Lepuschütz H (1979) Wertigkeit der axialen Computertomographie in der Diagnostik intrakanalikulärer Gewächse des Nervus statoacusticus. In: Sager WD, Ladurner G (eds) Computertomographie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 21–23
Van der Hoeve J (1933) Les phacomatoses de Bourneville, de Recklinghausen et de von Hippel-Lindau. Acta Neurol Psychiatr Belg 33:752–762
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Valavanis A, Schubiger O, Naidich TP (eds) (1987) Clinical imaging of the cerebello-pontine angle. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo
Vassilouthis J, Richardson AE (1979) Acoustic neurinoma in a child. Surg Neurol 12:37–39
Vignaud J, Jardin C, Rosen L (eds) (1986) The ear. Diagnostic imaging. Masson, New York Paris Barcelona Mexico City Milan Sao Paulo
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Wende S, Nakayama N (1978) Zisternographie mit negativen und positiven Kontrastmitteln. In: Plester D, Wende S, Nakayama N (Hrsg) Kleinhirnbrückenwinkel-Tumoren. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 121–143
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D.4. Pituitary Adenomas
Ahmadi J, North CM, Segall HD, Zee CS, Weiss MH (1985) Cavernous Sinus Invasion by Pituitary Adenomas. AJNR 6:893–898
Bajraktari X, Bergström M, Brismar K, Goulatie R, Greitz T, Grepe A (1977) Diagnosis of intrasellar cisternal herniation (empty sella) by computer assisted tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:105–116
Banna M, Baker HL Jr, Houser OW (1980) Pituitary and parapituitary tumours on computed tomography. A review article based on 230 cases. Br J Radiol 53:1123–1143
Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Wehrli FW, Snyder PJ, Goldberg HI, McFall RI, Redington RW (1984) MRI of pituitary lesions using 1.0 to 1.5 T field strength. Radiology 153:415–418
Bonneville JF, Cattin F, Dietemann JL (1986) Computed tomography of the pituitary gland. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Brennan ThG Jr, Krishna Rao CVG, Robinson W, Itani A (1977) Tandem lesions: chromophobe adenoma and meningioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:517–520
Citrin CM, Davis DO (1977) Computerized tomography in the evaluation of pituitary adenomas. Invest Radiol 12:27–35
Daniels D, Pojunas KW, Kilgore DP, Pech P, Meyer GA, Williams AL, Haughton VM (1986) MR of the Diaphragma sellae. AJNR 7:765–769
Daniels DL, Haughton VM (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging of the sella and temporal bone. In: Kressel HY (ed) Magnetic resonance annual 1987. Raven, New York
Davis PC, Hoffman JC, Tindall GT, Braun IF (1985) CT-surgical correlation in pituitary adenomas: evaluation in 113 patients. AJNR 6:464
Donovan Post M J, David NJ, Glaser JS, Safran A (1980) Pituitary apoplexy: Diagnosis by computed tomography. Radiology 134:665–670
Gardeur D, Nachanakian A, Kulesza E, Metzger J (1979) La tomodensitométrie dans les adenomes hypophysaires. Ann Radiol 22:489–499
Gross CE, Binet EF, Esguerra JV (1979) Metrizamide cisternography in the evaluation of pituitary adenomas and the empty sella syndrome. J Neurosurg 50:472–476
Gyldensted C, Karle A (1977) Computed tomography of intra- and juxtasellar lesions. A radiological study of 108 cases. Neuroradiology 14:5–13
Hall K, McAllister VL (1980) Metrizamide cisternography in pituitary and juxtapituitary lesions. Radiology 134:101–108
Hankins CA, Zamani AA, Rumbaugh CL (1985) Prolactinomas. Clinical presentation, radiologic assessment, and therapeutic options. Invest Radiol 20:345–354
Hatam A, Bergström M, Greitz T (1979) Diagnosis of sellar and parasellar lesions by computed tomography. Neuroradiology 18:249–258
Haughton VM, Prost R (1986) Pituitary fossa: Chemical shift effect in MR imaging. Radiology 158:461–462
Haughton VM, Rosenbaum AE, Williams AL, Drayer B (1980) Recognizing the empty sella by CT: The infundibulum sign. AJNR 1:527–529
Hemminghytt S, Kalkhoff KR, Daniels LD, Williams LA, Grogan PJ, Haughton MV (1983) Computed tomographic study of hormon-secreting microadenomas. Radiology 146:65–69
Hoffmann JC Jr, Tindall GT (1980) Diagnosis of empty-sella syndrome using Amipaque cisternography combined with computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 52:99–102
Huk JW, Fahlbusch R (1985) NMR imaging of the region of the sella turcica. Neurosurg Rev 141–150
Kaplan CH (1985) CT of the sella turcica after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas. AJNR 6:723–732
Kazner E, Fahlbusch R, Lanksch W, Rothe R, Scherer U, Steinhoff H, Grumme Th, Lange S, Meese W, Aulich A, Wende S (1978) Computerized tomography in diagnosis and follow-up examination of pituitary adenomas. In: Fahlbusch R, v Werder K (eds) Treatment of pituitary adenomas. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 101–114
Kucharczyk W (1987) The pituitary gland and sella turcica. In: Brandt-Zawadzki M, Norman D (eds) Magnetic resonance imagings of the central nervous system. Raven, New York
Lee BCP, Deck MDF (1985) Sellar and juxtasellar lesion detection with MR. Radiology 157:143–147
MacPherson P, Anderson DE (1981) Radiological differentiation of intrasellar aneurysms from pituitary tumours. Neuroradiology 21:177–183
Maravilla KR, Kirks DR, Maravilla AM, Diehl JT (1978) Computed tomography in the evaluation of sella and parasellar lesions: The value of sagittal and coronal reconstructions. Comput Tomogr 2:237–249
Muhr C, Bergstrom K, Enoksson P, Hugosson R, Lundberg PO (1980) Follow-up study with computerized tomography and clinical evaluation 5 to 10 years after surgery for pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg 52:144–148
Nakagawa Y, Matsumoto K, Fukami T, Takese K (1984) Exploration of the pituitary stalk and gland by high-resolution CT. Comparative study of normal subjects and cases with microadenoma. Neuroradiology 26:473–478
Numaguchi Y, Kishikawa T, Ikeda J et al. (1981) Neuroradiological manifestations of suprasellar pituitary adenomas, meningiomas and craniopharyngiomas. Neuroradiology 21:67–74
Okony T, Sudo M, Momoi T, Takao T, Ito M, Konishi Y, Yoshioka M, Suzuki J, Nakano Y (1980) Pituitary hyperplasia due to hypothyroidism. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:600–602
Patel DV, Shields MC (1979) Intraventricular hemorrhage in pituitary apoplexy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:829–831
Pojunas KW, Daniels DL, Williams AL, Haughton VM (1985) Comparison of MR and CT imaging of pituitary microadenomas. AJNR 6:464
Pojunas KW, Daniels DL, Williams AL, Haughton VM (1986) MR imaging of prolactin-secreting microadenomas. AJNR 7:217–222
Quencer RM (1980) Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: Autoimmune disorder of the pituitary gland. AJNR 1:343–345
Reich NE, Zeich JV, Alfidi RJ, Meaney TF, Duchesneau PM, Weinstein MA (1976) Computed tomography in the detection of juxtasellar lesions. Radiology 118:333–334
Rilliet B, Mohr G, Robert F, Hardy J (1981) Calcifications in pituitary adenomas. Surg Neurol 15:249–255
Robertson WD, Newton TH (1978) Radiological assessment of pituitary microadenomas. Am J Roentgenol 13:489–492
Sakoda K, Mukada K, Yonezawa M et al. (1980) CT scan of pituitary adenomas. Neuroradiology 20:249–253
Sheldon P, Molyneux A (1979) Metrizamide cisternography and computed tomography for the investigation of pituitary lesions. Neuroradiology 17:83–87
Smaltino F, Bernini FP, Muras I (1980) Computed tomography for diagnosis of empty sella associated with enhancing pituitary microadenoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:592–599
Snow BR, Lavyne HM, Lee CPB, Morgello S, Patterson HR (1986) Craniotomy versus transsphenoidal excision of large pituitary tumors: The usefulness of MRI in guiding the operative approach. Neurosurgery 19 (1) 59–64
Syvertsen A, Haughton VM, Williams AL, Cusick JF (1979) The computed tomographic appearance of the normal pituitary gland and pituitary microadenomas. Radiology 133:385–391
Taylor HC, Wilson DJ, Schumacher OP (1979) Pituitary stones and associated hypopituitarism. J Am Med Worn Assoc 242:751–752
Teasdale E, Teasdale G, Mohsen F, Macpherson P (1986) High-resolution computed tomography in pituitary microadenoma: Is seeing believing? Clin Radiol 37:227–232
Teng MMH, Gado M, Sartor K (1985) MRI of pituitary adenoma and the normal pituitary gland: A quantitative study. AJNR 6:463
Tenner MS, Weitzner Jr I (1980) Pitfalls in the diagnosis of erosive changes in expanding lesions of the pituitary fossa. Radiology 137:393–396
Turski PA, Watanabe TJ, Chambers EF, Newton ThH (1981) Contrast enhancement of the normal and abnormal pituitary gland. In: Felix R, Kazner E, Wegener OH (eds) Contrast media in computed tomography. Excerpta Medica, S 157–164
Vignaud J, Aubin ML, Bories J (1979) Value of computer assisted tomography in the exploration of the sellar and suprasellar structures. Rev Neurol 135:41–50
Weisberg LA (1977) Pituitary apoplexy. Association of degenerative change in pituitary adenoma with radiotherapy and detection by cerebral computed tomography. Am J Med 63:109–115
Wolpert SM, Post KD, Biller BJ, Molitch ME (1979) The value of computed tomography in evaluating patients with prolactinomas. Radiology 131:117–119
D.5. Hemangioblastomas
Cornell SH, Hibri NS, Menezes AH, Fraf CJ (1979) The complementary nature of computed tomography and angiography in the diagnosis of cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Neuroradiology 17:201–205
Ganti SR, Silver AJ, Hilal SK, Mawad ME, Sane P (1982) Computed tomography of cerebellar hemangioblastomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:912–919
Heiss E, Albert F (1982) Computertomographische Befunde bei Kleinhirnangioblastomen. Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Nuklearmed Ergänzungsband 136:151–156
McDonnell DE, Pollock P (1978) Cerebral cystic hemangioblastoma. Surg Neurol 10:195–199
Nishimoto A, Kawakami Y (1980) Surgical removal of hemangioblastoma in the fourth ventricle. Surg Neurol 13:423–427
Obrador S, Martin-Rodriguez JG (1977) Biological factors involved in the clinical features and surgical management of cerebellar hemangioblastomas. Surg Neurol 7:79–85
Seeger JF, Burke DP, Knake JE, Gabrielsen TO (1981) Computed tomographic and angiographic evaluation of hemangioblastomas. Radiology 138:65–73
Tomasello F, Albanese V, Iannotti F, Dilorio G (1980) Supratentorial hemangioblastoma in a child. J Neurosurg 52:578–583
D.6. Dysontogenetic Tumors
Ahmadi J, Miller CA, Segall HD, Park SH, Zee CS, Becker RL (1985) CT patterns in histopathologically complex carvernous hemangioms. AJNR 6:389–393
Ambrose J (1974) Computerized x-ray scanning of the brain. J Neurosurg 40:679
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Claussen, C. et al. (1989). CT and MR Imaging of Brain Tumors. In: Kazner, E., Wende, S., Grumme, T., Stochdorph, O., Felix, R., Claussen, C. (eds) Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Tomography of Intracranial Tumors. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74311-5_4
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